Object-oriented programming concepts organize software using objects that contain data and code. An object stores its state in fields and exposes behavior through methods. Encapsulating data within objects and requiring interaction through methods is known as data encapsulation. Classes define types of objects and act as blueprints, allowing the creation of multiple objects with similar characteristics. Inheritance allows new classes to inherit properties from existing classes. Polymorphism allows objects to take on multiple forms, while dynamic binding determines appropriate code to execute based on an object's type at runtime. Objects communicate by sending and receiving messages containing method names and parameters. Packages organize related classes and interfaces into logical groups.
PSEUDOCODE TO SOURCE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TRANSLATORijistjournal
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps developers to create algorithms. In this papera software tool is described, for translating the pseudocode into a particular source programminglanguage. This tool compiles the pseudocode given by the user and translates it to a source programminglanguage. The scope of the tool is very much wide as we can extend it to a universal programming toolwhich produces any of the specified programming language from a given pseudocode. Here we present thesolution for translating the pseudocode to a programming language by using the different stages of acompiler
PSEUDOCODE TO SOURCE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TRANSLATORijistjournal
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps developers to create algorithms. In this papera software tool is described, for translating the pseudocode into a particular source programminglanguage. This tool compiles the pseudocode given by the user and translates it to a source programminglanguage. The scope of the tool is very much wide as we can extend it to a universal programming toolwhich produces any of the specified programming language from a given pseudocode. Here we present thesolution for translating the pseudocode to a programming language by using the different stages of acompiler
SOFTWARE TOOL FOR TRANSLATING PSEUDOCODE TO A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEIJCI JOURNAL
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers to develop algorithms. In this
paper a software tool is described, for translating the pseudocode into a particular programming
language. This tool takes the pseudocode as input, compiles it and translates it to a concrete programming
language. The scope of the tool is very much wide as we can extend it to a universal programming tool
which produces any of the specified programming language from a given pseudocode. Here we present the
solution for translating the pseudocode to a programming language by implementing the stages of a
compiler.
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX
Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by default
Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems.
Diving in OOP (Day 1) : Polymorphism and Inheritance (Early Binding/Compile T...Akhil Mittal
I have been writing a lot about advanced topics like MVC, Entity Framework, Repository Patterns etc., my priority always remains to cover the topic as a whole, so that a reader do not have to search for missing links anywhere else. My this article will cover almost every OOPS concept that a novice/beginner developer hunt for, and not only beginners, the article’s purpose is to be helpful to experience professionals also who need to sometimes brush-up their concepts or who prepare for interviews .
this slides describe similarities and difference between object based programming and object oriented programming
Class and Object.
Object- oriented Programming
Object based Programming
Object based vs. object-oriented programming
SOFTWARE TOOL FOR TRANSLATING PSEUDOCODE TO A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEIJCI JOURNAL
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers to develop algorithms. In this
paper a software tool is described, for translating the pseudocode into a particular programming
language. This tool takes the pseudocode as input, compiles it and translates it to a concrete programming
language. The scope of the tool is very much wide as we can extend it to a universal programming tool
which produces any of the specified programming language from a given pseudocode. Here we present the
solution for translating the pseudocode to a programming language by implementing the stages of a
compiler.
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX
Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by default
Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems.
Diving in OOP (Day 1) : Polymorphism and Inheritance (Early Binding/Compile T...Akhil Mittal
I have been writing a lot about advanced topics like MVC, Entity Framework, Repository Patterns etc., my priority always remains to cover the topic as a whole, so that a reader do not have to search for missing links anywhere else. My this article will cover almost every OOPS concept that a novice/beginner developer hunt for, and not only beginners, the article’s purpose is to be helpful to experience professionals also who need to sometimes brush-up their concepts or who prepare for interviews .
this slides describe similarities and difference between object based programming and object oriented programming
Class and Object.
Object- oriented Programming
Object based Programming
Object based vs. object-oriented programming
Digital Signal and Image Processing - FAQ
BE -Sem 7, University of Mumbai
Frequently asked questions in BE Sem 7 examinations of University of Mumbai, with marks for each question, month and year of exam.
Intro to JAVA
Basics of Oops
Features of Oops
Applications of Oops
How to create a JAVA program
How to Edit a Java Program
Compiling a Java program
Java Class file
Run or Executing a Java program
Command line arguments
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
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Pdf Covers-- Concept of OOPS, Introduction to Java, Java Features, History of Java, Naming of Java, Java version release, Structure of Java Program, Creating a Simple Java Program, Java Virtual Machine
The Elphinstonian 1988-College Building Centenary Number (2).pdfMukesh Tekwani
This is the 1988 issue of The Elphinstonian, the annual magazine of Elphinstone College, Mumbai. This is the special issue to commemorate the Century of the Elphinstone College Building in Mumbai.
What is gravitation, Newton's law of gravitation, projection of a satellite, derivations, weightlessness explained, change in value of g with altitude, time period of a satellite, binding energy, escape velocity of a satellite,
ISCE-Class 12-Question Bank - Electrostatics - PhysicsMukesh Tekwani
This is a 14 page question bank on the chapters of Electrostatics. This is based on the syllabus of most Board exams such as CBSE, ISCE and state boards.
Extremely important topic for Digital electronics, digital circuits, computer architecture and computer science.
Full video is available on Youtube: https://youtu.be/oyOaXqx06pY
This video explains the method of converting a decimal number to a binary number. Many solved examples are given here and also two exercises which you can attempt on your own and then check the answers.
I have also discussed the concept of LSB (least significant bit) and MSB (most significant bit), and also least significant digit (LSD) and most significant digit (MSD).
This topic is important for following courses: class 11 and 12 computer science of all state boards, class 11 and 12 physics, BSc Computer science, BSc IT, MCA (Masters degree in Computer Applications), BTech, BE (First Year), and many competitive examinations.
Free Lectures on YouTube for IGCSE Physics for the syllabus effective 2020-21. These lectures cover the syllabus of IGCSE and a major part of GCSE syllabus also.
1. The Hidden Meaning of Words in Science Question Papers
2. Scientific Notation or Powers of Ten Notation
3. Units and Base Quantities
4. What is Physics?
What is Cyber Law? Why is cyber security law needed? International cyber law. What is copyright? What are security, controls, privacy, piracy and ethics? Code of ethics for computer professionals. What is cyber insurance?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Java chapter 3
1. 3. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
Software objects are conceptually similar to real-world objects: they too consist of a state and
related behavior. An object stores its state in fields (also called variables in programming
languages). An object also has methods (functions in programming languages). Methods
operate on an object's internal state and serve as the primary mechanism for object-to-object
communication. Hiding internal state and requiring all interaction to be performed through an
object's methods is known as data encapsulation — a fundamental principle of objectoriented programming.
We now explain the common terms used in object-oriented programming:
1. Objects and Classes:
An object is the basic entity in an object-oriented program. Program objects should be
chosen so that they match closely with the real-world objects. An object takes space in
memory and has an associated address. When a program is executed, the objects interact
with each other by sending messages. Each object contains data and code to manipulate
the data.
Just as in C programming language we can declare variables of different data types such
as int, float, char, etc., in Java, the entire set of data and code of an object can be made a
user-defined data type using the concept of class. A class may be thought of as a ‘data
type’ and an object as a ‘variable’ of that type. Once a class has been defined, we can
create objects belonging to that class. A class is thus a collection of objects of similar
type. E.g., banana, apple, grapes and mango are members of the class fruit.
2. Data Abstraction and Encapsulation:
Data encapsulation is also called data hiding. The wrapping up of data and methods into a
single unit called a class is known as encapsulation. The data is available only to the
methods which are wrapped in the class. These methods provide an interface between the
object’s data and the program. Thus, we say that the data is hidden from the program.
Encapsulation makes it possible to treat objects as ‘black boxes’, each performing a
specific task without any concern for the internal implementation. Encapsulation is the
mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse.
Information “in”
Data
and
Method
Information “out”
Data abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the
background details or explanations. Abstraction means simplifying complex reality.
Java - Chapter 3
Page 1 of 5
2. The Java Programming Language
Difference between data abstraction and data encapsulation:
•
•
Representation of essential feature without including the background detail is called
data abstraction while collection of all data and method into a single unit called
encapsulation.
In data abstraction we were ignore about the details regarding an object type while
encapsulation describe details information about an object type.
What are the advantages of bundling code into objects?
1. Modularity:- The source code for an object can be written and maintained independently
of the source code for other objects. Once created, an object can be easily reused.
2. Information-hiding: By interacting only with an object's methods, the details of its
internal implementation remain hidden from the outside world.
3. Code re-use: If an object already exists (perhaps written by another software developer),
you can use that object in your program. This allows specialists to implement/test/debug
complex, task-specific objects, which you can then trust to run in your own code.
4. Pluggability and debugging ease: If a particular object turns out to be problematic, you
can simply remove it from your application and plug in a different object as its
replacement. This is analogous to fixing mechanical problems in the real world. If a bolt
breaks, you replace it, not the entire machine.
3. Inheritance
Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of
another class. Defining new classes from the existing one is called inheritance.. The new
class will get all the methods and properties of the existing class. The new class is known as
the sub class / child class / derived class. The existing class is known as the super class,
parent class / base class. Object-oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly
used state and behavior from other classes. Inheritance is implied by “is-a” relationship.
In OOP, the concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability. That is, we can add
features to an existing class without modifying it. We derive a new class from an already
existing class. The new class has the features of the old class as well.
For example, helicopter is a part of the class aircraft. This class aircraft can have other
subdivisions such as passenger aircraft, cargo plane, etc. In real life a manager is an
employee. So in OOPL, a manager class is inherited from the employee class.
4. Polymorphism
Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form. A mathematical operation may
have different behaviour in different instances. This behaviour depends upon the type of data
used in the operation. E.g., consider the operation of addition (+). When applied on two
numbers, we get the sum of the two numbers (3 + 4 = 7). But when the same operator is
Page 2 of 5
Java - Chapter 3
3. The Java Programming Language
applied on strings, it produces a third string by concatenation (e.g., “INTER” + “NET” gives
“INTERNET”).
Polymorphism allows objects having different internal structures to share the same external
interface.
5. Dynamic Binding
Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the
call. Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not
known until the time of the call at runtime.
The concept of dynamic binding can be understood as follows: In strongly-typed
programming languages such as C, we must declare variable before they are used. E.g., in C,
we declare int k. This statement also defines the memory space for the variable k (in this case
2 bytes). With this declaration we bind the name k to the type integer. This enables the
compiler to check for data type consistency at compile time. If we wrote k = ‘MUMBAI’ it
will result in a data-type mismatch error. This type of binding is called “static binding”
because it is fixed at compile time.
Consider a variable N. If the type of variable is implicitly associated by its contents, we say
that N is dynamically bound to a data type T. This associative process is called dynamic
binding.
Consider the following example which is only possible with dynamic binding:
if somecondition() == TRUE then
n := 123
else
n := 'abc'
endif
The type of n after the if statement depends on the evaluation of somecondition(). If it is
TRUE, n is of type integer whereas in the other case it is of type string.
6. Message Communication
A message is a request to an object to invoke (execute) one of its methods. A message
therefore contains
•
•
the name of the method and
the arguments of the method.
In an object-oriented program, objects communicate with one another by sending and
receiving information. When an object receives a message, one of its method (or procedure /
function) is executed.
Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani
Page 3 of 5
4. The Java Programming Language
Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the method and the
information to be sent. E.g., consider the statement:
Employee.salary(name);
Here, Employee is the object, salary is the message (method) and name is the parameter that
contains information.
What Is a Package?
A package is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces. Conceptually
you can think of packages as being similar to different folders on your computer. You might
keep HTML pages in one folder, images in another, and scripts or applications in yet another.
Because software written in the Java programming language can be composed of hundreds or
thousands of individual classes, it makes sense to keep things organized by placing related
classes and interfaces into packages.
The Java platform provides an enormous class library (a set of packages) suitable for use in
your own applications. This library is known as the "Application Programming Interface", or
"API" for short. Its packages represent the tasks most commonly associated with generalpurpose programming. For example, a String object contains state and behavior for
character strings; a File object allows a programmer to easily create, delete, inspect,
compare, or modify a file on the filesystem; a Socket object allows for the creation and use
of network sockets; various GUI objects control buttons and checkboxes and anything else
related to graphical user interfaces. There are literally thousands of classes to choose from.
This allows you, the programmer, to focus on the design of your particular application, rather
than the infrastructure required to make it work.
Questions and Exercises:
Objective Questions
1. Real-world objects contain ___ and ___.
2. A software object's state is stored in ___.
3. A software object's behavior is exposed through ___.
4. Hiding internal data from the outside world, and accessing it only through publicly
exposed methods is known as data ___.
5. A blueprint for a software object is called a ___.
6. Common behavior can be defined in a ___ and inherited into a ___ using the ___
keyword.
7. A collection of methods with no implementation is called an ___.
8. A namespace that organizes classes and interfaces by functionality is called a ___.
9. The term API stands for ___
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Java - Chapter 3
5. The Java Programming Language
QUESTIONS
1. What is object-oriented programming? How does it differ from procedure-oriented
programming? (Net-exercise)
2. How are data and methods organized in an object-oriented program?
3. What is an object? What are the advantages of bundling code into objects?
4. Distinguish between:
a. Classes and objects
b. Data encapsulation and data abstraction
c. Inheritance and polymorphism
d. Static and Dynamic binding
5. Define the terms inheritance and package.
6. What is message passing?
Answers to Questions
1. state and behavior.
2. fields.
3. methods.
4. encapsulation.
5. class.
6. superclass, subclass, extends.
7. interface.
8. package.
9. Application Programming Interface.
Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani
Page 5 of 5