The document discusses different types of programming languages including declarative languages which are fact-oriented and do not consider sequence of execution, logic programming languages which use symbolic logic for programming, and functional languages which perform all computations through function applications. It also covers database languages which include DDL for data definition, DML for data manipulation like insertion and deletion, and DCL for data control through operations like commit and rollback.

2.  The Declarative Programming Languages are
fact oriented.
 There is no need to consider sequence of
execution.
 These are considered to be a higher level
than imperative languages because we work
on concepts rather than procedure.
 Ex : Sorting

3. Logic Programming Languages
Functional Programming Languages
Data Base Languages

4.  The Logic Programming Languages uses a form
of symbolic logic as its programming.
 Logic is the science or reasoning that includes
such methods that are used for solving
problems rather than those solved by intuition.
 Here, the program consists of a series of a set
of statements that describe what is true about
the desired result.

5.  A logic based program consists of a series of
facts/rules and a query to be executed.
 The output is true if the facts support the query
and false, otherwise.
Syntax :
Condition 1 action 1→
Condition 2 action 2→
.
.
.
Condition (n) action (n)→
 Ex : PROLOG

6.  The functional programming language does all its
computations on the evaluation of functions or
the applications of functions.
Hence, functional languages are also called
application languages.
 Syntax :
Function n(……(function 2(function,(data))……)
 Ex : LISP (List processing language)

7. The Database Languages included the following:
 DDL (Data Definition language) : It is used to
describe a new collection of facts or data.
 DML (Data Manipulation language) : It is used to
interact with existing databases.
Ex: Insertion, deletion & modification of data.
 DCL (Data Control language) : It is used to
control data. It includes :
 Commit
 Rollback

8. External View
……………….
Disks
User 1User 1 User 2User 2
User nUser n
Conceptual ViewConceptual View
Internal (Physical) ViewInternal (Physical) View