2. Current Status
• The performance of both public and private
sector school systems is unacceptably bad.
– ASER Reports of 2007-12
– PISA- 2009
– NCERT Studies
– ASSET (EI)
– Karthik-Venkatesh Study
• India is spending no less than the developed
World average on Elementary Education
– Public+ private spending of around 2.2 % of GDP
3. Public Sector has introduced all known
policies for improvements
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Highest level of incentives to teachers
Worldwide norm for teacher education
Largest mid-career teacher training
Largest system of academic support to teachers,
SCERT-DIETs, BRCs & CRCs.
Reasonable PTR under RTE
Reasonable infrastructure under RTE.
Biggest package of students incentives as midday meal, scholarships, etc.
Free supply of Books
4. Structural Constraints on Private Sector
makes market based solution infeasible
• No return on capital is legally allowed.
• Growth and Capital influx is possible through
– ROI on school estate by builders
– Academic entrepreneur owned single school,
which allows living wage to the owner.
– Charity show-pieces
• Hence voucher/cash transfer of household
income growth through markets too will not
work.
5. Sources of Lessons & Policy Lessons
• Continued preponderance of public school system
World over in best performers.
• Emerging trend of PPP management for school
improvements (USA, UK, Sweden)
• Telecom, Infrastructure, and AMUL system
• Systemic-sustained Effort to use PPP to develop
new institutional capability.
– PPP for foundation stage
– PPP for quality improvement interventions.
– PPP for Overall School Chain management.
