3. Intro
• Pneumonia is classified into two: lobar
pneumonia affects lobes/sections of the
lungs and bronchopneumonia affects
both the bronchi and the lungs
• a type of pneumonia characterized by
severe inflammation of the walls of the
bronchioles; it is acute in nature.
4. Etiology
• Bacterial pneumonia usually
caused by Staphylococcus aureus
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Viral pneumonia commonly
caused by Haemophilus
influenza, and Klebsiella
pneumonia
5. Pathophysiology
• It is air borne
• Cough droplets containing
Staphylococcus aureus when inhaled,
• The bacteria travel to the lungs cause
inflammation of the bronchioles and
lead to hyper secretion of mucus which
hinders even further airway passage
leading to symptoms like shortness of
breath.
6. Signs and symptoms
• Fever
• Productive cough
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Sweating and chills
• Rapid breathing
• A headache and muscle ache
• A feeling of fatigue and restlessness
8. Management
• Analgesia e.g. Paracetamol to ease the
pain and fever
• Antibiotics e.g. Benzyl Penicillin +
Gentamycin
• Fluid therapy; intake of oral fluids to
counter lost body fluids
• Oxygen therapy via mask
• Monitoring vital signs
10. Introduction
• Neonatal tetanus is particularly common in rural
areas where most deliveries are at home without
adequate sterile procedures
• Tetanus is acquired through exposure to the spores
of the bacterium Clostridium tetani which are
universally present in the soil.
• The disease is caused by the action of a potent
neurotoxin produced during the growth of the
bacteria in dead tissues, e.g. in dirty wounds or in
the umbilicus following non-sterile delivery.
• Most infants who get the disease die.
12. Pathophysiology
• C. tetani enters body through wounds/
umbilical cord stump.
• Germinates under anaerobic conditions
and produces tetanospasmin
• Tetanospasmin travels thro the blood to
lymphatic system to motor neurons in
the spinal cord; this inhibits normal
skeletal muscles bringing normal features
of N. tetanus
13. Routes of entry
• Umbilical stumps
• Contaminated wounds
• Traumatic injuries from unsterilized
objects
• Animal bites
• Abscess and chronic ulceration sites
14. Risk factors to Neonatal tetanus
• Unvaccinated pregnant mother
• Unhygienic conditions during child birth
• Animals / livestock kept near the vicinity of home
• Use of traditional methods for umbilical cord
management (rat faeces, ash, herbs)
• Unclean hands and unsterilized instruments
• Newborn exposure to raw soil / dust
• Lack of awareness of symptoms / access to primary
health care
• Traditional practices like circumcision
15. Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms starts showing at about 8 days post
birth. Common symptoms;
• Rigidity of muscles with spasms
• Irritability (continuous crying)
• Grimacing of face & restlessness
• Poor feeding / suckling ability
17. Management
Aim of mgt
• Stop production of toxins at site by
appropriate wound cleaning and
dressing Antibiotics metronidazole
or Benzyl Penicillin
• Neutralizing circulating toxins by use
of Tetanus Immunoglobulin
18. • Managing the symptoms appropriately
i. NG Tube for feeding
ii. Oxygen therapy via mask or nasal cannula
iii. Physiotherapy
19. Prevention
• It should be noted there is no specific cure
for N. TETEANUS therefore the antenatal
tetanus toxoid vaccine should be adhered to
as per the Mother Child Booklet
