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It is on simple topic of compiler but first and foremost important topic of compiler. For Lexical Analyzing we coded in C language. So it is easy to understand .
Token: Token is a sequence of characters that can be treated as a single logical entity. Typical tokens are,
1) Identifiers 2) keywords 3) operators 4) special symbols 5)constants
Pattern: A set of strings in the input for which the same token is produced as output. This set of strings is described by a rule called a pattern associated with the token.
Lexeme: A lexeme is a sequence of characters in the source program that is matched by the pattern for a token.
It is on simple topic of compiler but first and foremost important topic of compiler. For Lexical Analyzing we coded in C language. So it is easy to understand .
Token: Token is a sequence of characters that can be treated as a single logical entity. Typical tokens are,
1) Identifiers 2) keywords 3) operators 4) special symbols 5)constants
Pattern: A set of strings in the input for which the same token is produced as output. This set of strings is described by a rule called a pattern associated with the token.
Lexeme: A lexeme is a sequence of characters in the source program that is matched by the pattern for a token.
Compiler Construction
Phases of a compiler
Analysis and synthesis phases
-------------------
-> Compilation Issues
-> Phases of compilation
-> Structure of compiler
-> Code Analysis
Using Static Analysis in Program DevelopmentPVS-Studio
Static analysis allows checking program code before the tested program is executed. The static analysis process consists of three steps. First, the analyzed program code is split into tokens, i.e. constants, identifiers, reserved symbols, etc. This operation is performed by lexer. Second, the tokens are passed to parser, which builds an abstract syntax tree (AST) based on the tokens. Finally, the static analysis is performed over the AST. This article describes three static analysis techniques: AST walker analysis, data flow analysis and path-sensitive data flow analysis.
Relationship Among Token, Lexeme & PatternBharat Rathore
Relationship among Token, Lexeme and Pattern
Outline
Token
Lexeme
Pattern
Relationship
Tokens : A token is sequence of characters that can be treated
as a unit/single logical entity.
Examples
Keywords
Examples : for, while, if etc.
Identifier
Examples : Variable name, function name, etc.
Operators
Examples : '+', '++', '-' etc.
Separators
Examples : ',' ';' etc.
Pattern
Pattern is a rule describing all those lexemes that can represent a particular token in a source language.
Lexeme
It is a sequence of characters in the source program that is matched by the pattern for a token.
Example : “float”, “=“, “223”, “;”
In this presentation following topics have been told.
1. What are translators?
2. Different types of translators.
3. working of compiler and interpreter.
4. phases of compiler.
Explains Language Processors in deep, language processing activities are arises,what is program generation activities,fundamentals of lang. processors,Toy compiler,Grammar, LAPDTs Lex & Yacc
Lexical Analysis, Tokens, Patterns, Lexemes, Example pattern, Stages of a Lexical Analyzer, Regular expressions to the lexical analysis, Implementation of Lexical Analyzer, Lexical analyzer: use as generator.
Compiler Construction
Phases of a compiler
Analysis and synthesis phases
-------------------
-> Compilation Issues
-> Phases of compilation
-> Structure of compiler
-> Code Analysis
Using Static Analysis in Program DevelopmentPVS-Studio
Static analysis allows checking program code before the tested program is executed. The static analysis process consists of three steps. First, the analyzed program code is split into tokens, i.e. constants, identifiers, reserved symbols, etc. This operation is performed by lexer. Second, the tokens are passed to parser, which builds an abstract syntax tree (AST) based on the tokens. Finally, the static analysis is performed over the AST. This article describes three static analysis techniques: AST walker analysis, data flow analysis and path-sensitive data flow analysis.
Relationship Among Token, Lexeme & PatternBharat Rathore
Relationship among Token, Lexeme and Pattern
Outline
Token
Lexeme
Pattern
Relationship
Tokens : A token is sequence of characters that can be treated
as a unit/single logical entity.
Examples
Keywords
Examples : for, while, if etc.
Identifier
Examples : Variable name, function name, etc.
Operators
Examples : '+', '++', '-' etc.
Separators
Examples : ',' ';' etc.
Pattern
Pattern is a rule describing all those lexemes that can represent a particular token in a source language.
Lexeme
It is a sequence of characters in the source program that is matched by the pattern for a token.
Example : “float”, “=“, “223”, “;”
In this presentation following topics have been told.
1. What are translators?
2. Different types of translators.
3. working of compiler and interpreter.
4. phases of compiler.
Explains Language Processors in deep, language processing activities are arises,what is program generation activities,fundamentals of lang. processors,Toy compiler,Grammar, LAPDTs Lex & Yacc
Lexical Analysis, Tokens, Patterns, Lexemes, Example pattern, Stages of a Lexical Analyzer, Regular expressions to the lexical analysis, Implementation of Lexical Analyzer, Lexical analyzer: use as generator.
Introduction: Language Processors, the structure of a compiler, the science of building a compiler, programming language basics.
Lexical Analysis: The Role of the Lexical Analyzer, Input Buffering, Recognition of Tokens, The Lexical-Analyzer Generator Lex, Finite Automata, From Regular Expressions to Automata, Design of a Lexical-Analyzer Generator, Optimization of DFA-Based Pattern Matchers
PSEUDOCODE TO SOURCE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TRANSLATORijistjournal
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps developers to create algorithms. In this papera software tool is described, for translating the pseudocode into a particular source programminglanguage. This tool compiles the pseudocode given by the user and translates it to a source programminglanguage. The scope of the tool is very much wide as we can extend it to a universal programming toolwhich produces any of the specified programming language from a given pseudocode. Here we present thesolution for translating the pseudocode to a programming language by using the different stages of acompiler
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Definition
A computer program use just to evaluate scripts according
to the respective grammar.
In computer Science, its a text analyzing process to
determine if it belongs to a certain language or not.
Mostly used as a part of High-Level-Language
translators(Interpreter or Compiler).
But some Standalone Parsers are available for specific
purposes.(for e.g. http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/lex-parser.shtml)
3. What and How it works?
It first receives input in the form of
sequential source program or
Stream of characters (String).
Break them into small chunks or parts (tokens).
For Example in English Language:
He is running to school
Subject Verb Object
And produces a data-structure that is usually a tree.
4. What is not Parsing?
Parser does not evaluate one thing into another. If
just change its representation from one form to
another.
Parser is not responsible for summarizing or extract
the original body of text.
Word Processing Programs also uses a parser to check
spelling and grammatical mistakes.
5. But What is Compiler ???
Compiler is a Language Translator or a
computer program that translates a Human
understandable instruction set into Computer
understandable form
Or simply, the output of compiler is .exe file,
Object code or RTL(Register Transfer Language)
6. Compiler VS Parser
From the previous discussion it can be concluded
that:
The output of Parser is a Data-Structure that is useless for the
for both Liveware and hardware.
But this will be a very useful input for some component of the
compiler.
Whereas, the output of the compiler is understandable and can
be executed by Computer hardware
8. Phases of Compiler
These 3 phases can
be called as they
are actually
parsing the source
Program
9. Lexical Analysis
As the name shows, Its done by Lexical Analyzer.
Reads the characters from the input stream or source
program.
Group them in tokens.
Each token describe some important element.
CONFUSED….!!!
Lets see an exmaple.
10. Token Example
int a = 10 ;
That’s the code for declaring and initializing a variable “a”.
When this LOC passed through t Lexical Box following
thing happens
Identifier Constant
int a = 10 ;
Data Type Assignment Symbol
Operator
Each of this term is called as Token.
For e.g. “a” is a token of “Identifier type”.
The Character Sequence “int” is called as the its Lexeme.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_(parser)#Token
12. Syntax Analyzer
According to many sources, this phase is actually
responsible for Parsing.
So, the input of this phase is the Tokens formed in
the previous phase i.e. Lexical Analysis.
In this phase, the recently formed token acquire a
Hierarchical Data Structure, that’s called Tree in
Computer Science.
13. Before Moving Further
First Explore this New Buzz Word Tree.
Definition: Its an hierarchical Data Structure that is
also known as the Collection of some related nodes.
14. Terminologies
Node is structure that contains some value or
condition.
In the tree on right side
“2” is a parent node that has two
child nodes “7” and “5”.