Mineral conservation has been the focus of the mining industry, owing to stringently enforced laws for the preservation depleting valuable resources and to growing self realization. Tata Steel Limited, established India’s first Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant (COB) in 1990. Orienting our internal process goals and objectives to conservation of mineral led to a 60% increase in plant yields, much of it due to the people who contributed in bringing breakthrough technological innovations.
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
See more
http://goo.gl/grSq9U
http://goo.gl/AIjkcu
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http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
What is grinding media ball and its usesgrindingball
As in general grinding media ball manufactured from steel and cast iron. It has various applications in that grinding purpose is what stands at first. Be the miling particles are moisture or dry it will grind. Mostly these balls are used in the manufacturing process. There are various types of balls. Each of the balls has specific features it means a lot for the special production process.When comes to milling and dispersion process there are more chances for material damage and then splits. In order to avoid such thing grinding balls are used. The balls are made of heavy metal and other material thus undoubtedly there the pressure will be high.
Crushing of coal and calculation of size reduction efficiency.Utsav Kant
Mineral/Coal Processing is the subsequent step after mining of Mineral/Coal. The first step of Mineral Processing is the Crushing of minerals. This presentation is about crushing of coal and how to calculate the crushing efficiency of coal from processing point of view.
Crushing efficiency has been defined in the literature from the power consumption point of view. But while operating a process plant, it is more important that the crushing efficiency is defined in terms of the requirement of subsequent process. The Process plant has been designed for coal size - 13 mm ( 80 % passing). The 610 mm dia cyclones are inefficient at sizes less than 3 mm. Hence a study has been made from the plant data to arrive at the crushing efficiency of crushers.
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
See more
http://goo.gl/grSq9U
http://goo.gl/AIjkcu
http://goo.gl/H7QGBA
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
What is grinding media ball and its usesgrindingball
As in general grinding media ball manufactured from steel and cast iron. It has various applications in that grinding purpose is what stands at first. Be the miling particles are moisture or dry it will grind. Mostly these balls are used in the manufacturing process. There are various types of balls. Each of the balls has specific features it means a lot for the special production process.When comes to milling and dispersion process there are more chances for material damage and then splits. In order to avoid such thing grinding balls are used. The balls are made of heavy metal and other material thus undoubtedly there the pressure will be high.
Crushing of coal and calculation of size reduction efficiency.Utsav Kant
Mineral/Coal Processing is the subsequent step after mining of Mineral/Coal. The first step of Mineral Processing is the Crushing of minerals. This presentation is about crushing of coal and how to calculate the crushing efficiency of coal from processing point of view.
Crushing efficiency has been defined in the literature from the power consumption point of view. But while operating a process plant, it is more important that the crushing efficiency is defined in terms of the requirement of subsequent process. The Process plant has been designed for coal size - 13 mm ( 80 % passing). The 610 mm dia cyclones are inefficient at sizes less than 3 mm. Hence a study has been made from the plant data to arrive at the crushing efficiency of crushers.
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
The Sylvan Ore is located within the Owl Creek/Birkenhead area and consists of a poly-metallic, high-sulfide mix of iron
pyrite, pyrrhotite and altered granite diorite with massive to scattered metals throughout the bulk sample. The refractory
indicators in this material are the high sulfides which require special consideration for Extraction & Recovery.
Diamond exploration, mining, financing and driving entrepreneurial behaviour.James AH Campbell
A presentation entitled:
"Diamond exploration, mining, financing and driving entrepreneurial behaviour".
to the Antwerp World Diamond Council and Gordon Institute of Business ('GIBS') global seminar entitled "From Mine to Finger. A deep dive into the world of diamonds". 7 February 2024 at GIBS.
Most of the participants are either entrepreneurs in the diamond downstream space or academics from both institutions.
The balance between milling cost and metal losses is crucial, particularly with low-grade ores.
Most mills keep detailed accounts of operating and maintenance costs, broken down into various sub-division, such as labor, supplies, energy, etc. for the various areas of the plant.
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
The Sylvan Ore is located within the Owl Creek/Birkenhead area and consists of a poly-metallic, high-sulfide mix of iron
pyrite, pyrrhotite and altered granite diorite with massive to scattered metals throughout the bulk sample. The refractory
indicators in this material are the high sulfides which require special consideration for Extraction & Recovery.
Diamond exploration, mining, financing and driving entrepreneurial behaviour.James AH Campbell
A presentation entitled:
"Diamond exploration, mining, financing and driving entrepreneurial behaviour".
to the Antwerp World Diamond Council and Gordon Institute of Business ('GIBS') global seminar entitled "From Mine to Finger. A deep dive into the world of diamonds". 7 February 2024 at GIBS.
Most of the participants are either entrepreneurs in the diamond downstream space or academics from both institutions.
The balance between milling cost and metal losses is crucial, particularly with low-grade ores.
Most mills keep detailed accounts of operating and maintenance costs, broken down into various sub-division, such as labor, supplies, energy, etc. for the various areas of the plant.
Among the Subjects of Earth Sciences, Economic Geology deals with all the Mineral resources, mineral fuels, their distribution and their role for the economic development of a nation.
India has a good amount of all natural resources. Among the resources, minerals are the major contributors of the national economy. India is a country, much dependent on the available natural resources for its economy. This lesson is on the “ Mineral Resources in India”.
Chemical, mineralogical and metallurgical characterization of goethite rich i...IJARIIT
In this paper the influence of structural water present in goethite rich ore fines on sinter properties like mean size, RI,
RDI, TI, AI and microstructure were studied. For this three plant sinters with different basicities (A1, A2 and A3) were
experimentally produced varying the raw mix. From the study on variable basicity, it is found that increased basicity has good
effects on the sinter properties. The desired norms of metallurgical properties for good quality sinter required for large size blast
furnace met with increased tumbler index and decreased abrasion index. The RI is also better in highly fluxed sinter A3 and the
RDI is low. All these are happening due to availability of more free lime and porosity. The mean-size of sinter also increases
with increase of basicity. The reducibility index and RDI of sinter A2 and A3 appear to be similar although there is a variation
in chemistry and basicity, this may be attributed to use of more micro-fines in raw material of sinter A3. The specific consumption
of coke rate is highest for sinter A3 is also due to more micro-fines in raw materials. From the microstructure it is found that in
sinter A1 more magnetite and less ferrites are developed in comparison to A2 and A3. The silicoferrites of calcium and
aluminium (SFCA) developed in sinter A2 and A3 are acicular in structure which provides better strength to the sinter. Also the
porosity is more in case of A2 and A3 which can accelerate the reducibility process.
A Simple PPT that helps teachers share the lesson on Minerals and Energy Resources of NCERT a little better and more easily and effectively. Feedbacks are welcome
IRON ORE
By:
A. Nurul Rizwana
X - A
Table of contents
About Iron Ore
01
02
Magnetite
03
Hematite
04
Major iron ore belts in India
Introduction
Iron ore is a ferrous metallic mineral used for many industrial, commercial and household uses. Ferrous minerals account for about three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals after meeting her internal demands.
Let’s get into bussiness
About Iron Ore
01
Did you know?
Iron makes up close to 5% of the Earth's crust.
It takes around 1.6 tons of iron ore to produce one ton of steel.
The world uses 20 times more iron (in the form of steel) than all other metals put together.
Our iron ore trains are over 2.5km, or 264 ore cars long! It can take up to half an hour to walk from one end to the other.
The ships we use to transport iron ore to our customers can carry around 47 Olympic-sized swimming pools worth of material.
The chemical symbol for iron is 'Fe'. This comes from its Latin name, Ferrum.
Iron Ore
Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich in good quality iron ores.
In 2018–19 almost entire production of iron ore (97%) accrued from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Jharkhand. The remaining production (3%) was from other states.
Magnetite
02
Magnetite
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent.
It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry.
Hematite
03
Hematite
Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used.
Hematite was once used as mourning jewelry. A 1923 reference describes "hematite is sometimes used as settings in mourning jewelry."
It has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite(50-60 per cent).
The formula for hematite is 𝑭_(𝒆_𝟐 ) 𝑶_𝟑 and the chemical name is iron(III) oxide.
Major iron ore belts in India
04
Production of iron ore showing state-wise share in per cent, 2016-17
Odisha- Jharkhand belt
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
Ballari-Chitradurga-ChikkamagaluruTumakuru belt
Maharashtra-Goa belt
THANKYOU
Ferrochrome &
Stainless Steel : Brightening
India’s future
Tata Steel Ferro Alloys & Minerals participated in India’s first international Stainless Steel fair held at Ahmedabad between Jan 16 – Jan 19, 2009.
FAMD’s stall at the fair (titled “Making Steel Stainless”) showcased Tata Steel as being among the top 6 global chrome players and the largest manganese alloy player in India.
Amongst the visitors to Tata Steel’s stall, were the steel minister, Shri Virbhadra Singh and Chairman, SAIL, Mr S K Roongta; apart from the who’s who of the Stainless Steel industry of India, and international delegates (from China, EU, Bhutan, Japan, US, UK, Bangladesh, Pakistani, Sri Lanka).
FAMD also participated in the B2B session with Stainless Steel producers and presented this paper
Cbse NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 CHAPTER classifications of minerals conventional and non conventional energy resources
Iron ore will be crushed to a consistent size by the cone crusher, at which issue it will be prepared to be delivered to either a conveyor belt or a vibratory screen for additional processing. The quarry produces two different kinds of refuse: non-ore bedrock and garbage rock.
Exploratory Data Analysis Example - Credit Risk Analysis (Second Attempt)PRABHASH GOKARN
An attempt to analyze Bank Data on loans and find patterns in the data that are predictors of loan defaults. This will ensure that future loan decisions are made more logically and reduce possible defaults. The analysis has been done using Python.
Magnetic Separation of Metallics from Ferrochrome SlagPRABHASH GOKARN
At a Ferroalloy Plant producing High Carbon Ferro Chrome, the slag co-produced is granulated. The separation between slag and metal is not perfect and the granulated slag contains ~1% to 3% of entrapped ferrochrome. Apart from being a loss of valuable Ferro Chrome, local miscreants climb the unstable slag heaps to manually recover and steal the carry over Ferro Chrome granules, which is both a security and safety risk. We have successfully implemented a magnetic separation method for the recovery of metallics from the slag.
60 not out - sixty successful years of continuous ferro alloy making at jodaPRABHASH GOKARN
On 20th April 2018, Tata Steel’s Ferro Alloy Plant at Joda turned sixty. It is India’s oldest continuously operating ferroalloy plant, and one of the oldest continuously operating ferroalloy plants in the world. The Ferro Alloy sector globally, and especially in India, is notoriously short-lived for reasons detailed in the paper. It also elaborates the reasons for the longetivity of FAP Joda.
On 20th April 2018, Tata Steel’s Ferro Alloy Plant at Joda turned sixty. It is India’s oldest continuously operating ferroalloy plant, and one of the oldest continuously operating ferroalloy plants in the world. The plant was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary(Joda Ferro Alloy Pvt Ltd). It was the first assignment of M/s M N Dastur and completed eight months ahead of schedule. This is a booklet published by M/s MN Dastur on the occasion.
SEWAGE AND ITS TREATMENT - Experience from setting up Sewage Treatment Plants PRABHASH GOKARN
Growing population has resulted in a steep increase in demand for freshwater coupled with increased contamination from untreated wastewater. Along with steps taken to clean our polluted rivers and streams, laws for disposal of wastewater are becoming stricter, resulting in an urgent need for setting up facilities for treatment of sewage. There are several treatment options, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Drawing from our experience in setting up and running sewage treatment plants across various locations involving multiple technologies, this paper discusses the major technologies for sewage treatment.
Sewage and its treatment - experience from setting up STPs PRABHASH GOKARN
Growing population has resulted in a steep increase in demand for fresh water coupled with increased contamination from untreated waste water. Along with steps taken to clean our polluted rivers and streams, laws for disposal of waste water are becoming stricter, resulting in an urgent need for setting up facilities for treatment of sewage. There are several treatment options, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Drawing from our experience in setting up and running sewage treatment plants across various locations involving multiple technologies, this paper describes most of the popular technologies adopted for sewage treatment and the possible reasons for their selection.
Pre – fabricated buildings in mining - an environment friendly alternativePRABHASH GOKARN
Pre-fabricated buildings (or simply, pre-fabs), are buildings that are manufactured off-site in advance, usually in standard sections that can be easily shipped, and are assembled at site. There are many advantages of Pre-Fabricated buildings which make it especially suited to Mining Locations. With the improvement in the materials used in making pre-fab buildings, the rising cost of labour, safety & quality concerns, and environmental concerns of construction waste disposal; pre-fab buildings are poised to increase in popularity. This article discusses the experience in making a pre-fabricated office building at a mining location.
Safety Challenges in the Construction of a Large Water Recovery PlantPRABHASH GOKARN
The Ferro Alloy Plant at Joda was commissioned in 1958 and is in continuous operation since. It currently produces 50,000 MTPA of HC Ferro Manganese in two Submerged Arc Furnaces.
Gas Cleaning Plant (GCP) slurry generated in wet venture scrubbers is collected in slurry pits inside the plant for drying and subsequent disposal. Because of space constraints, and in order to recycle the water used in the wet venture scrubbers, Tata Steel is upgrading its GCP slurry handling process by the installation of a GCP slurry dewatering plant.
Construction of large structures within an operating plant, without affecting operations is always a challenge. The job is even more challenging, since the plant is 58 years old, with many unmarked structures, pipes, and cables lying underneath.
This paper discusses how new and unexpected challenges are tackled during the construction of the Slurry Dewatering Plant without compromising on safe working.
Constructing on of India's largest single location Effluent Treatment PlantsPRABHASH GOKARN
Tata Steel operates one of the largest chromite mines in India at the Sukinda Valley in Odisha. The chrome ore produced is subsequently converted it to Ferro Chrome and sold to customers across the world, making Tata Steel one of the top ten Chrome players in the world. A large quantity of water, generated during mining and due to rainfall, needs to be handled during the mining operations. Chrome Ore mainly contains tri-valent chromium oxide and a very small fraction of hexavalent di-chromate. Water coming in contact with chromium ore preferentially leaches out soluble hexavalent chromium from the ore body, as a result, water from the mine contains 0.2 – 4 mg/l of hexavalent chromium against a safe limit of 0.05 mg/l for human consumption; requiring all water to be treated before its release from the mines. Thus, Tata Steel has set up an Effluent Treatment Plant at Sukinda with a capacity of ~108 million litres/day, the largest in the region, and possibly one of the largest single location ETPs in India. This paper discusses how the challenges faced during construction of this Effluent Treatment Plant were successfully tackled.
Brazil's Mining Tragedy : Lessons for the Mining IndustryPRABHASH GOKARN
The Brazilian mining tragedy was an eye-opener for the mining fraternity to introspect on the existing tailing management processes, identify gaps, complete hazard identification and risk assessments, and modify or develop safe operating procedures and emergency preparedness plans in line with the guidelines issued by Statutory Authorities from time to time. This is necessary to avert the occurrence of similar incidents in the future.
Presentation at the 9th WORLD AQUA CONGRESS on 26th-27th Nov 15PRABHASH GOKARN
Tata Steel operates chromite mines at the Sukinda Valley in Odisha producing chrome ore which is subsequently converted it to Ferro Chrome and sold to customers across the world. A large quantity of water, pumped out from the mining pit and due to rainfall, needs to be handled during the mining operations. Chrome Ore mainly contains tri-valent Chromic oxide and a very small fraction of hexavalent di-chromate. Water coming in contact with chromium ore preferentially leaches out soluble hexavalent chromium from the ore body, as a result, water from the mine contains 0.2 – 4 mg/l of hexavalent chromium against a safe limit of 0.005 mg/l for human consumption; requiring all water to be treated before its release from the mines. Thus, Tata Steel is setting up an additional state of art effluent treatment plant at Sukinda with a capacity of 108 million litres/day; one of the largest in the region; which will be completed by Sept 2015. This paper discusses how the technology for the Effluent Treatment Plant was chosen amongst various alternatives, how the capacity of the plant was decided, the challenges during construction of the said Effluent Treatment Plant that were faced, and how these were successfully tackled. The paper also describes how, because the outlet water is of a better quality than the water from the local water body, the outlet water will be used as the input to the Water Treatment Plant, aiding water consumption and lowering operating cost.
Improving Water Quality by Constructing an Effluent Treatment PlantPRABHASH GOKARN
Tata Steel operates chromite mines at the Sukinda Valley in Odisha producing chrome ore which is subsequently converted it to Ferro Chrome and sold to customers across the world. A large quantity of water, pumped out from the mining pit and due to rainfall, needs to be handled during the mining operations. Chrome Ore mainly contains tri-valent Chromic oxide and a very small fraction of hexavalent di-chromate. Water coming in contact with chromium ore preferentially leaches out soluble hexavalent chromium from the ore body, as a result, water from the mine contains 0.2 – 4 mg/l of hexavalent chromium against a safe limit of 0.005 mg/l for human consumption; requiring all water to be treated before its release from the mines. Thus, Tata Steel is setting up an additional state of art effluent treatment plant at Sukinda with a capacity of 108 million litres/day; one of the largest in the region; which will be completed by Sept 2015. This paper discusses how the technology for the Effluent Treatment Plant was chosen amongst various alternatives, how the capacity of the plant was decided, the challenges during construction of the said Effluent Treatment Plant that were faced, and how these were successfully tackled. The paper also describes how, because the outlet water is of a better quality than the water from the local water body, the outlet water will be used as the input to the Water Treatment Plant, aiding water consumption and lowering operating cost.
Project Management Challenges in an Effluent Treatment Plant Construction PRABHASH GOKARN
Tata Steel operates India’s largest chromite mines at the Sukinda Valley in Odisha producing chrome ore which is subsequently converted it to Ferro Chrome and sold to customers across the world. A large quantity of water, generated during mining and due to rainfall, needs to be handled during the mining operations. Chrome Ore mainly contains tri-valent Chromic oxide and a very small fraction of hexavalent di-chromate. Water coming in contact with chromium ore preferentially leaches out soluble hexavalent chromium from the ore body, as a result, water from the mine contains 0.2 – 4 mg/l of hexavalent chromium against a safe limit of 0.005 mg/l for human consumption; requiring all water to be treated before its release from the mines. Thus, Tata Steel is setting up an effluent plant at Sukinda with a capacity of 108 million litres/day; perhaps one of the largest in the region; which will be complete by end June 2015.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
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Sustainable Development through Beneficiation of Low grade Chromite Ores
1. Sustainable Development through Beneficiation of Low Grade Chromite Ores
Prabhash Gokarna
*, Amit Ranjana
, CR Nayaka
and Y Rama Murtyb
a Tata Steel Limited, Sukinda Chromite Mines, Sukinda, Orissa, India
b Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
Abstract
Mineral conservation has been the focus of the mining industry, owing to stringently enforced
laws for the preservation depleting valuable resources and to growing self realization. Chrome
ore has a limited availability in India. 95% of the ore occurs in the Sukinda valley of Odisha. The
Cr2O3 of the ore varies from 10% to over 50%. While high and medium grade ores can be
directly used for making ferrochrome or used in refractories and pigments; low grade ore need to
be beneficiated to make it suitable to use.
Embodying the pioneering spirit of our Founder who laid the foundation stone of Industrial
Development in India by setting up the first integrated steel plant in Asia in 1907; which also led
to the discovery of Chromite ore in India at Sukinda(1949); Tata Steel Limited, established
India’s first Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant (COB) in 1990. In small but significant steps of
debottlenecking the plant, plant expansion, and technology infusion, the concentrate production
capacity of Tata Steel’s COB Plant has increased to four times of the initial capacity.
Orienting our internal process goals and objectives to conservation of mineral led to a 60%
increase in plant yields, much of it due to the people who contributed in bringing breakthrough
technological innovations. The recovery of valuable mineral (a key performance indicator of a
beneficiation plant) has increased by 20% as a result of several projects undertaken in reducing
tailings loss and improving yield.
Tata Steel at Sukinda is aligning itself with the nation’s aim to develop and implement schemes
to utilize low and medium grade ores and conserve high grade ores. To cater to future needs, our
endeavor is to set up a tailings beneficiation plant at Sukinda that seeks to scale the heights of
excellence in the field of mineral processing and conservation of valuable mineral resources
while protecting the environment and meeting customer requirements.
Keywords: Mineral; Conservation; Chrome; Beneficiation; Yield
*Corresponding Author:
Prabhash Gokarn, Head Projects, FAMD, Tata Steel Sukinda Chromite Mines, Sukinda, Orissa
Contact No : +91-77 5200 4399, E Mail Address : prabhash@tatasteel.com,
2. 1.0. INTRODUCTION
Chromium occurs as a chromium spinel, a complex mineral containing magnesium, iron,
aluminum and chromium in varying proportions depending upon the deposit. Chromium is
replaced by ferric iron & aluminum and iron is replaced by magnesium. It is this replacement
that improves the Cr/Fe ratio in chromite.
Chromium ore occurs exclusively in ultramafic igneous rocks. Commercial chromite deposits are
found in two forms : stratiform seams and irregular podiform/lenticular deposits. (Figure 1 –
Types of Chrome Ore Deposits)
Chrome ore deposits can also be classified as siliceous type (silica rich) and ferruginous type
(iron rich). Associated gangue minerals are talc, quartz, hematite, goethite, limonite, gabbro,
serpentine, anorthosite, dunite, and pyroxinite.
Most of the chromite reserves in the world are concentrated in Africa and Asia followed by
Europe, Australia and Brazil.
Ore
Geological
deposit type
Composition of Ore & Cr: Fe ratio
Principal end
use Industry
High-
Chromium
Podiform,
Stratiform
46- 55% Cr2O3 and Cr : Fe over 2 : 1 Metallurgical
High- Iron Stratiform
40- 46% Cr2O3 and Cr : Fe of 1.5-
2.1: 1
Metallurgical
Chemical
High-
Aluminium
Podiform
32-38% Cr2O3 ,
Refractory22- 34% Al2O3 and
Cr : Fe over 2- 2.5: 1
Figure 1 - USGS Classification of Chrome Ore Deposits Source: UGCS
1.1. Present status of chrome ore
Almost 95% of chrome ore mined is consumed by metallurgical industries for making of
ferrochrome/charge chrome which is used in making of alloy – including stainless - steels. 2% of
the demand comes from the chemical industry and rest from refractory and foundry industries.
Stainless steel being the largest consumer of ferrochrome, any change in the dynamics of the
stainless steel industry impacts overall chrome ore demand significantly. Global production of
Stainless Steel is currently about 35.5 million tons in CY2012, an increase of ~5% over 2011;
leading to a ferrochrome consumption of ~9.2 million tons and a chrome ore demand of ~25
3. million tons. Chrome ore demand is estimated to reach ~29 million tons by 2015 at a annual
growth rate averaging ~6%. (Figure 2 – Global Stainless Steel Production, FerroChrome &
Chrome Ore Demand)
Figure 2 – Global Stainless Steel Production, Ferro Chrome & Chrome Ore Demand (mn Tons)
Source : CRU, NiCrMo & Own Estimates
2.0 CHROMITE SCENARIO
2.1 World:
Major chrome ore and concentrate producing countries are South Africa, India and Kazakhstan,
who represent 70% of the world production. South Africa and Zimbabwe hold about 90% of the
world’s proven chromite resources (Figure 3 Distribution of Chrome Reserves). Zimbabwe is
the only country to exploit both stratiform and podiform deposits while Kazakhstan has podiform
deposits in the Southern Ural Mountain region. The ores vary greatly in chromium content and in
Cr/Fe ratios. India’s output is mainly from podiform bodies on the east coast of the Orissa state..
In Brazil, production is concentrated in Bahia and Minas Gerais where there are mainly
stratiform deposits. (Figure 4 Global Chrome Reserve Types)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
inmillionTons
Growth in Demand for Chrome Ore comes mainly from
Growth in Stainless Steel Production
Stainless Steel Prod FeCr Demand Chrome Ore Demand
4. Figure 3 Distribution of Chrome Reserves
ICDA Publication : Chromium in 2012(Aug 2013)
Stratiform Deposits( cumulates) Podiform Deposits (alpine type)
Occurs in parallel zones or seams in
large layered igneous rock
complexes and extensive bands with
little deformation
Occurs in highly- folded ultramafic peridotites
and serpentinites, small pod- shaped bodies
characterized by extreme deformation
High Iron Ore High Chromium Ore; Higher Magnesium content
Great lateral extent covering large
area; Uniform layers
Limited in size with small to medium reserves;
Highly irregular
Prime source of Chromite for Steel &
Ferroalloys industries
Prime source of Chromite for non- metallurgical
use, some FeCr
Deposits found in Bushveld Igneous
complex, South Africa; Great Dyke,
Zimbabwe; Tsaratanana District,
Madagascar; Orissa Complex, India
Typical deposits occur in Ural mountains of the
CIS; Tethyan mountain chains of Albania, Iran,
Greece & Turkey
Figure 4 Global Chrome Reserve Types
Roskill – Chromium 2009 (2010)
2.2. India
India ranks 3rd
in chromite production and 5th
in terms of proven chrome ore reserves in the
world. Chromite deposits occur in several Indian states (Figure 5 Occurrence of Chromite Ore
in India) like Tamil Nadu, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Orissa in the form of discontinuous
South Africa,
5500, 73%
Zimbabwe,
930, 12%
Kazakastan,
320, 4%
Finland,
120, 2%
India, 70, 1%
Turkey, 20, 0%
Brazil, 17, 0%
Others, 626, 8%
Global Chrome Ore Reserves (Proven) mn Tons
5. bands, lenses and pockets in different host rock associations. Though small in the context of
world resources, India is endowed with appreciable quantities of good grade chrome ores.
Around 90% of the chromite resources of India are concentrated in Sukinda valley of Jajpur
district and Boula-Nuasahi belt of Orissa state. Sukinda Ultramafic Belt (SUB) and Boula-
Nausahi Igneous Complex (BNIC) of Orissa, India possesses the largest chromite deposit of the
country. The chromites of both SUB and BNIC and elsewhere in India can be categorized as
hard massive, banded, disseminated, friable, granular and lateritoid type depending on the
amount of gangue mineral and their textural arrangements , Sahoo et.al (2).
The Indian deposits are typically characterized as ferruginous and siliceous type ores. The ores
of Sukinda valley are mostly high grade, soft and friable in nature besides a small amount of hard
lumpy ore, formed in separate bands. These are mainly associated with laterite, altered ultramafic
rock, nickeliferrous limonite, goethite and talc serpentine schist.
In order to conserve these valuable ore resources strategically, several companies have
established chrome ore beneficiation plants in this region.
Figure 5 Occurrence of Chromite Ore in India
Geological Survey of India – Dossier on Chromite (2004) .
6. 3.0 BENEIFICIATION SCENARIO:
Beneficiation of Chrome Ore is well established throughout the world, with the beneficiation
process customized to the nature of ore and the specific properties desired in the output. Chrome
ores contain a variety of gangue minerals such as goethite, gibbsite, serpentines, olivine etc.,
which needs specific concentration techniques for separation and thus beneficiation of the ore.
During mining operations, large quantities of sub-grade ores ranging 10-35% Cr2O3 are also
excavated. These sub-grade ores are fed to the beneficiation plant for up-gradation to achieve
marketable grades.
Beneficiation begins with the milling of mined run of mine ore (ROM) to make the ROM
suitable for further activities to recover chrome values. The processing / beneficiation techniques
vary, and depend on the characteristics of the ore found in the region.
Generally, the process starts with milling operations (like crushing and grinding) to produce
liberated, uniform sized particles followed by enrichment of the liberated ore by a combination
of gravity separation techniques.
Gravity concentration techniques have been adopted in several mines worldwide. This
classification technique takes the advantage of the specific gravity difference between chromite
and gangue minerals. The sequence of operation from mining to beneficiation is shown
schematically below (Figure 6 Sequence of Operations from Mining to Beneficiation).
Figure 6 Sequence of Operations from Mining to Beneficiation
7. 3.1 Beneficiation of Chrome Ore
Ore existing in the Sukinda valley is primarily friable ferruginous and lumpy siliceous. High
grade ore is directly used for FerroChrome making whereas low to medium grade friable ore is
beneficiated to make it a usable grade chromite in the form of chrome concentrate. These
concentrates are used by Metallurgical, Chemical and Refractory industries.
The typical beneficiation plan has a two process size preparation and beneficiation circuit.
(Figure 7 Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant) The feed ore is reduced from ROM size of about
220mm to the libration size which is <1mm in case of the ore existing in the Sukinda valley. A
combination of a Double Toggle Jaw Crusher, a Cone crusher and a Grinding Mill, coupled with
a High Frequency Screen is used to reduce size from 220mm to <1mm.
Figure 7 Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant
The beneficiation circuit is based on the gravity concentration method and uses differences in
specific gravity between Chromites and Gangue minerals at different particle size ranges for
classification. Typically the equipments for beneficiation are Hydro cyclones, Flotex Gravity
Separators, Spirals and Shaking Tables.
8. 4.0 IMPROVEMENT JOURNEY IN BENEFICIATION OF CHROME ORE FOR BETTER
MINERAL CONSERVATION :
For the sustainability of chromite resources in the face of continuously rising demand for chrome
ore (Figure 2 Growth in Demand for Chrome Ore), beneficiation of lean/sub-grade ores as
well as tailings is imperative.
This challenge has given rise to the need for developing economic and efficient classification
processes for the recovery of chromite values from lean & sub-grade ores and from tailings.
Most gravity separation processes suffer large chromite losses in the tailing. Thus, any attempt
towards decreasing tailing losses would not only help in preserving the limited chromite reserves
but also make the economics of the operations more attractive.
Apart from the liberation phenomena, in many of the operating plants considerable quantity of
values are lost in the tailings due to inconsistent feed quality or the inappropriate selection of
operating and design parameters.
Indian chrome ore beneficiation plants also suffer from these ills. Hence our research efforts
have been directed towards improving feed quality and optimizing operating & design
parameters. This has helped us in decreasing the loss of Cr2O3 in tailings and also enabled us to
upgrade low grade chromites which are not being processed earlier due to a lack of suitable
technology.
The critical issues related to the chromite processing industries have been categorized as:
Tackling Variations in Input Ore
Daily Management for Improved Process Control
Improving recovery and reducing tailing losses
Optimizing particle size
Improving recovery of ultrafine chrome particles
Beneficiation of low and sub-grade chromite ore (10–35%Cr2O3).
Reprocessing of stockpiled tailings containing valuables.
Process Control Systems
4.1 Tackling Variations in Input Ore : The challenges faced by Chrome Ore Beneficiation
circuits are derived mainly from the large variation in the input feed ROM(Run of Mines). Any
process plant is adjusted to optimize its output for a consistent input feed. The results would vary
9. if the input feed available to the plant is inconsistent and that largely depends on the
characteristic of the ore deposit.
In large steel plants, variations in input feed are minimized by building large buffers and
facilities for blending. This is usually not possible to implement at the mining site due to space
and other operational constraints.
The problem of inconsistent feed has been countered by a) creating specific optimum operating
process parameter schedules for major known variations in the ROM characteristic, b) blending
in a small scale to achieve some consistency in feed and c) operating the plant at the optimum
schedule for the feed quality.
4.2 Daily Management for Improved Process Control : Improved process control helps getting
the optimum performance out of an equipment. This can only be achieved through adoption of
daily managenment practices. Daily management practices involves establishing performance
parameters for each critical process and controlling the process by repeated PDCA(Perform-Do-
Check-Act) and SDCA(Standardize-Do-Check-Act) cycles. An example of optimizing bed level
set point with respect to tailing losses is shown in Figure 8 (Figure 8 Optimizing Bed Level Set
Point with respect to Tailing Loss)
Figure 8 Optimizing Bed Level Set Point with respect to Tailing Loss
10. 4.3 Improving recovery and reducing tailing losses : The graph in Figure 8 shows the
correlation between Bed Level Set Point vs Tailings Loss of chromite in a Flotex Density
Seperator. It can be seen that as the bed level increases, the loss of chromite through tailings also
increases.
Thus efforts are now made for setting process parameters to the level where the tailing loss is
minimised which enhances recovery, while optimizing product quality. The process parameters
are then monitored at regular intervals for any abnormality in the process. Corrective and
preventive actions are taken in case deviations are noticed.
4.4 Optimizing Particle Size : Gravity concentration is based on the principal of differences in
specific gravity between mineral and gangue particles.
However, this difference in the specific gravity diminishes when the particle size becomes very
small which often leads to loss of mineral values in tailings in a gravity separation processes. It is
therefore imperative to optimize the size distribution in the mineral processing of Chrome Ore.
Example of such optimization is shown in Figure 9 (Figure 9. Optimization of Grinding Mill).
Figure 9. Optimization of Grinding Mill
From the graph it is evident that at higher RPM of a grinding mill the mean particle size of the
output shifts towards the coarser side, resulting in lower generation of ultra fines and thereby
reducing loss of chrome value through tailings.
11. As gravity concentration processes are not very effective for very fine particles (less than
75micron), other concentration processes are recommended, which need to be customized with
respect to specifics of the application.
4.5 Improving Recovery of Ultrafine Chrome Particles : The application of enhanced gravity
concentrators (MGS) and floatation columns have found wide acceptance at various
beneficiation plant flow sheets in Turkey for the recovery of fine and ultrafine chromite from
Turkish ores. For the beneficiation of Indian chrome ore these unit operations have yet to be
established.
4.6 Beneficiation of low and sub-grade chromite ore (10–35%Cr2O3) and re-processing of
stockpiled tailings containing valuables : Detailed study of chrome ore beneficiation processes
reveals that opportunities exist for recovering chromite values from the low/sub-grade ores and
tailings using conventional beneficiation processes.
Detailed characterization studies on chromite tailings from the beneficiation plant of Sukinda,
India by Tripathy et.al 2013 revealed that a chromite concentrate of marketable grades can be
produced from the tailing analyzing up to17% Cr2O3 and Cr/Fe ratio of 0.49. IBM having
defined the thresh-hold limit for Chromite at 10% makes the processing of low & sub-grade
chrome ores and tailings which contain > 10% Cr2O3 essential Setting up of processing plants for
re-processing stored tailings are being studied by various chrome majors in India.
4.7 Process control systems have been developed over the years in most mineral processing
plants. Such process control systems are generally developed from the huge data base generated
from collecting various operating parameters over time. In practice, the performance of a system
often deteriorates with time but such situations are rarely discussed in the literature (Li et. al,
2011). Unsteady operation of beneficiation units in the process circuits often arises from
numerous changes in the input to the plant such as feed properties to the circuit, overall flow
rate, mineral composition, amount of solids in the feed, the size distribution of the feed etc.
The databank collected over a period of time under various operating conditions would help
overcome future problems relating to either variations in the feed characteristics or specific
demands in the output by metallurgical industries.
12. A critical aspect in collecting such a data bank hinges in documenting relatively small changes/
improvements in actual practicing plant in terms of grade, recovery etc., which in turn affect the
economics.
The above concept was adopted in one of the operating chromite plants at Sukinda. Practical
problems encountered during the plant trials were well documented (described in the article by
Rama Murthy et.al.2012). The results of this trial campaign were subsequently used to optimize
the process parameters with changes in input and thus reduce chromite losses in tailings from
this operating plant significantly by making small changes.
An outline of the various initiatives taken up in different sections of the operating plant is
presented in the figure10 (Figure 10 Overview of Plant Initiatives) below :
Figure 10 Overview of Plant Initiatives
13. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS:
Conservation of valuable and limited chromite resources while satisfying the continuously
increasing demand for chrome ore by Metallurgical, Chemical and Refractory industries makes
the beneficiation of lean & sub-grade ores essential. From the mineral conservation point of view
it is necessary to maximize utilization of lean ores to preserve high grade chromite resources. It
has also become essential to reduce loss of chromite values in tailings and recover values from
previously generated tailings.
Chrome Ore Beneficiation is particularly challenging given variations in input ROM and the
inefficiency of traditional gravity concentration systems in dealing with fine/ultrafine particles.
This challenge has given rise to the need for developing and optimizing processes/process flow
sheets for economic and efficient recovery of chromite values. Process optimization through
initiatives at the shop floor is important to improve plant recovery. Technological developments
are underway to further help in improving Chrome Ore Beneficiation processes.
.
6.0ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to the management at Tata Steel for giving us an opportunity to publish this
work. We are grateful to Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant members for their involvement in the
project. The support and services provided by the staff at R&D and SS Division is also duly
acknowledged. The presentation is an amalgamation of authors’ own views and thoughts. Tata
Steel does not necessarily subscribe to the views and thoughts expressed in this paper and should
not be held responsible for the same.
References:
1. Li, X, McKee, D,J, Horberry.T, Powell, M,S, (2011). The control room operator: The
forgotten element in mineral process control, Minerals Engineering Vol.24, pp 894–902.
2. Rama Murthy. Y, Tripathy.S.K., Raghu Kumar. C (2011). Chrome ore beneficiation
challenges & opportunities - A Review, International Journal Minerals Engineering.
Minerals Engineering 24 (2011) 375–380.
3. Rama Murthy, Y.,, Sunil K Tripathy, Veerendra Singh, Vilas D Tathavadkar and A
Ranjan (2012). Studies on reduction in chromite losses in tailing in an operating plant.
XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC) 2012 Proceedings / New Delhi,
India / 24 - 28 September 2012.Pp- 04377-04385.
14. 4. Sahoo. R.K., Mohanty J.K., Das S.K., Paul A.K. Chromites of India Their Textural and
Mineralogical Characteristics. IMMT Bhubaneswar.
5. Sunil Kumar Tripathy, Rama Murthy,Y., Veerendra Singh 2013. Characterization and
separation studies of Indian Chromite beneficiation plant tailing. International Journal of
Mineral Processing 122 (2013) 47–53.
6. Amit Ranjan, LS Divakera, CR Nayak, Y Rama Murty, 2013, Conservation of Mineral
Resource in Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant, AQN Congress 2013 Proceedings (paper
184).