The document provides information about Cambodian culture, including rituals surrounding birth, death, marriage, and divorce. It discusses customs such as showing respect through the 'sampeah' greeting gesture and views on propriety regarding touching heads and pointing feet at people. Traditional Cambodian teachings on proper behavior were passed down through verse codes learned by rote."
Panitikan ng Umuunlad na Bansa: Kaligiran ng CambodiaDante Teodoro Jr.
Panitikan ng Umuunlad na Bansa (Cambodia)
Nabuo ito sa pinagsama-samang datos na kinuha mula sa iba't ibang slides.
Ulat ni Dante Menor Teodoro Jr. at ni Wilma B. Cerezo
Ang mitolohiyang ito na mula sa Hawaii ay isa sa mga akdang pampanitikan na tinatalakay sa Grade 10 o Ikasampung Baitang, Ikalawang Markahan, sa tulong ng Batayang Aklat na Pinagyamang PLUMA 10 ng Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Panitikan ng Umuunlad na Bansa: Kaligiran ng CambodiaDante Teodoro Jr.
Panitikan ng Umuunlad na Bansa (Cambodia)
Nabuo ito sa pinagsama-samang datos na kinuha mula sa iba't ibang slides.
Ulat ni Dante Menor Teodoro Jr. at ni Wilma B. Cerezo
Ang mitolohiyang ito na mula sa Hawaii ay isa sa mga akdang pampanitikan na tinatalakay sa Grade 10 o Ikasampung Baitang, Ikalawang Markahan, sa tulong ng Batayang Aklat na Pinagyamang PLUMA 10 ng Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Hudyat sa pagkasunod sunod ng mga pangayayari grade7Wimabelle Banawa
Ang pang-ugnay ay nakatutulong upang pag-ugnayin ang mga kaisipang nais paimbabawin. Ito ay nagagamit sa pagbuo ng sanaysay upang maging kahali-halina itong basahin.
The document discusses the various film genres - family, action, comedy, horror, thriller, western - and their typical target audiences and conventions. For each genre, it provides details on who the target audience tends to be in terms of age and gender, as well as common narrative elements, character types, settings, and visual styles seen in both films of that genre and their trailers.
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation patungkol sa aralin sa Filipino 10: Ang Analohiya o Palasurian. Dito rin matatagpuan ang mga uri ng analohiya at isang aktibidades patungkol sa nasabing aralin.
MGA SALITANG HUDYAT NG SIMULA, GITNA AT WAKAS.pptxchelsiejadebuan
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang mag
Cambodia has a long history dating back to early kingdoms and the powerful Angkor Empire between the 9th-15th centuries. It then experienced domination by Thailand and Vietnam before becoming a French protectorate in 1863. After gaining independence in 1953 under King Sihanouk, Cambodia endured war and the brutal Khmer Rouge regime from 1970-1979. Since the 1990s it has held elections and joined international organizations while still facing issues of human rights and political disputes.
Cambodia has a long history dating back thousands of years. Major periods included the Funan period where Hinduism was introduced, the Chenla period when the empire was divided, and the Angkorian era when Angkor Wat was built under King Suryavarman II. The Khmer Rouge period in the 1970s, led by Pol Pot, resulted in the deaths of over 2 million Cambodians through forced labor, starvation, torture and execution in an attempt to create an agrarian utopia. Vietnam invaded and overthrew the Khmer Rouge in 1979, though unrest continued for decades.
Hudyat sa pagkasunod sunod ng mga pangayayari grade7Wimabelle Banawa
Ang pang-ugnay ay nakatutulong upang pag-ugnayin ang mga kaisipang nais paimbabawin. Ito ay nagagamit sa pagbuo ng sanaysay upang maging kahali-halina itong basahin.
The document discusses the various film genres - family, action, comedy, horror, thriller, western - and their typical target audiences and conventions. For each genre, it provides details on who the target audience tends to be in terms of age and gender, as well as common narrative elements, character types, settings, and visual styles seen in both films of that genre and their trailers.
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation patungkol sa aralin sa Filipino 10: Ang Analohiya o Palasurian. Dito rin matatagpuan ang mga uri ng analohiya at isang aktibidades patungkol sa nasabing aralin.
MGA SALITANG HUDYAT NG SIMULA, GITNA AT WAKAS.pptxchelsiejadebuan
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang magtaglay ng mga angkop na pahayag upang ito ay masimulan.
Sa pagsulat ng isang talata na may panimula, gitna at wakas ay kinakailangang mag
Cambodia has a long history dating back to early kingdoms and the powerful Angkor Empire between the 9th-15th centuries. It then experienced domination by Thailand and Vietnam before becoming a French protectorate in 1863. After gaining independence in 1953 under King Sihanouk, Cambodia endured war and the brutal Khmer Rouge regime from 1970-1979. Since the 1990s it has held elections and joined international organizations while still facing issues of human rights and political disputes.
Cambodia has a long history dating back thousands of years. Major periods included the Funan period where Hinduism was introduced, the Chenla period when the empire was divided, and the Angkorian era when Angkor Wat was built under King Suryavarman II. The Khmer Rouge period in the 1970s, led by Pol Pot, resulted in the deaths of over 2 million Cambodians through forced labor, starvation, torture and execution in an attempt to create an agrarian utopia. Vietnam invaded and overthrew the Khmer Rouge in 1979, though unrest continued for decades.
This document provides background information on Cambodia and the rise of the Khmer Rouge regime from 1975-1979. It discusses Cambodia's history from the Angkor Empire to French colonization. In the 1960s-1970s, as the Vietnam War escalated, King Sihanouk allowed Vietnamese communists to operate in Cambodia, angering some. In 1970, Sihanouk was deposed while abroad and the US-backed Khmer Republic took over. US bombing of Cambodia strengthened the Khmer Rouge. When they took Phnom Penh in 1975, the Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated cities and eventually killed an estimated 1.7-2 million Cambodians through executions, starvation, and overwork in an attempt to create an
Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, bordering Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Its capital and largest city is Phnom Penh. Cambodia has a long history, with the Khmer Empire dominating the region from the 9th to 15th centuries and building famous sites like Angkor Wat. In the 1970s, Cambodia suffered under the brutal Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot, which caused the deaths of an estimated 1-3 million people. Today, Cambodia is rebuilding and its culture includes classical dance, martial arts like pradal serey kickboxing, and cuisine featuring dishes like amok and samlor kako soup.
Political events that led to the creation of modern day Cambodia, from pre-colonial times to the 2010s.
For our Southeast Asian Politics class (comparative politics).
Muhammad Shah of Brunei established the Sultanate of Brunei in the 14th century after converting to Islam. He ruled as Sultan until his death in 1402.
Oknha Son Kuy was a governor in Cambodia who was beheaded in 1841 for defending Khmer culture and religion against the Vietnamese. In his last words, he urged Cambodians to remain united and preserve their national identity.
Lim Bo Seng was a hero of Singapore who led resistance against the Japanese during World War 2. As a leader of Force 136, he was captured and tortured but refused to reveal any information to the enemy, dying in captivity.
The document provides an overview of Southeast Asian history and culture. It discusses how the Khmer Empire influenced Cambodia and surrounding regions. It also explains how India and China impacted Southeast Asian religions and Vietnam. European colonialism in the 1500s divided the region until independence movements in the 1900s. The Vietnam War involved the US supporting South Vietnam against Communist North Vietnam and their allies in Cambodia and Laos. The brutal Khmer Rouge regime killed over a million Cambodians before being defeated.
The document summarizes the history and cultures of mainland Southeast Asia. It describes how ancient migrations over thousands of years have shaped populations in the region. Major groups include the Khmers of Cambodia, Mons of Myanmar and Thailand, and Thai people of Thailand. European colonialism in the 1500s was followed by British and French rule until independence movements in the mid-1900s. Countries have diverse cultures but most practice Theravada Buddhism and have been influenced by ancient trade with India and China.
Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and the Gulf of Thailand. The terrain includes lowlands, mountains, and rivers. The climate consists of wet and dry seasons influenced by monsoon winds. Natural vegetation includes forests, grasslands, and wetlands that are home to diverse plants and wildlife, some of which are endangered. The majority Khmer population practices Theravada Buddhism and speaks the Khmer language. The economy relies heavily on agriculture, especially rice production. Cambodia has a rich cultural heritage evident in artifacts, architecture, dance, and literature, though this has been disrupted by war and genocide over the centuries under changing foreign rulers and regimes.
Before French rule in the 1800s, Cambodia was weak and threatened by its neighbors. It became a French protectorate in 1884. In the 1940s, an independence movement called the Khmer Issarak fought the French with some help from Vietnam. Cambodia gained independence in 1954 after the Geneva Conference. The new leader, Norodom Sihanouk, tried to maintain neutrality between communist and non-communist blocs. However, US opposition to his relations with China and the USSR led to severed ties in 1966. A 1970 coup replaced Sihanouk with Lon Nol, but the Khmer Rouge communist insurgency grew during the civil war that followed. By 1975, the Khmer Rouge captured Ph
The document provides a history of China, Japan, and Korea. It discusses the early dynasties that ruled China and how communism came to power in 1949. It then summarizes Japan's early clan rule, modernization, role in WWII, and post-war economic growth. Finally, it outlines Korea's division after WWII and the ongoing challenges of North Korea under Kim Jong II's authoritarian leadership.
- The document summarizes European arrival and trade in Asia between 1498-1700, including the establishment of Portuguese, Dutch, and English trading empires in India and Southeast Asia.
- It also discusses developments in China under the Ming Dynasty between 1368-1644, including a period of prosperity, commercial growth, and naval expeditions before the dynasty declined.
- In Japan, powerful warlords fought for control until three military leaders unified the country in the late 1500s. The Tokugawa Shogunate then consolidated power and instituted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s.
- The document summarizes European arrival and trade in Asia between 1498-1700, including the establishment of Portuguese, Dutch, and English trading empires in India and Southeast Asia.
- It also discusses developments in China under the Ming Dynasty between 1368-1644, including a period of growth and prosperity followed by decline. The last emperor committed suicide as the Ming Dynasty fell to Manchu rebels in 1644.
- In Japan, powerful warlords fought for control until three military leaders unified the country in the late 1500s. The Tokugawa Shogunate consolidated power and instituted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s, severely restricting foreign contact.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam and Thailand. It describes how Vietnam was conquered by China for over 1,000 years and later colonized by France, but emerged independent and stronger after various conflicts. Though influenced by China, Vietnam maintained its own identity and expanded south by conquering neighboring peoples. Similarly, Thailand was never colonized and established itself as the dominant power in Southeast Asia under the Ayutthaya Kingdom, despite threats from Burma. Key monarchs like Rama IV and V modernized Thailand in the 1800s to maintain independence from European colonialism.
Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Between the 11th-14th centuries, Cambodia was the strongest kingdom in Southeast Asia under the powerful Khmer Empire based in Angkor. After periods of decline and occupation, Cambodia gained independence in 1953 and faced instability, war, and the Khmer Rouge regime during the 1970s-1980s. Today, Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy with a population of over 14 million, most of whom are Buddhist. The economy relies on agriculture, tourism centered around Angkor Wat, and garment exports.
The document provides an overview of the history of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and their relationships. It discusses the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire in India. It then covers the arrival of European trading companies and the establishment of British rule over India. Key events like the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and Gandhi's non-violent independence movement are summarized. The formation of Pakistan and later Bangladesh from Pakistan is briefly outlined. Ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan over Kashmir are also mentioned.
The document discusses the history and kingdoms of Southeast Asia. It describes how the region has been characterized by interactions between local peoples and foreign powers. Major kingdoms that ruled parts of the region included the Srivijaya and Malacca empires, as well as the Burmese, Thai, Khmer, and Champa kingdoms. The history of Southeast Asian countries became more independent after European colonialism in the 17th-20th centuries. Brief histories are provided on specific kingdoms such as the Khmer Empire, Ayutthaya, Bagan, and Lan Xang.
1312 11 The Middle East, Asia, and The AmericasDrew Burks
The document provides an overview of political and social developments in the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas between the late 18th century and early 20th century. It discusses the decline of the Ottoman Empire and rise of Muhammad Ali in Egypt; British rule in India; European colonialism in Southeast Asia, China, and Japan; independence movements and conflicts in Mexico and South America; expansion of the United States; and systems of oppression including treatment of indigenous groups and slavery.
The document summarizes the history of several East Asian dynasties and societies from the 14th-19th centuries. It discusses the Ming Dynasty in China, the naval explorations of Zheng He, the decline of the Ming and rise of the Qing Dynasty, Japan's isolationist Tokugawa Shogunate, and the initial impacts of European contact in Asia.
20 February: The Vichy regime of Admiral Decoux & the Buddhist Institute 1941...Center for Khmer Studies
CKS Lecture Series on Cambodia in the 20th Century. Dr Henri Locard: 20 February: The Vichy regime of Admiral Decoux & the Buddhist Institute 1941-1945
Similar to Panitikan ng Umuunlad na Bansa: Kaligiran ng Cambodia (20)
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Heaven protects our King
And gives him happiness and glory
To reign over our souls and our
destinies,
The one being, heir of the
Sovereign builders,
Guiding the proud old Kingdom.
Temples are asleep in the forest,
Remembering the splendour of
Moha Nokor.
Like a rock the Khmer race is
eternal.
Let us trust in the fate of
Kampuchea,
The empire which challenges the
ages.
Songs rise up from the pagodas
To the glory of holy buddhistic
faith.
Let us be faithful to our ancestors'
belief.
Thus heaven will lavish its bounty
Towards the ancient Khmer
country, the Moha Nokor.
Pambansang Awit ng Cambodia
3. CAMBODIA 101
Officially known as Kingdom of Cambodia
A country in the southern portion of the
Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia
Bordered by:
Thailand – Northwest
Laos – Northeast
Vietnam – East
Gulf of Thailand - Southwest
4. 68th most populous country in the world
The minority groups include Vietnamese,
Chinese, Chams and 30 other hill tribes
The capital and the largest city is Phnom Penh,
the political, economic and cultural center of
Cambodia
The English form "Cambodia" is derived from
"Cambodge", the French transcription of
"Kampuchea".
CAMBODIA 101
6. ANCIENT CAMBODIA
The first humans in Cambodia were Stone Age hunters
and gatherers. However farming was introduced into
Cambodia about 2,300 BC. The first farmers in Cambodia
used stone tools but from about 1,500 BC the
Cambodians used tools and weapons made from bronze.
By about 500 BC they had learned to use
The first civilisation in the area arose about 150 AD in the
Mekong River delta in South Vietnam. This civilisation was
known to the Chinese who called it Fu-nan. iron.
7. ANCIENT CAMBODIA
While Fu-nan was trading with the Chinese Cambodian
society grew more sophisticated. Settlements grew larger.
So did kingdoms. By the beginning of the 7th century AD
all of Cambodia was highly civilized.
At first Cambodia was divided into rival states. However
at the beginning of the 9th century a king named
Jayavarman II founded the Khmer Empire in Cambodia.
8. THE KHMER EMPIRE
Like all early civilizations the Khmer Empire was an
overwhelmingly agricultural society, Although there were
many craftsmen the great majority of the people were
farmers. Their staple diet was rice.
The Khmers were animists. They believed that spirits
inhabited natural phenomena such as the earth and
trees. Later Indian religions (Hinduism and Buddhism)
were introduced but they co-existed with traditional
beliefs.
9. THE KHMER EMPIRE
The rich and powerful built fine temples (the only stone
buildings in Cambodia). They were richly decorated with
fine stone carvings. The most famous temple is Angkor
Wat which was built in the early 12th century.
Then about 1000 AD King Jayavarman V was killed. Civil
war followed until Suryavarman I founded another
dynasty. By 1011 he was in control of Cambodia. However
his dynasty only lasted until 1080 when it was replaced by
another.
10. THE KHMER EMPIRE
In 1177 a people called the Chams from Champa (on the coast
of Vietnam) invaded Cambodia. However King Jayavarman VII
managed to drive them out by 1183 and between 1203 and
1220 he was able to force the Chams to submit to him.
Nevertheless by the mid-13th century the Khmer kingdom was
in decline.
In 1431 the Thais captured the Cambodian capital, Angkor.
Afterwards it was abandoned and new capital was founded at
Phnom Penh. By the mid-16th century Angkor was overgrown
by the jungle and it was accidentally rediscovered by a
Cambodian king.
11. CAMBODIA 1500-1800
During the 16th century Cambodian power continued to
decline. At the end of the century Cambodia fell under
Thai suzerainty . In 1594 the Thais captured the capital.
After that they dominated the region.
From the middle of the 17th century the power of
Vietnam grew. In the early 17th century the Cambodians
controlled parts of what is now South Vietnam. They held
a port called Prey Nokor. (Later it was renamed Saigon). In
the late 17th century Prey Nokor fell under Vietnamese
rule.
12. CAMBODIA 1500-1800
During the 18th century Cambodia found itself squeezed
between two powerful neighbours, Thailand and
Vietnam. The Thais invaded Cambodia several times in
the 18th century and in 1772 they destroyed Phnom
PenH. In the last years of the 18th century the
Vietnamese also invaded Cambodia. The Cambodian king
was forced to look to the Thais for protection. In return
Thailand took north-west Cambodia.
13. 19TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
In the early 19th century King Chan (1806-1834)
turned to the Vietnamese for protection from the
Thais. The Thais were annoyed by this policy and
when a rebellion occurred in south Vietnam in 1833
they took advantage by invading Cambodia. However
the Vietnamese king crushed the rebellion and the
Thai army retreated.
14. 19TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
As a result the Vietnamese emperor strengthened his
control over Cambodia. When Cambodian King Chan died
in 1834 one of his daughters was installed as Queen and
Vietnamese people settled in Cambodia. The Vietnamese
regarded the Cambodians as 'barbarians' an tried to
'civilize' them by teaching them Vietnamese customs.
Resentment at Vietnamese influence led to a rebellion in
1840-1841. The Thais invaded again to re-assert their
control of Cambodia.
15. 19TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
However in the 1850s French missionaries arrived in
Cambodia. The Cambodian king turned to the French
to protect him from both the Thais and the
Vietnamese. So in 1863 Cambodia became a French
protectorate.
16. 20TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
Under French rule some economic
development took place in Cambodia. Roads
and railways were built and in the 1920s a
rubber industry grew up. However the
Cambodians were forced to pay heavy taxes
and from the 1930s Cambodian nationalism
grew.
17. 20TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
Then in 1941 Cambodia was occupied by the Japanese.
However at first they allowed French officials to remain in
their posts but in March 1945 as the Japanese were losing
the war they desperately tried to curry favour with the
Cambodians. They arrested French officials and declared
Cambodia independent. However when the Japanese
surrendered the French took over again. They arrived in
October 1945.
18. 20TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
This time the French did allow the Cambodians to have
political parties and a constitution. By a treaty of 1949
Cambodia was made semi-independent. Then in 1952
King Sihanouk dismissed the government and took
personal control of the country. Events then moved
swiftly. On 9 November 1953 the French finally allowed
Cambodia to become fully independent and in 1955
Sihanouk abdicated in favor of his father and elections
were held.
19. 20TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
Sihanouk formed his own political movement. From 1955-
1970 he dominated politics in Cambodia so much so that it is
sometimes called the 'Sihanouk era'. In 1960, when his father
died, he named himself 'Chief of State'. Sihanouk called his
movement 'Buddhist Socialism'. However it was not really
socialist at all.
Sihanouk's reign began to crumble in 1968 when the
communists began a civil war. In 1970 Sihanouk left the
country. While he was away the National Assembly voted to
remove him as chief of state. Cambodia was renamed the
Khmer Republic.
20. 20TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
However the communists slowly made
headway. The Americans bombed Cambodia to
try and stop the communists. Nevertheless
they captured Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975.
22. THE KHMER ROUGE
In 1975 a horrific and tragic era of Cambodian history
began in the reign of the Khmer Rouge. They were led by
Pol Pot (or Saloth Sar) also known as 'Brother Number
One'. How many people were killed by Pol Pot and the
Khmer Rouge is not known for certain but it was probably
at least 1.5 million and it may have been as many as 3
million. Pol Pot declared that history would begin again in
Cambodia. The first year of revolution was now the first
year of history.
23. THE KHMER ROUGE
In 1975 Cambodia was a mainly agricultural country. Pol
Pot decided it should be completely agricultural. This
meant all the people from the towns and cities were
forced to move to the countryside. Pol Pot also decided
that agricultural output should double in 4 years. Private
property was banned and collective farms were formed.
They were supposed to grow 3 tons of rice per hectare.
People were made to work very long hours to try and
grow the extra rice. They were given insufficient food and
many fell ill and died from a combination of exhaustion
and malnutrition.
24. THE KHMER ROUGE
That was not all. Religion was banned in Cambodia
(people caught practicing Buddhism were executed).
Family relationships were banned (on the grounds that
parents exploited their children). Furthermore the
smallest infringement of the rules resulted in execution.
Although they were half starved, people caught foraging
for food were executed. People were also executed for
being lazy. Needless to say anyone who complained was
executed.
25. THE KHMER ROUGE
Furthermore the Khmer Rouge murdered intellectuals.
Soon people who could speak a foreign language or who
wore glasses were executed. This nightmarish situation
was only ended by a war with Vietnam. The Vietnamese
invaded Cambodia in December 1978 and quickly
prevailed. Unfortunately Pol Pot escaped and he did not
die until 1998.
26. THE KHMER ROUGE
Pol Pot's soldiers fled to Thailand and they were welcomed by
the Thai's who feared a Vietnamese invasion. The Khmer
Rouge continued a guerrilla war against the Vietnamese.
However the Vietnamese forces withdrew from Cambodia in
1989.
Afterwards negotiations began among several different
parties. The result was the Paris Peace Accords of 1991.
Communism was abandoned in Cambodia and a provisional
government ruled until 1993 when elections were held and a
constitution was framed. Sihanouk was made a constitutional
monarch.
27. THE KHMER ROUGE
However the Khmer Rouge refused to take part in the
elections and they continued their guerrilla war.
Fortunately in 1996 Pol Pot's second in command Leng
Sary defected in 1996. Many Khmer Rouge troops
followed him. Pol Pot himself died in 1998 and peace
returned to Cambodia.
In 1999 Cambodia joined ASEAN.
28. 21ST CENTURY CAMBODIA
In 2004 King Norodom Sihanouk abdicated. His son
became King Norodom Sihamoni in his place.
Today Cambodia is still a poor country but there is every
reason to be optimistic about its future. In the early years
of the 21st Century the Cambodian economy grew
rapidly.
29. 21ST CENTURY CAMBODIA
Cambodia suffered badly during the recession of 2009 but
it soon recovered and today it is growing strongly. Today
the textiles industry in Cambodia is booming. Tourism is
also an important industry in in Cambodia. However
many people in Cambodia still live by farming.
In 2005 oil was discovered in the sea off Cambodia and it
holds great promise for the future. Today the population
of Cambodia is 14.9 million.
32. Birth and Death Rituals
The birth of a child is a happy event for the family.
According to traditional beliefs, however, confinement
and childbirth expose the family, and especially the
mother and the child to harm from the spirit world. A
woman who dies in childbirth—crosses the river (chhlong
tonle) in Khmer is believed to become an evil spirit. In
traditional Khmer society, a pregnant woman respects a
number of food taboos and avoids certain situations.
These traditions remain in practice in rural Cambodia, but
they have become weakened in urban areas.
33. Birth and Death Rituals
Death is not viewed with the great outpouring of grief
common to Western society; it is viewed as the end of
one life and as the beginning of another life that one
hopes will be better. Buddhist Khmer usually are
cremated, and their ashes are deposited in a stupa in the
temple compound. A corpse is washed, dressed, and
placed in a coffin, which may be decorated with flowers
and with a photograph of the deceased.
34. Birth and Death Rituals
White pennant-shaped flags, called "white crocodile
flags," outside a house indicate that someone in that
household has died. A funeral procession consisting of an
achar, Buddhist monks, members of the family, and other
mourners accompanies the coffin to the crematorium.
The spouse and the children show mourning by shaving
their heads and by wearing white clothing. Relics such as
teeth or pieces of bone are prized by the survivors, and
they are often worn on gold chains as amulets. If the child
is always ill, his or her parents can go and change the
name of child
35. Courtship, Marriage, Divorce
Courtship patterns differ between rural and urban Khmer;
romantic love is a notion that exists to a much greater
extent in larger cities. A man usually marries between the
ages of nineteen and twenty-five, a girl between the ages
of sixteen and twenty-two. After a spouse has been
selected, each family investigates the other to make sure
its child is marrying into a good family. In rural areas,
there is a form of bride-service; that is, the young man
may take a vow to serve his prospective father-in-law for
a period of time.
36. Courtship, Marriage, Divorce
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.
Formerly it lasted three days, but in the 1980s it more
commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a
short sermon and recite prayers of blessing. Parts of the
ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads
soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's
wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily
married and respected couples to bless the union. After
the wedding, a banquet is held. Newlyweds traditionally
move in with the wife's parents and may live with them
up to a year, until they can build a new house nearby.
37. Courtship, Marriage, Divorce
Divorce is legal and relatively easy to obtain, but not
common. Divorced persons are viewed with some
disapproval. Each spouse retains whatever property he or
she brought into the marriage, and jointly-acquired
property is divided equally. Divorced persons may
remarry, but the woman must wait ten months. Custody
of minor children is usually given to the mother, and both
parents continue to have an obligation to contribute
financially toward the rearing and education of the child.
The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before
he can re-marry.
38. Customs
In Khmer culture a person's head is believed to contain
the person's soul--therefore making it taboo to touch or
point one's feet at it. It is also considered to be extremely
disrespectful to use the feet to point out a person, or to
sit or sleep with the soles of the feet pointing at a person,
as the feet are the lowest part of the body and are
considered to be impure.
When greeting people or to show respect in Cambodia
people do the "sampeah" gesture, identical to the Indian
namaste and Thai wai.
39. Customs
Customary Cambodian teachings are laid out in verse form in
long works from the 14th to 18th centuries collectively called
Chhbap ("rules" or "codes").These were traditionally learned
by rote. Works such as the Chhbap Pros ("Boy's Code"),
Chhbap Srey ("Girl's Code") and Chhbap Peak Chas ("Code of
Ancient Words") gave such advice as: a person that does not
wake up before sunrise is lazy; a child must tell parents or
elders where they go and what time they will return home;
always close doors gently, otherwise a bad temper will be
assumed; sit in a chair with the legs straight down and not
crossed (crossing the legs is a mark of an impolite person); and
always let the other person do more talking.
In Cambodia it is not polite to make eye contact with someone
who is older or someone who is considered a superior.
40. Clothing
Clothing in Cambodia is one of the most important aspects of
the culture. Cambodian fashion differs according to ethnic
group and social class. Khmer people traditionally wear a
checkered scarf called a Krama. The "krama" is what distinctly
separates the Khmer (Cambodians) from their neighbors the
Thai, the Vietnamese, and the Laotians. The scarf is used for
many purposes including for style, protection from the sun, an
aid (for the feet) when climbing trees, a hammock for infants,
a towel, or as a "sarong". A "krama" can also be easily shaped
into a small child's doll for play. Under the Khmer Rouge,
krama of various patterns were part of standard clothing.
42. Clothing
The long-popular traditional garment known as the
Sampot, is an Indian-influenced costume which
Cambodians have worn since the Funan era. Historically,
Khmer clothing has changed depending on the time
period and religion. From the Funan era to the Angkor
Era, there was a strong Hindu influence in Cambodian
fashion which favored wearing Sampots over the lower
body and oftentimes nothing from the waist up except
jewelry including bracelets and collars such as the Sarong
Kor, a symbol of Hinduism.
44. Clothing
As Buddhism began to replace Hinduism, Khmer
people started wearing the blouse, shirt and trousers
of Khmer style. Khmer people, both common and
royal, stopped wearing the Hindu-style collars and
began to adopt beautiful decorated shawls such as
Sbai instead. This new clothing style was popular in
the Udong period.
45. Cuisine
Khmer cuisine or more generally, Cambodian cuisine is
one of the worlds oldest living cuisines, and is regarded
by manyas one of the healthiest and most balanced
cuisines on the planet.
The staple food for Cambodians is rice, and today rice is
consumed by most Cambodians daily and with all meals,
utilizing a great number of cooking styles and techniques.
In fact, Cambodians eat more rice than any other people
in the world
46. Cuisine
In addition, rice is eaten all day long in the form of street-
side snacks, such as deep-fried rice cakes with chives and
spinach, for breakfast, as in Cambodia's famous rice
noodle soup kuyteav or rice porridge, and in many
desserts. Plain white rice is served with nearly every
family meal, typically served with grilled freshwater fish, a
samlor or soup, and an assortment of seasonal herbs,
salad leaves and vegetables.
48. Cuisine
A common ingredient, almost a national institution, is a
pungent type of fermented fish paste used in many
dishes, a distinctive flavoring known as prahok. It's an
acquired taste for most Westerners, but is an integral part
of Khmer cuisine and is included in many dishes or used
as a dipping sauce. The liberal use of prahok, which adds
a salty tang to many dishes, is a characteristic which
distinguishes Khmer cuisine from that of its neighbours.
51. Religion
Buddhism has been the dominant religion in Cambodia,
in one form or another, since the reign of Jayavarman VII
(c. 1181-1200). Before its adoption as the state religion
however, Hinduism flourished for over a thousand years.
Roman Catholicism was introduced by French
missionaries beginning in the eighteenth century. Sunni
Islam is practiced among the Chams, while among the
Sino-Khmer population Mahayana Buddhism,
Confucianism and Chinese folk religions remain popular.
52. Religion
Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the
5th century AD, with some sources placing its origin as
early as the 3rd century BC. Theravada Buddhism has
been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century
AD (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently
estimated to be the faith of 95% of the population.
53. Religion
Cambodia was first influenced by Hinduism during the
beginning of the Kingdom of Funan kingdom. Hinduism
was one of the Khmer Empire's official religions.
Cambodia is the home to one of the only two temples
dedicated to Brahma in the world. Angkor Wat of
Cambodia is the largest Hindu temple of the world.
54. Religion
Islam is the religion of a majority of the Cham (also
called Khmer Islam) and Malay minorities in Cambodia.
According to Po Dharma, there were 150,000 to 200,000
Muslims in Cambodia as late as 1975. Persecution under
the Khmer Rouge eroded their numbers, however, and by
the late 1980s they probably had not regained their
former strength. All of the Cham Muslims are Sunnis of
the Shafi'i school. Po Dharma divides the Muslim Cham in
Cambodia into a traditionalist branch and an orthodox
branch.
55. Religion
There are around 20,000 Catholics in Cambodia which
represents 0.15% of the total population. There are no
dioceses, but there are three territorial jurisdictions - one
Apostolic Vicariate and two Apostolic Prefectures. The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as
the Mormons) has a growing population in Cambodia.
The church's late prophet, President Gordon B. Hinckley,
officially introduced missionary work to Cambodia on
May 29, 1996. The church now has 15 congregations (12
Khmer language and 3 Vietnamese language).
56. TRIBAL Religions
Highland tribal groups, most with their own local religious
systems, probably number fewer than 100,000 persons. The
Khmer Loeu have been loosely described as animists, but most
tribal groups have their own pantheon of local spirits. In
general they see their world filled with various invisible spirits
(often called yang), some benevolent, others malevolent. They
associate spirits with rice, soil, water, fire, stones, paths, and
so forth.
Some tribes have special medicine men or shamans who treat
the sick. In addition to belief in spirits, villagers believe in
taboos on many objects or practices. Among the Khmer Loeu,
the Rhade and Jarai groups have a well-developed hierarchy of
spirits with a supreme ruler at its head.
59. The Angkor Wat
The largest Hindu temple complex in the world. The
temple was built by King Suryavarman II in the early 12th
century in as his state temple and eventual mausoleum.
Breaking from the Shaivism tradition of previous kings,
Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-
preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have
remained a significant religious centre since its
foundation – first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu,
then Buddhist. The temple is at the top of the high
classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a
symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it
is the country's prime attraction for visitors.
60. Education in Cambodia
Traditional education in Cambodia was handled by the local
wat, and the Bhikkhu were the teachers. The students were
almost entirely young boys, and the education was limited to
memorizing Buddhist chants in Pali.
During the period of the French protectorate, an educational
system based on the French model was inaugurated alongside
the traditional system. Initially, the French neglected
education in Cambodia. Only seven high school students
graduated in 1931, and only 50,000 to 60,000 children were
enrolled in primary school in 1936.
61. Education in Cambodia
In the year immediately following independence, the
number of students rapidly increased. Vickery suggests
that education of any kind was considered an "absolute
good" by all Cambodians and that this attitude eventually
created a large group of unemployed or underemployed
graduates by the late 1960s.
62. Education in Cambodia
From the early twentieth century until 1975, the system
of mass education operated on the French model. The
educational system was divided into primary, secondary,
higher, and specialized levels. Public education was under
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, which
exercised full control over the entire system; it
established syllabi, hired and paid teachers, provided
supplies, and inspected schools. An inspector of primary
education, who had considerable authority, was assigned
to each province. Cultural committees under the Ministry
of Education were responsible for "enriching the
Cambodian language."
63. Cambodian Literature
Cambodian or Khmer literature has a very ancient origin.
Like most Southeast Asian national literatures its
traditional corpus has two distinct aspects or levels:
The written literature, mostly restricted to the royal
courts or the Buddhist monasteries.
The oral literature, which is based on local folklore. It is
heavily influenced by Buddhism, the predominant
religion, as well as by the Hindu epics Ramayana and
Mahabharata.
64. Cambodian Literature
Ancient Stone Inscriptions
A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer language are
the multitude of epigraphic inscriptions on stone. The
first written proof that has allowed the history of the
Khmer empire to be reconstructed are those inscriptions.
These writings on columns, stelae and walls throw light
on the royal lineages, religious edicts, territorial
conquests and internal organization of the kingdom.
65. Cambodian Literature
Buddhist Texts
Following the stone inscriptions, some of the oldest
Khmer documents are translations and commentaries of
the Pali Buddhist texts of the Tripitaka written in the
Khmer script.
These texts were written with stencils by the monks on
palmyra palm leaves. They were kept in various
monasteries throughout the country and many did not
escape the destruction of the Khmer Rouge.
66. Cambodian Literature
REAMKER
The Reamker or Ram Ker (Rama's fame) is the Cambodian
version of the Ramayana, the famous Indian epic. The
Reamker comes in rhymed verses and is staged in sections
that are adapted to Cambodian dance movements
interpreted by local artists.
The Reamker is the oldest form of Cambodian theatre.
The Robam Sovann Maccha - a certain dance from the
Reamker about Hanuman and Suvannamaccha, the
golden mermaid, is one of the most renowned pieces of
classical dance in Cambodia.
67. Cambodian Literature
Court Literature
King Thommaracha II (1629–1634) wrote a poem directed to
the Khmer young generation which is still a well loved
traditional piece of poetry.
King Ang Duong (1841–1860) is known in Khmer literature for
being not only a king but a famous classical writer in prose. His
novel Kakey or Ka key (from the Sanskrit word for a "female
crow"), is inspired in a Jataka tale and has elements of regional
folktales.
Another work by Ang Duong, also probably inspired in an
ancient legend, is Puthisen Neang Kong Rey, a novel about a
faithful wife ready to sacrifice her life for her husband. Khmer
poets and songwriters have used the words "Kakey" for a
woman who is unfaithful to her man and "Neang Kong Rey" for
a very faithful woman.
68. Cambodian Literature
Popular Legends
One of the most representative of these tales was the
story of Vorvong and Sorvong, a long story of the Khmer
oral tradition about two Khmer princes that fell into
disgrace, but after a series of ordeals regained their
status. Vorvong and Sorvong was first put into writing by
Auguste Pavie as "Vorvong and Saurivong"; this French
civil servant claimed that he had obtained the folk legend
version he wrote down from a certain "Old Uncle Nip" in
Somrontong District. This story was put into writing in
Battambang.
69. Cambodian Literature
Popular Legends
Tum Teav is a classic tragic love story set in Kampong
Cham that has been told throughout the country since at
least mid 19th century. It is based on 17th or 18th century
poem of uncertain origin, probably having originated in a
more ancient Cambodian folk legend. Nowadays Tum
Teav has oral, literary, theatre, and film versions in Khmer.
70. Cambodian Literature
Modern Literature
The era of French domination brought about a
requestioning of the role of the literature in Cambodia.
The first book in the Khmer script in a modern printing
press was printed in Phnom Penh in 1908. It was a
classical text on wisdom, "The Recommendations of Old
Mas", published under the auspices of Adhémard Leclère.
71. Cambodian Literature
Modern Literature
Some of the first modern Cambodian literary works keep
the influences of the versified traditional literature, like
the 1911 novel Dik ram phka ram (The Dancing Water and
the Dancing Flower), Tum Teav (1915) by the venerable
Som, the 1900 work Bimba bilap (Bimba's Lamentation)
by female novelist Sou Seth, or even Dav Ek by Nou Kan,
which appeared in 1942.