The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the parotid gland and submandibular gland. It discusses:
- The development of the parotid gland beginning in the 6th week of prenatal development from epithelial buds near the mouth.
- The location of the parotid gland inferior and anterior to the external acoustic meatus. It drains through the parotid duct into the oral cavity.
- The blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the parotid gland which is mainly from the external carotid artery and to preauricular lymph nodes.
- The submandibular gland develops later than the parotid from buds on the floor of the mouth and grows
Salivary gland imaging radiology ppt . This powerpoint presentation includes important anatomy and important pathology of salivary gland with its imaging feature as well as its ct mri image. This will help alot. this will help for radiology resident as well as ent .
Salivary gland imaging radiology ppt . This powerpoint presentation includes important anatomy and important pathology of salivary gland with its imaging feature as well as its ct mri image. This will help alot. this will help for radiology resident as well as ent .
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
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Craniofacial growth is a complex and a beautiful phenomenon.
It all begins when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, a process called fertilization.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a ’Zygote’ cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development
Prenatal growth can be divided into 3 main stages:
Germinal stage: From ovulation to implantation(0-2 weeks).
Embryonic stage : 3rd week to 8th week.
Fetal stage: 9th week till birth.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
EMBRYOLOGY/DEVEOLPMENT
HISTOLOGY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GALNDS
ANATOMY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
AGE CHANGES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
CONCLUSION
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY
1)- DEVELOPMENTAL AND GROSS ANATOMY
2)- ULTRASOUND FEATURES
3)- X RAY
4)- CT AND MRI ANATOMICAL LOCATION
3. PAROTID GLAND
Development
• Appear early - sixth week of prenatal age.
• The epithelial buds of these glands are located on the inner
part of the cheek, near the labial commissures of the
primitive mouth
• Grow posteriorly toward the otic placodes of the ears and
branch to form solid cords with rounded terminal ends near
the developing facial nerve.
• 10 weeks of prenatal development, these cords are
canalized and form ducts, with the largest becoming the
parotid duct for the parotid gland.
• Secretion by the parotid glands via the parotid duct begins
at approximately 18 weeks of gestation.
4. Location
•
Inferior and anterior to the external acoustic meatus and
posterior to the mandibular ramus and anterior to the
mastoid process of temporal bone.
Draining
• The vestibule of oral cavity through Stensen duct or
parotid duct that emerges from the anterior border of the
gland, superficial to the masseter muscle pierces the
buccinator muscle, then opening up into the oral cavity on
the inner surface of the cheek, usually opposite the
maxillary second molar.
• The parotid papilla is a small elevation of tissue that marks
the opening of the parotid duct.
5. Surfaces and borders
• The gland has four surfaces superficial or
lateral,superior, anteromedial and
posteromedial.
• The gland has three borders anterior, medial and
posterior.
• The Parotid gland has two ends: superior end in
the form of small surface and an inferior end
(apex).
6. Structures that pass through the gland
These are from lateral to medial:
(1) Facial nerve
(2) Retromandibular vein
(3) External Carotid artery
(4) Superficial temporal artery
(5) branches of the great auricular nerve
7. Blood Supply
The gland is mainly irrigated by External Carotid
artery via the posterior auricular artery and the
transverse facial.
Venous Drainage
Venous return is to the Retromandibular vein.
Lymphatic drainage
The gland is mainly drained into the preauricular or
parotid lymph nodes which ultimately drain to the
deep cervical chain.
8. SUBMENDIBULAR GLAND
• Develop later than the parotid glands and appear late in the sixth
week of prenatal development.
• They develop bilaterally from epithelial buds in the sulcus
surrounding the sublingual folds on the floor of the primitive
mouth.
• Arise of solid cords branch from the buds and grow
posteriorly, lateral to the developing tongue. The cords of the
submandibular gland later branch and then become canalized to
form the ductal part.
• The submandibular gland acini develop from the cords’ rounded
terminal ends at 12 weeks, and secretory activity via the
submandibular duct begins at 16 weeks. Growth of the
submandibular gland continues after birth.
9. LOCTION
• Lying superior to the digastric muscles, divided into
superficial and deep lobes, which are separated by the
mylohyoid muscle.
• The superficial lobe comprises most of the gland, with the
mylohyoid muscle runs under it. The deep lobe is the
smaller part.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Sialography
Indications
•
•
•
•
•
•
Indications include:
In the evaluation of the functional integrity of the salivary glands
In case of obstructions
To evaluate the ductal pattern
In case of facial swellings, to rule out salivary gland pathology
In case of intra-glandular neoplasms.
Containdications
•
•
•
•
Persons who are allergic to iodine and/or contrast medium.
Cases where there is acute infection,
patients with thyroid function tests
When calculi are located in anterior part of the salivary gland duct
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. CT OF SLIVERY GLAND
It is a fatty glandular tissue that is encased in a dense
capsule. Because of this, the parotid gland on CT is
consistently more lucent (-25 to 10 Hounsfield units
[H]) than surrounding muscles (35-60 H) and likewise
is distinctly more radiodense than adjacent fat in the
subcutaneous tissues, infratemponal fossa, and
lateral pharyngeal space(-125 to -50 H)(figs.
1A, 1B, and 2B).
Editor's Notes
Note the submandibular ganglion, nerve to mylohyoid and how the lingual nerve swerves around the duct
The normal parotid gland appears homogeneous andof increased echogenicity relative to adjacent muscle onultrasound. This increased echogenicity is related to thefatty glandular tissue composition of the gland.
Sonography of the parotid glands in this patient reveal: a) bilateral microabscess formation with b) swollen glands c) hypoechoic lesions. These ultrasound images suggest inflammation s/o parotitis.ParotitisInflammation of one or both parotid glands is known as parotitis. The most common cause of parotitis is mumps. Widespread vaccination against mumps has markedly reduced the incidence of mumps parotitis. The pain of mumps is due to the swelling of the gland wlithin its fibrous capsule (see histology).[2]
1) bilateral hypoechoic, well defined masses (larger on the right side) which show no significant acoustic enhancement. 2)The lesion in the right parotid measures 2.5 x 1.6 x 1.2 cms. and that on the left side measures 0.7 cms.3) Fine septae are seen within the masses. 4) Color doppler imaging shows multiple vessels within the mass with typical low velocity flow. These findings suggest either pleomorphic adenoma of the parotids or Warthin'stimour. Absence of posterior acoustic enhancement in these ultrasound images suggests that this is a Warthin's tumour of the parotid gland. Histopathological study confirmed this to be Warthin's tumour.
Sonography of the parotid gland s was done in this 2 yr. old child, to evaluate a swelling in the right parotid region. Ultrasound and Power Doppler / Color Doppler images reveal: a) Marked swelling of the right parotid gland b) multiple anechoic and hypoechoic cystic spaces within the right parotid gland c) marked augmentation of vascularity in the right parotid gland. These ultrasound images suggest right parotid abscess. The child had earlier episodes of pain and swelling in this region. The left parotid gland appears normal
ultrasound image shows a large calculus (stone) in the left submandibular duct (Wharton duct), close to its opening under the tongue (the sublingual caruncle). This orifice is close to the sublingual salivary gland. The Wharton duct calculus (CALC) is seen as a markedly hyperechoic linear structure within the dilated duct of the left submandibular salivary gland. Note also the dilatation of the intraglandular part (within the submandibular gland) of the Wharton duct. Chronic obstruction can cause infections and subsequent atrophy of the submandibular salivary gland, if left unresolved. Ultrasound image of Wharton duct calculus is courtesy of Dr. Ravi Kadasne, MD, UAE.
This elderly patient showed a gradually enlarging mass of the right parotid area. Sonography of the right parotid gland showed a 14 x 22 mm. hypoechoic, well defined mass within the parotid gland. It showed a homogenous and well encapsulated appearance. These ultrasound images favor a diagnosis of a benign tumor of the parotid salivary gland. Biopsy of the mass showed it to be Parotid gland Schwannoma (the tumor having arisen from the facial nerve within the parotid). Ultrasound and other imaging methods may not be able to accurately differentiate Schwannoma from other parotid tumors. Ultrasound images of parotid schwannoma is courtesy of Mr. Shlomo Gobi, Israel.
Conventional sialogram showing that some branch ducts arising superiorly from the hilum of the submandibular gland seemed todistribute in the cavity area
A, Plane throughsuperior part of parotid gland. Note relation of deep part of gland as it wrapsaround back of mandible passing lust anterior to tip of mastoid process andlying adjacent to styloid process which separates it from neurovascularbundle.
B, Plane through middle of parotid gland showing its relative radiolucencycompared to adjacent muscles. Retromandibular vein and externalcarotid artery branches are distinctly seen posterior to mandible. Deep lobelies immediately lateral to fat-filled lateral pharyngeal space and posterolateralto pterygoid muscles.
C, Plane through hyoid bone and middle of superficialpart of submandibular gland. Gland lies just anterior to sternocleidomastoidmuscle and is of about same radiodensity as adjacent muscle soft tissues,although shoulder artifacts make sternocleidomastoid muscle appear moredense on this illustration.
A, Plane through posteriormaxillary sinus, through middle of masseter muscle and therefore anteriorto parotid gland. Slightly irregular radiolucency of sublingual gland (andadjacent submandibular duct) just above mylohyoid muscle and lateral tointrinsic tongue muscles. (This scan is not normal; normal appearance ofmaxillary sinus is solid black.)
B, Plane through posterior part of mandibularramus includes anterior part of relatively lucent parotid gland and posteriorinferior part of masseter muscle. Uncinate part of submandibular gland isseen as it passes around back of mylohyoid muscle.
C. Plane throughposterior part of parotid gland where it is intimately related to externalauditory canal. Note its close approximation to skull base and C1.
A pleomorphic adenoma in the superficial lobe of the left parotid gland of a 70-year-old woman. (a) An axial T1W image (500/14, TR/TE) showing a mass lesion that is hypointense (arrow) to gland parenchyma and isointense compared with muscle. (b) An axial T2W image (3800/90, TR/TE) showing a mass lesion that is isointense (arrow) with gland parenchyma and hyperintense compared with muscle. (c) An apparentdiffusion coefficient (ADC) map showing a solid lesion (arrow) with high ADC (1.5461023 mm2 s21).
An adenocarcinoma located in the deep lobe of the left parotid gland of a 62-year-old man. (a) A non-contrast axial T2W image (3800/90, TR/TE) showing a heterogeneous hypointense mass (arrows) relative to the gland parenchyma. Note the ill-defined contour of the lesion. (b)A non-contrast axial T1W image (500/14, TR/TE) showing mass (arrows), hypointense to gland parenchyma. (c) An apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map image showing the lesion (arrows) with an intermediate ADC of 1.19 6 1023 mm2 s21.