1. Educational Diversity in Uttar Pradesh:
A Social Group and Regional Analysis
Abusaleh Shariff, BrijLal Joshi
Amit Sharma and VeerpalSandhu
Presented in a conference on ‘Education and Health: Special Focus on UP’
Organized by Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
October 25-26, 2013
Authors’ respective affiliation:
US-India Policy Institute, Washington DC;
Centre for Research and Debates in Development Policy New Delhi
National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi,
and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

2. Educational Diversity by SRCs and Regions of Uttar Pradesh
• UP Highly Diverse in terms of its people, economy, occupations,
artisanship, trade, geography and culture
• UP: 16.5 % of India’s Population census 2011
• UP: 26.7 % of Indian Muslim Population
• UP: 37 million Muslim Population
• UP: 18.5% of state population are Muslims
Analyzed NSSO - years 2004-05 and 2009-10
Highlights Educational diversity by SRCs
Unique Regional Diversity in Education
The Socio Religious Community categorization are based on the methodology provided by the
Prime Minister’s High Level (Sachar) Committee - 2006

3. Education Differentials according to
Socio-Religious Categories

4. Literacy by SRCs in UP- 2009-10 and Growth Rates (GRs)
 Highest
Achievers – High
Hindus : Urban 93% - Rural
80%
 Least - SCs/STs &
Muslims
 Five year Reference
Period: literacy increased in
rural but stagnated in urban
areas
 Muslims Literacy just about the level of SCs/STs combined
• Literacy in fact declined for Urban Muslim general and STs
 GRs largest for SCs followed by the OBCs (Muslims) both R & U

5. Matric (15-18 years)Level Education in UP by SRCs 2009-10 and GRs
Variation in Matric education is
far higher
 High Caste Hindus have large
advantage
 H-OBCs and the SCs are
catching up
 Relative proportions decline for
Muslims as levels of education
increases
 Shares in matric for Muslims
OBCs and Muslims General is
least and far too low
 Muslims levels of Matric are lower than the SCs and the STs in both rural and urban area in 2009-10
 With in the Muslims the OBCs show a relatively higher growth rate and the Muslim General have in fact
shown negative growth in rural areas

6. Higher Education Levels (ages 19-25 yrs) in UP by SRCs- 2009-10 and GRs
 Higher Level Education in UP is
highly discriminatory
 Huge differentials for SRCs and
for Urban – Rural areas
 The SRC differentials in Urban
areas are by-far the worst
 Achievers are High Casts - both in
urban and rural areas
 The H-OBCs and SCs have better
access to Higher Education after the
High Caste
 Muslims have the least levels of higher education compared to all other SRCs in bothurban and rural areas
 Muslims fall below the levels of the SCs/STs
The GRs for M-OBCs are better than the Muslim-General
 In fact there is a negative GR for Muslim-General in Urban areas

7. Regional Diversity
in Metric Level Education

8. Two Types of Regions
Contagious Geographic | Group of Districts with specified Share of Muslims
Contagious Geographic Regions:




Western UP
Eastern UP
Central UP
Budelkhand
% Muslims
45.4
36.1
14.8
1.9

 G1
 G2
 G3
 G4
 G5
Group of Districts with specified Share of Muslims
Districts With %ge Muslims
No. of Districts
>40 %
3
30-40%
7
20-30%
10
10-20%
33
< 10 %
17

9. Geographic Regions: Shares in Matric by SRCs in UP, 2009-10
Central, East and Bundelkhand
are highly iniquitous regions of UP
 H-High Castes have advantage in
all regions
 H-OBCs are second best except
in West. Their level in Central
UP is outstanding
 Higher education is out of reach
for Muslims in all regions
especially in East and Central
 Muslims - slight edge over the SCs/STs in West
 SCs/STs least in Central and Bundelkhand

10. Special Regions based on proportion of Muslims
Matric Level Differentials by SRCs in UP, 2009-10
 Muslims worst than all SRCs in G1,
G3 and G4
 Muslims population and their share
in matric is lowest in G1 although
their share in population is above
40%. Too specific to these districts
(Bijnoor, Muradabad, Rampur) –
Remember Polio!
 Better metric for Muslims in G2 but
then too low in other regions. :
Bareilly, Meerut, JP Nagar,
Muzfarnagar, Saharanpur,
Balrampur, Bahriach.
 Share of OBCs low in G1 and G2
but very good in G3 and G4 and G5
districts
 Muslim proportions are better in G2 only (7 distracts) more research needed to find out the
reasons for better levels of Muslim education. Proximity to Delhi, and agriculturally rich?

11. Educational Diversity in UP
compared to the All India Scenario

12. Percentage Change at different levels of Education by SRCs
in Uttar Pradesh – 2004-5 to 2009-10
Over all Literacy 7+ increased in rural by8% and
urban by 3.5%
Levels above Matric
healthy growth amongst
the SCs/STs, H-OBCs
and Hindu-General.
 Muslims worst
affected, especially nonOBC Muslims have
negative growth in
Urban areas no growth
in rural areas
 Other minorities mostly Sikhs some Christens has shown large (22%) increase in literacy in rural areas. Urban
Muslim-general literacy declined by 1.1%.
 Matric : Rural M-OBCs have done better.
 Matric : Muslims in Urban done better | SCs/STs in urban areasdoing good.
 But Hindu-High Caste recorded negative GR (a higher levels)

13. Percentage Change at different levels of Education by SRCs
in India – 2004-5 to 2009-10
Literacy 7+ increase in rural by 6.9% and in urban 2.8% in India
 Highest GRs noticed at matric level education for all communities
especially the SCs/STs in both rural and urban areas.
 Non-OBC
Muslims have
recorded negative growth
rates in higher education (19
to 25 yrs and 22 to 35 yrs) in
urban areas and small
growth in rural areas.
 Muslim OBCs show a
positive growth but no
where comparable with the
positive growth rates
recorded for the SCs/STs,
H-OBCs and H-General
categories