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This presentation was made during the launch of a book titled "Disentangling Food Security from Subsistence Agriculture in Malawi" by Dr. Todd Benson, IFPRI, at IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar
Consumer Choices and Demand for Tilapia in Urban Malawi: What are the Complem...IFPRIMaSSP
IFPRI Malawi brown bag research seminar presentation by Christopher Chikowi, MSc student at the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, March 18, 2020
Seems-Nutrition Presentation, Malawi, December 10, 2019IFPRIMaSSP
Strengthening the Economic Evaluation of Multisectoral Strategies for Nutrition (SEEMS-Nutrition), a presentation by Aisha Twalibu, Lilongwe, Dec 10, 2019
Disentangling food security from subsistence ag malawi t benson_july_2021-minIFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made during the launch of a book titled "Disentangling Food Security from Subsistence Agriculture in Malawi" by Dr. Todd Benson, IFPRI, at IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar
Consumer Choices and Demand for Tilapia in Urban Malawi: What are the Complem...IFPRIMaSSP
IFPRI Malawi brown bag research seminar presentation by Christopher Chikowi, MSc student at the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, March 18, 2020
Seems-Nutrition Presentation, Malawi, December 10, 2019IFPRIMaSSP
Strengthening the Economic Evaluation of Multisectoral Strategies for Nutrition (SEEMS-Nutrition), a presentation by Aisha Twalibu, Lilongwe, Dec 10, 2019
Ability of Household Food Insecurity Measures to Capture Vulnerability & Resi...TransferProjct
Using evidence from a cash transfer program in Zimbabwe, the presentation covers how quantitative measures can capture vulnerability and resilience at the household level
Agnes Quisumbing
SPECIAL EVENT
A Decade of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Lessons from Using Empowerment Metrics
Co-Organized by IFPRI, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
FEB 16, 2022 - 9:30 TO 11:00AM EST
The impact of lean season food transfers on food security, diets and nutritio...IFPRIMaSSP
This study was presented by Dr. Noora-Lisa Aberman (Country Program Manager, International Food Policy Research Institute) at the Agriculture nutrition event on " Improving Food Security, Diets and Nutrition through Multisectoral Action" on 30 May, 2017 at Capital Hotel, Lilongwe
UN REACH in Bangladesh - facilitating multisectoral coordination for nutritionIftekhar Rashid
National Public Health 2013 presentation in Bangladesh from the UN REACH team - "UN REACH in Bangladesh - facilitating multisectoral coordination for nutrition"
Prepared by:
Richmond Aryeetey (University of Ghana), Afua Atuobi-Yeboah (University of Ghana), Mara van den Bold (International Food Policy Research Institute), Nick Nisbett (Institute of Development Studies)
Using a community-based early childhood development center as a platform to p...IFPRIMaSSP
Presented by Dr. Aulo Gelli, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) at IFPRI Malawi workshop and policy dialogue, 'Nutrition-sensitive social protection and integrated programs in Malawi: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Zomba spanning the 2016-17 food crises,' in Lilongwe, Malawi, May 17, 2018.
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Ability of Household Food Insecurity Measures to Capture Vulnerability & Resi...TransferProjct
Using evidence from a cash transfer program in Zimbabwe, the presentation covers how quantitative measures can capture vulnerability and resilience at the household level
Agnes Quisumbing
SPECIAL EVENT
A Decade of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Lessons from Using Empowerment Metrics
Co-Organized by IFPRI, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
FEB 16, 2022 - 9:30 TO 11:00AM EST
The impact of lean season food transfers on food security, diets and nutritio...IFPRIMaSSP
This study was presented by Dr. Noora-Lisa Aberman (Country Program Manager, International Food Policy Research Institute) at the Agriculture nutrition event on " Improving Food Security, Diets and Nutrition through Multisectoral Action" on 30 May, 2017 at Capital Hotel, Lilongwe
UN REACH in Bangladesh - facilitating multisectoral coordination for nutritionIftekhar Rashid
National Public Health 2013 presentation in Bangladesh from the UN REACH team - "UN REACH in Bangladesh - facilitating multisectoral coordination for nutrition"
Prepared by:
Richmond Aryeetey (University of Ghana), Afua Atuobi-Yeboah (University of Ghana), Mara van den Bold (International Food Policy Research Institute), Nick Nisbett (Institute of Development Studies)
Using a community-based early childhood development center as a platform to p...IFPRIMaSSP
Presented by Dr. Aulo Gelli, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) at IFPRI Malawi workshop and policy dialogue, 'Nutrition-sensitive social protection and integrated programs in Malawi: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Zomba spanning the 2016-17 food crises,' in Lilongwe, Malawi, May 17, 2018.
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Effects of Cash Transfers on Protection & Wellbeing of Women & ChildrenThe Transfer Project
In conjunction with CPC Learning, the Transfer Project hosted a webinar to present new and ongoing work on the impacts of cash transfers on protection and well-being outcomes for women and children.
First, Amber Peterman explores the impacts of social protection and cash transfers on intimate partner violence and violence against children in low- and middle income settings.
Tia Palermo then goes on to discuss cash plus approaches and violence reduction in Ghana, as well as pathways of economic security, intra-household conflict and women’s empowerment.
Finally, Jacob de Hoop focuses on cash transfer programs supporting the school participation of displaced Syrian children in Jordan and Lebanon and explore impacts on child education, labor and well-being.
A recording of the webinar can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeTje9Fh1tI&feature=youtu.be
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
An Extensive Longitudinal Study into Children & Youth around the world: Methodological challenges, strengths and weaknesses
Marta Favara, Young Lives
CLOSER Longitudinal Methodology Series seminar
July 28th , 2016
Methodological challenges, strengths, and weaknesses of an extensive longitudinal study into children and youth around the world
presented by Marta Favara of Young Lives
to the CLOSER Longitudinal Methodology Seminar Series
28 July, 2016
2nd International Symposium on Factorial Survey Methods in Health, Social and...Anna Liddle
Presentations from this one-day meeting, 15 June 2016, on aspects of developing and using the factorial survey methods to study decision making particularly in health, social and ageing research.
Smarter social protection? Impacts of Ethiopia's
Productive Safety Net on Child Cognitive Outcomes
Marta Favara, Catherine Porter, Tassew Woldehanna
Young Lives Conference
catherine.porter@hw.ac.uk
September 8th, 2016
Similar to Parental Aspirations for Children's Education: Is there a "Girl Effect"? Experimental Evidence from Rural Ethiopia (20)
This presentation was made by Dr. Francesco Cecchi, Assistant Professor, Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, during IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar series on 23 November 2022.
Market Access and Quality Upgrading_Dec12_2022.pdfIFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made by Dr. Tessa Bold, Associate Professor, Institute of International Economic Studies, Stockholm University, during IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar series on 7 December 2022
The Effect of Extension and Marketing Interventions on Smallholder Farmers: E...IFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made by Annemie Maertens, Reader in economics, University of Sussex, during the MwAPATA-IFPRI joint seminar series on 9 November 2022
This presentation was made by Ellen Mccullough, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia during the MwAPATA-IFPRI Joint seminar series on Wednesday, 19 October 2022
A New Method for Crowdsourcing 'Farmgate' PricesIFPRIMaSSP
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This Presentation was made during a virtual brown bag seminar at IFPRI Malawi on 23 June 2021. The Presentation was made by Dr. Bob Baulch and Mr. Aubrey Jolex
Does connectivity reduce gender gaps in off-farm employment? Evidence from 12...IFPRIMaSSP
At an IFPRI Malawi virtual brown bag seminar held on 19th May 2021, Dr. Eva-Maria Egger, a UNU-Wider Research Fellow, presented a paper that posed the question “Does Connectivity Reduce Gender Gaps in Off-Farm Employment?”.
Urban proximity, demand for land and land prices in malawi (1)IFPRIMaSSP
African cities are growing rapidly This growth can be attributed to the increase in population from natural births within cities and migration of people from rural areas in search of better job opportunities. The increase in urban population has led to an expansion of urban boundaries into peri-urban and rural areas, And the associated increase in demand for land previously not classified as urban has sped up the development of land markets in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) cities. It is in the context of this trend that a spike in global energy and food prices in 2007 and 2008 led to a sharp – albeit temporary – increase in demand by international investors for rural agricultural land in Africa and beyond, stoking fears of a “land grab.”
Understanding the factors that influence cereal legume adoption amongst small...IFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made by Dr. Tabitha C. Nindi, a Research Fellow at the Malawi University of Science and Technology (MUST), on the 24th of March 2021.
The political economy of lean season transfers: is hunger the only targeting ...IFPRIMaSSP
Political economy of lean season transfers: Is hunger the only targeting criterion.
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Do cash + interventions enable greater resilience and dietary diversity than ...IFPRIMaSSP
IFPRI Malawi virtual brown bag presentation by Esther Mweso, Program Manager, United Purpose;Luciano Msunga, MEAL Manager, United Purpose, and Carlota Rego, Program Manager for Social Protection & Resilience at the EU Delegation to Malawi; November 12, 2020
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This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...
Parental Aspirations for Children's Education: Is there a "Girl Effect"? Experimental Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
1. Parental aspirations for children's education – is
there a “girl effect”?
Experimental evidence from rural Ethiopia
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Malawi Strategy Support Programme
Lilongwe | February 13, 2020
2. Motivation
Questions
Some Theory
A five-year evaluation of a field experiment
Design;
Findings – summarize results related to aspirations, beliefs, and
future-oriented behaviour;
The ‘girl effect’
Is there a ‘girl effect’?
Two differences from the published version
o Long-term effect added;
o Analysis restricted to households with children;
Outline
20/02/2020 2
3. Poor people in developing countries often do not invest, even when
returns are high: opportunity vs. ‘ability’ to use opportunity
People may form beliefs that they are unable to improve their economic
position:
Example 1: Rahmato and Kidanu, 1999
“It is a life of no thought for tomorrow”, “We have neither a dream
nor an imagination”
Example 2: Taffesse and Tadesse (2017) – LoC and propensity to
adopt modern farm inputs;
Limit effort, investment, uptake of new technologies;;
Motivation
3
4. Questions:
Are low aspirations a possible explanation?
Can aspirations be changed persistently?
Aspirations
forward-looking goals or targets (Locke and Latham,
2002).
bounds among individuals’ preferences, the elements of
the choice sets which they consider as relevant for them
and motivate their actions.
important – motivators, heterogenous;
Questions, Definition, Relevance
4
5. A Theoretical Framework
subject to:
{ , , } 0
0
( , )
c l wt t t t
t
t t
t
Max V E u c l
1 1
(1 )( ) ( ),
( ),
t t t t t t t t t
t t t t
A r w A c f w A c T l
q f w A c T l
Agnostic about why aspirations are lower:
Bellman equation, FoCs, the envelope theorem ultimately lead to the
following solution
6. A Theoretical Framework
1tλ +
= the shadow cost of the aspirations constraint
as if the marginal benefit of using leisure in the form of effort is lower –
incentives for more leisure and less effort;
as if the return to the productive activity is lower – incentive to invest in the
effortless asset than the productive activity;
as if the risky productive activity gets a lower weight, as if the overall return to
investing in the future should be valued lower than when the aspirations
constraint is not binding;
7. A Theoretical Framework
Origin 1 – lack of (Jensen (2010)) or inattention (Hanna, Mullainathan,
and Schwartzstein (2014)) to relevant information
Assessment: no specific information on returns in the experimental
design; tests whether any specific information to which subjects are
exposed via the videos matters or not;
Origin 2 – low perceived probability of success
Origin 3 – beliefs about oneself and aspirations are shaped by society,
an individual’s past experiences, persuasion, or all three.
Assessment: important channels – intervention is exposure to potential
role models (persuasion and a social channel).
Why low aspirations?
8. Experimental setting: Doba woreda
Rural, isolated, poor district
Only 1.5 per cent of Doba’s population urban; 99% were subsistence
farmers growing sorghum and maize (Central Statistical Agency,
2007)
Selected for the national Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) in
2005
60% of population had only seen TV once in the last year or never
Limited market economy
96% of sample households in agriculture, all own some livestock
Only 10% rent land, 36% hire any labour
Only 47% use any modern agricultural technology
Note: external validity of the point estimates
9. Experimental design: village level
Village level-randomization:
84 villages randomly selected from woreda village list
(from among those with 50-100 HHs to ensure equal
size);
Treatment villages (64 villages, ~36 people per village,
= 2,115)
Pure control villages (20 villages ~30 people per village,
= 631) (Only at end-line).
10. Experimental design: within villages
Within 64 treatment villages – households randomly selected from a
complete listing of village households;
Treatment (~12 people per village = 691)
o Ticket to view 4 x 15-minute documentaries (2 men, 2 women) in
Oromiffa;
o Documentaries specifically produced for the experiment;
Examples on Oxford University YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqfoNjCzt8YPjTRWQaMQfAg;
Placebo (~12 people per village = 717)
(Local Ethiopian TV show)
Within-village control (~12 people per village = 707)
11. Measures – aspirations, expectations
20/02/2020 11
Four dimensions:
Annual income in cash
Assets: house, furniture, other consumer durables goods, vehicles
Social status: do villagers ask for advice
Level of education of eldest child
Aspirations, Expectations:
What is the level of ___ that you would like to achieve?
What is the level of ___ that you think you will reach within ten years?
Testing – Usability, Reliability, and Validity of the Aspiration Measure
(Bernard and Taffesse (2014));
Overall aspiration index:
𝐴𝑖 =
𝑘
w𝑖
𝑘 𝑎𝑖
𝑘
− 𝜇 𝑘
𝜎 𝑘
𝑎𝑖
𝑘
= individual 𝑖’s aspiration response to dimension 𝑘.
𝑤𝑖
𝑘
= weight individual 𝑖 assigned to dimension 𝑘.
𝜇 𝑘, 𝜎 𝑘 = village sample mean and standard deviation for dimension 𝑘.
12. Measurement – develop a survey instrument – four domains;
Identification – aspirations and choice/behavior are interlinked;
Randomize field experiment (an RCT):
o exogeneous/external shock to aspirations in a remote rural
district of Ethiopia using ‘role model’ documentaries;
o No other intervention – incentives, material support, specific
information/advice;
Treatment – watch ‘role model’ documentaries;
Placebo – watch Ethiopian TV entertainment programmes;
Control I – survey within-treatment-village controls;
Control II – survey pure controls (after five years).
Approach
12
13. Experimental design: individual treatment
20/02/2020
13
64 villages. Random selection of 6 treatment HH, 6 placebo HH, 6
control HH. Head and spouse treated.
3 arms:
Treatment: ticket to view mini-documentaries about similar
people who were successful in agriculture or small business.
o No other intervention.
o 4 x 15 minute documentaries (2 men, 2 women) = 1 hour in
Oromiffa
o Examples on CSAE Oxford YouTube channel
Placebo: local Ethiopian TV show in 15 minute segments.
Control:
o within-village: surveyed at their home.
o pure: non-treatment village.
14. Timeline
3 main rounds of surveys
Baseline (Sept-Dec 2010),
Aspirations/expectations immediately after treatment
Follow-up (Mar-May 2011)
End-line (Dec 2015-Jan 2016)
Pure control
Endline (Dec 2015-Jan 2016)
Sample – in a one woreda (district)
15. Non-compliance and attrition
Non-compliance is very limited (2% of treated individuals).
Attrition is small (9.6% of individuals) for a five-year follow-
up.
younger individuals appear to attrite more;
attrition, treatment status and outcomes are not
correlated;
analysis is conducted on 1,898 individuals: all
respondents in treatment villages surveyed in all three
rounds and respondents in pure control villages
surveyed in the end-line.
16. Balance
Individual level
Balanced within treatment villages at baseline.
Balanced on demographics/assets at endline across all four groups
Village level
Treatment and pure control villages are balanced on 30 of 33
endline village characteristics (specified in PAP).
Treatment and pure control villages are balanced on 6
characteristics from GPS data at baseline.
17. Find small changes
Aspirations and expectations, especially for children's education –
higher after 6 months (persists over 5 years)
Internal locus of control – increases after 6 months (does not persist
over 5 years)
Small but significant changes in future-oriented behaviour
Savings, credit increase after six months (do not persist);
Child school enrolment and spending on schooling increase after six
months (persist after 5 years)
Small increases in spending on agricultural inputs (seeds and
fertilizer and land rented) (tested only after 5 years)
Small changes in welfare: stock of assets; durables consumption (tested
only after 5 years)
Spill-over effects on variables - children’s school enrolment, investment
in crops and livestock, and consumption (after 5 years)
Summary: Findings
20/02/2020 17
18. Clear link from exposure to potential role models to changes in
aspirations/beliefs and outcomes.
Build on work on exposure to female role models (Beaman et al.,
2012; and others).
No other intervention; experimental design.
Placebo: control for effects of exposure to media, gathering.
Provide little to no concrete new information (unlike Jensen, 2010,
2012).
Long run follow up;
Examine spillovers - within-village controls pure control villages;
Caveat
How aspirations are formed or why they are lower among the poor
(Dalton et al. 2016 vs Genicot and Ray 2017));
External validity of point estimates of effects in a less remote contexts;
Summary: Contributions/caveats
20/02/2020 18
19. Specifications (impact on educational aspirations and investments
Difference at baseline
Treatment effect (ITT)
‘Girl effect’ – number of girls in total number of children
Heterogeneity – gender of the respondent, education level of the
respondent (interaction terms)
Education: ‘girl effect’
20/02/2020 19
20. Education Aspiration effects by gender
Baseline Short-run Long-run
Mean
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Aspirations for education
(years)
Mean/Coefficient 14.08 -0.47∗∗∗ 0.27∗ -0.1 0.28∗ 0.09
SD/SE 2.42 0.11 0.15 0.27 0.16 0.29
[=1] if aspires beyond
secondary education
Mean/Coefficient 0.6 -0.09∗∗∗ 0.05∗ -0.03 0.05∗ 0.01
SD/SE 0.49 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05
Observations 1970 1932 1780
Notes: * denotes significance at 10 percent, ** at 5 percent, and *** at 1 percent level. The unit of
observation is the individual parent. Sample is restricted to households with children aged 6-20. Figures in
2015 USD. We examine difference in means and treatment effects if the eldest child is a girl. Standard
errors are clustered at household level.
Mean educational aspiration – about half-a-year lower for girls;
Aspirations beyond secondary education – 9 percentage points (or 15 percent)
lower for girls.
Positive impact on overall educational aspirations,
No impact towards reducing the gender differential.
21. Education Investment effects by gender
Educational investments by
gender
Baseline Short-run Long-run
Mean
Difference for
girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Children aged 6-20 in school
Mean/Coefficient 1.42 -0.27∗∗∗ 0.23∗∗ -0.02 0.24∗∗ -0.23
SD/SE 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.19 0.1 0.18
Daily minutes in school for
children aged 6-20
Mean/Coefficient 528.66 -113.10∗∗∗ 61.58∗ -22.48 104.60∗∗∗ -70.06
SD/SE 16.14 33.10 36.84 66.11 40.08 71.33
Number of Observations 908 924 857
Notes: * denotes significance at 10 percent, ** at 5 percent, and *** at 1 percent level. The
unit of observation is the household. Sample is restricted to households with children aged 6-
20. Figures in 2015 USD. We examine difference in means and treatment effects by a dummy
equal to one if the share of girls aged 6-20 in the household out of all children aged 6-20 is
above the median. Standard errors are robust.
Positive impact on all educational investment measures
No impact towards reducing the gender differential in educational investment.
22. Education effects by gender
Educational investments by
gender
Baseline Short-run Long-run
Mean
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Daily minutes studying for
children aged 6-20
Mean/Coefficient 173.30 -32.27∗∗∗ 16.99 2.12 40.33∗∗∗ -28.59
SD/SE 6.04 12.18 14.33 (26.89)) 12.93 22.9
Schooling expenditure
(USD) for all
Mean/Coefficient 10.76 -2.29∗∗ 2.19∗ 2.15 4.18∗∗∗ -0.94
SD/SE 0.46 0.98 1.21 2.30 1.29 2.37
Number of Observations 908 924 857
Notes: * denotes significance at 10 percent, ** at 5 percent, and *** at 1 percent level. The unit of
observation is the household. Sample is restricted to households with children aged 6-20. Figures in 2015
USD. We examine difference in means and treatment effects by a dummy equal to one if the share of girls
aged 6-20 in the household out of all children aged 6-20 is above the median. Standard errors are robust.
Positive impact on all educational investment measures
No impact towards reducing the gender differential in educational
investment.
23. Baseline
Difference
(%)
Treatment
Effect
(Average)
(%)
Treatment Effect
(Difference)
(%)
Children aged 6-20 in school 19.0 16.9
No statistically
significant effect
Daily minutes in school for
children aged 6-20
21.4 19.8 Ditto
Daily minutes studying for
children aged 6-20
18.6 23.3 Ditto
Schooling expenditure (USD)
for all
21.3 38.8 Ditto
Summary – Long-run
Also:
mothers and ‘uneducated’ parents have lower educational aspirations for
their children and more so for their daughters, particularly beyond
secondary education;
The treatment did not change these aspirations;