This document discusses oxygen delivery devices and their use. It begins by outlining the goals of oxygen delivery which include maintaining oxygenation levels and reducing work of breathing. It then describes various oxygen delivery devices including nasal cannulas, masks, venturi masks, and tents. It provides details on how each device works, appropriate usage, advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by discussing humidification needs, factors in choosing a device, and additional advanced options like CPAP and high flow nasal prongs.

1. Oxygen delivery devices
Dr.Prasanna Narayanan.R

2. Goals of oxygen delivery
• To maintain targeted SpO2 levels.
• Relieve hypoxemia and maintain adequate
oxygenation of tissues and vital organs.
• Prevent excessive CO2 accumulation
• Reduce the work of breathing
• Efficient and economical use of oxygen
• Ensure adequate clearance of secretions limit
insensible water loss

3. Components
• Oxygen source
• Pressure regulator and flow meter
• Oxygen delivery device
• Patient

4. Oxygen
• Wall source
– Provide 50 psi (pounds per square inch ) of pressure
• Cylinder
– Operate at 1800-2400 psi
– Cannot be directly delivered to patient or used to run
the ventilator
– Need down regulating valve
– Flow meter to manipulate the flow rate

5. Pressure regulator with flow meter
• The pressure regulator controls the pressure coming out of the cylinder
and is indicated on the gauge in psi
• The flow meter controls how rapidly the oxygen flows from the
cylinder/wall source to the victim
• The flow rate can be set from 1-25 L/min

6. Oxygen delivery devices
• Devices used to administer, regulate, and
supplement oxygen to increase the arterial
oxygenation
• system entrains oxygen and/or air to provide a
fixed concentration required for administration
• Tubing carries the oxygen from the regulator/flow
meter to the delivery device

7. Classification
 Provide oxygen at flow rates that are
lower than patients’ inspiratory
demands
 When the total ventilation exceeds
the capacity of the oxygen reservoir,
room air is entrained
 FiO2 delivered depends on the
ventilatory demands of the patient, the
size of the oxygen reservoir, and the
rate at which the reservoir is filled
Low flow or variable performance
devices
 Provide a constant FiO2 by delivering
the gas at flow rates that exceed the
patient’s peak inspiratory flow rate
 Devices entrain a fixed proportion of
room air
Reliable fio2
High-flow or fixed-performance
devices:

8. • High-flow system
The ventilatory demand of the patient is
met completely by the system
• Low-flow system
if the system fails to meet the ventilatory
demand of the patient:

9. • Flow systems often confused with oxygen
concentrations
• Both mutually exclusive
• High-flow system, viz. Venturi mask, can
deliver FiO2 as low as 0.24
• Whereas a low-flow system like a non-
rebreathing mask can deliver FiO2 as high as
0.8

10. Oxygen delivery devices
• Low flow systems:
– Nasal cannula
– Intranasal catheter
– Simple mask
– Partial rebreathing
masks
– Non rebreathing mask
• High flow systems:
– Venturi system
– Oxyhood
– Face tent
– Oxygen tent
– High flow nasal prongs
CPAP
Heliox
Hyperbaric oxygen

11. Low-flow oxygen delivery system
• requires that the patient inspire some room
air to meet inspiratory demands
• advantages: simplicity, patient comfort, and
economical
• FIO2 is determined by
– the size of the oxygen reservoir,
– the oxygen flow rate,
– the breathing pattern

12. Choice of delivery device
• Patient’s oxygen requirement
• Efficacy of the device
• Reliability
• Ease of application
• Humidification needs
• Age
• Patient acceptance and tolerance

13. • Normal flow requirement
• 3-4 time the minute ventilation (MV = TV X
RR)
• eg 5 kgs child breathing at rates of 60/min
• Flow rates needed: 3-4 X (60 X 6 X 5) = 5400-
7200 ml/min

14. Nasal cannula/prongs
• Two soft prongs in nostrils attached to the oxygen
source
• Held in place over the patient’s ears
• Flow is directed to the nasopharynx: humidification
and heat exchange
• To ensure the patient is able to entrain room air
around the nasal prongs and a complete seal is not
created the prong size should be approximately half
the diameter of the nares
• Available in different sizes
• Select the appropriate size for the patient's age and
size

15. Nasal cannula/prongs…
• Delivers 24-44% FiO2 at flow rate of 1-6
L/min
• A maximum flow of:
– 2 LPM in infants/children under 2 years of age
– 4 LPM for children over 2 years of age
• With the above flow rates humidification is
not usually required
• flow >4 L/min - need humidification
1 = 24%
2 = 28%
3 = 32%
4 = 36%
5 = 40%
6 = 44%

16. Nasal cannula/prongs
• Indications
– Low to moderate oxygen
requirement
– No or mild respiratory
distress
– Long term oxygen therapy
• Contraindications
– Poor efforts, apnea, severe
hypoxia
– Mouth breathing
• Advantages
– Less expensive
– Comfortable, well
tolerated
– Able to talk and eat
• Disadvantages
– Doesnot deliver high FiO2
– Irritation and nasal
obstruction
– Less FiO2 in nasal
obstruction
– FiO2 varies with breathing
efforts

17. Nasal cannula/prongs…
Practical considerations:
• Position the nasal prongs along the patient's cheek and
secure the nasal prongs on the patient's face with adhesive
tape
• Position the tubing over the ears and secure behind the
patient's head
• Ensure straps and tubing are away from the patient's neck
to prevent risk of airway obstruction
• Check nasal prong and tubing for patency, kinks or twists at
any point in the tubing and clear or change prongs if
necessary
• Check nares for patency - clear with suction as required
• Change the adhesive tape frequently as required
• Check frequently that both prongs are in nostrils

18. Intranasal catheters
• Flexible catheter with holes at distal 2
cms
• FiO2 35-40%
• Measured from nose to ear, lubricated
and inserted to just above the uvula
• Deep insertion can cause air
swallowing and gastric distension
• Must be repositioned every 8 hours to
prevent breakdown
• No advantages over nasal cannula

19. Simple masks
• Made up of clear flexible
plastic that can be moulded
to fit patients face
• Volume: 100-300 mL.
• FiO2 40-60% at 6-10 L/min
• Perforations, act as exhalation
ports
• Vents in the mask allow for
the dilution of oxygen

20. Simple mask
O2 inlet
Exhalation
ports
• Open ports for
exhaled gas
• Air entrained through
ports if O2 flow
through does not
meet peak insp flow
• 35-55% O2 at 6-10
L/min

21. Simple masks
• Indications:
– Medium flow oxygen
desired
– mild to moderate
respiratory distress
– increased oxygen
delivery for short
period (<12 hrs)
• Contraindications:
– Poor respiratory
efforts, apnea,severe
hypoxia
• Advantage:
– Less expensive
– Can be used in mouth
breathers
• Disadvantage
– Uncomfortable
– Require tight seal
– Donot deliver high FiO2
– FiO2 varies with breathing
efforts
– Interfere with eating, drinking,
communication
– Difficult to keep in position for
long
– Skin breakdown

22. Simple masks
Practical considerations:
• Select a mask which best fits from the child's bridge of
nose to the cleft of jaw, and adjust the nose clip and head
strap to secure in place
• No pressure point or damage to eyes
• Flow <4 L/min results in rebreathing and carbon dioxide
retention
• The FiO2 inspired will vary depending on the patient's
inspiratory flow, mask fit/size and patient's respiratory rate
• Oxygen (via intact upper airway) via a simple face mask at
flow rates of 4-6 L/min does not require humidification
– Humidification may be indicated/appropriate for patients with
secretions retention, or discomfort
– Some conditions (eg. Asthma), the inhalation of dry gases can
aggravate bronchoconstriction

23. Partial rebreathing face masks
• Initial portion of the expired
gases containing little or no
CO2 (rich in oxygen) is collected
in a reservoir while the
remaining expiratory gases are
vented to the atmosphere

24. Partial rebreather mask
Exhalation
ports
O2
Reservoir
• O2 directed into reservoir
• Inspiration: draw gas from
bag & entrains room air
• Expiration: first 1/3 of
exhaled gas goes into bag
(dead space)
• Dead space gas mixes with
‘new’ O2 going into bag
• Delivers ~60% O2
Simple masks with additional reservoir that allows the
accumulation of the oxygen enriched gas for rebreathing

25. Partial rebreathing face mask
• Fio2 35-60 %
• flow rates of 6 to 15 L/min
• Flow rate must be sufficient to keep bag
1/3 to 1/2 inflated at all times
• Minimum flow should be 6 L/min to avoid
patient breathing large part of exhaled gases
and to enable rest of exhaled air exit through
vents

26. Partial re-breathing face mask
• Indications:
– Relatively high FiO2
requirement
• Contraindications:
– Poor respiratory
efforts
– apnea
– severe hypoxia
• Advantage:
– Inspired gas not mixed
with room air
– Patient can breath
room air through
exhalation ports if
oxygen supply gets
interrupted
• Disadvantage
– More oxygen flow
does not increase FiO2
– Interfere with eating
and drinking

27. Non-rebreathing mask
• Valve prevents exhaled
gas flow into reservoir
bag
• Valve over exhalation
ports prevents air
entrainment
• Delivers ~100% O2, if
bag does not
completely collapse
during inhalation
O2
Reservoir
One-way valves

28. Reservoir
Gas source
Room air
Expiratory
gas
To patient
One way valves
Non-rebreathing system

29. Non-rebreathing face masks
• Oxygen flow into the mask is adjusted to prevent the
collapse of the reservoir (12 L/min); prevents the room air
from being entrained
• Flow - 10-15 L/min
• FiO2 - 90-100%

30. Non-rebreathing face mask
• Indications:
– High FiO2
requirement >40%
• Contraindications:
– Poor respiratory
efforts
– apnea
• Advantage:
– Highest possible FiO2
without intubation
– Suitable for spontaneously
breathing patients with
severe hypoxia
• Disadvantage
– Require tight seal,
Uncomfortable
– Interfere with eating and
drinking
– Not suitable for long term
use
– Malfunction can cause CO2
buildup, suffocation

31. Non-rebreathing face masks
Practical considerations:
• To ensure the highest concentration of oxygen is delivered
to the patient the reservoir bag needs to be inflated prior
to placing on the patients face
• Ensure the flow rate from the wall to the mask is
adequate to maintain a fully inflated reservoir bag during
the whole respiratory cycle
• Do not use with humidification system as this can cause
excessive 'rain out' in the reservoir bag
• Flow rate must be sufficient to keep bag
1/3 to 1/2 inflated at all times
• Avoid kinking and twisting of reservoir
• Check that vales and rubber flaps are working

32. Venturi masks or Air-entrainment
masks
• A Venturi mask mixes oxygen with room air,
creating high-flow enriched oxygen of a
measurable concentration
• It provides an accurate and constant FiO2 in
range of 24-50%

33. Venturi mask or Air-entrainment mask
• Dilutional masks
• Work on Bernoulli principle
• Oxygen is delivered through the jet
nozzle, which increases its velocity
• The high-velocity O2 entrains ambient air
into the mask due to the viscous shearing
forces between the gas traveling through
the nozzle and the stagnant ambient air
• FiO2 depends on
– size of entrainment ports
– nozzle
– flow rate
• The larger the port, the more room air is
entrained and lower the FiO2
• Reliably provide 25-60% FiO2 at 4-15
L/min

34. 3: 24%
3: 26%
6: 28%
6: 30%
9: 35%
12: 40%
15: 50%

35. Venturi masks or Air-entrainment
masks…
• Indications:
– Desire to deliver exact
amount of FiO2
• Contraindications
– Poor respiratory
efforts, apnea, severe
hypoxia
• Advantage:
– Fixed, reliable, and precise FiO2
– Does not dry mucus membranes
– High flow comes from the air,
saving the oxygen cost
– Can be used for low FiO2 also
– Helps in deciding whether the
oxygen requirement is increasing
or decreasing
• Disadvantage
– Uncomfortable
– Cannot deliver high FiO2
– Interfere with eating and
drinking

36. Venturi mask:Practical considerations
• Oxygen must be humidified and warmed
• Monitor FiO2 at flow rates ordered
• Not effective for delivering FiO2 greater than 50%
• To ensure that the patient's ventilatory requirements are met the
total flow must exceed the patient's minute ventilation
• To achieve the desired FiO2 use the diagram below

37. Oxygen hood
• Small, clear plastic hood to cover infant’s head or
head and upper torso
• Patient more accessible without disturbing O2
delivery
• For newborns and young infants
• Correct size: That has enough room for baby’s
head to fit comfortably and allow free neck and
head movements without hurting baby
• FiO2 80-90%, Flow 10-15 L/min

38. OXYGEN HOOD
• 3-4 sizes are available
• Too big: dilute the oxygen
• Too small: discomfort and CO2 retention
• Adequate flow of humidified oxygen ensures
mixing of delivered gases and flushing out CO2
• Oxygen gradient can vary as 20%. Continuous
flow >6 L/min avoids this problem
• Ensure the headbox has a gap all around the
child’s neck, this is important in preventing the
accumulation and re-breathing of CO2
• Gas flow must be high enough to prevent re-
breathing of CO2

39. Face tent/face shield
• High flow soft plastic bucket
• Well tolerated by children than face mask
• 10-15 L/min, 40% FiO2
• Access for suctioning without need for
interrupting oxygen

40. Oxygen tent
• Clear plastic sheet that
cover child’s upper body
• FiO2~ 50%
• Not reliable
• Limit access to patient
• Not useful in emergency
situations

41. ,

42. Continuous positive airway pressure
• By applying underwater expiratory resistance
• Indicated
– When oxygen requirement >60% with a PaO2 of <60
mmHg
– Clinical parameters and general conditions also act as
guiding criteria
• CPAP reduce work of breathing, increases FRC
and helps maintain it, recruit alveoli, increase
static compliance, and improve ventilation
perfusion ratio

43. Continuous positive airway pressure…
• Methods:
– Underwater (indigenous/bubble ,
commercial)
– Ventilator
• Used in
– Early ARDS, acute bronchiolitis,
pneumonia
– It should be tried in spontaneously
breathing child who does not
require emergency intubation prior
to conventional ventilation
– Can be used in early, incipient or
frank respiratory failure

44. Continuous positive airway pressure…
• Humidification add to the cost
• Water vapors condense in tubing
– Block
– Trickle into airways: collapse, pneumonia
• Single tube may not be compatible
(commercially available binasal prongs)

45. High flow nasal prongs
• Humidified high flow nasal prong (cannula) oxygen
therapy is a method for providing oxygen and continuous
positive airway pressure (CPAP) to children with
respiratory distress
• HFNP may reduce need for NCPAP/intubation, or provide
support post extubation
• At high flow of 2 L/kg/min, using appropriate nasal
prongs, a positive distending pressure of 4-8 cmH2O is
achieved
• This improves FRC and reduces work of breathing
• Because flows used are high, humidification is necessary
to avoid drying of respiratory secretions and for
maintaining nasal cilia function
• MOA: application of mild positive airway pressure and
lung volume recruitment

46. High flow nasal prongs…
Equipment
• Oxygen and air source
• Blender
• Flow meter
– <7Kg : standard 0-15L/min flow meter
– >7Kg: high flow oxygen flow meter, 50L/min flow
• Humidifier (Fisher and Paykel MR850)
• Circuit tubing to attach to humidifier
– Children <12.5kg: small volume circuit tubing
– Children ≥12.5kg: adult oxygen therapy circuit
tubing
• Nasal cannula to attach to humidifier circuit
tubing (size to fit nares comfortably)
• Water bag for humidifier
• Nasogastric tube

47. High flow nasal prongs
• Indications
– Respiratory distress from bronchiolitis, pneumonia,
congestive heart failure
– Respiratory support post extubation
– Weaning therapy from CPAP or BIPAP
– HFNP can be used if there is hypoxemia and signs of
moderate to severe respiratory distress despite standard flow
oxygen
• Contraindications
– Blocked nasal passages/choanal atresia
– Trauma/surgery to nasopharynx
• Complications
– Gastric distension
– Pressure areas
– Pneumothorax

48. High flow nasal prongs
Set up of equipment
• Appropriate size nasal cannula and circuit tubing
• Connect nasal cannula to adaptor on circuit
tubing, and connect circuit tubing to humidifier
• Attach air and oxygen hoses from blender to air
and oxygen supply
• Connect oxygen tubing from blender to humidifier
• Attach water bag to humidifier and turn on to 37C

49. High flow nasal prongs
Set up of equipment
• Prongs should not totally occlude nares
• Start the HFNP at the following settings:
– Flow rate
• ≤10Kg 2 L/kg/min
• >10Kg 2 L/kg/min for the first 10kg + 0.5L/kg/min for each kg
above that (max flow 50 L/min)
• Start at 6L/min and increase up to goal flow rate over a few
minutes to allow patient to adjust to high flow
– FiO2
• Always use a blender, never use flow meter off wall
delivering FiO2 100%
• Start at 50-60% for bronchiolitis and respiratory distress

50. Hyperbaric oxygen
• The goal is to deliver extremely high partial pressure of oxygen, >760
mmHg
• Indications:
– Smoke inhalation
– CO poisoning
– CN poisoning
– Thermal burns
– Air embolism
– Clostridium myenecrosis
– Osteomyelitis (refractory)
– Compromised skin grafts
– Radiation injury
– Acute traumatic ischemia/acute crush injury
– Severe decompression sickness
– Necrotizing fasciitis
• Requires specialized equipment and personnel with intensive care
unit skills and knowledge of the physiology and risks unique to
hyperbaric oxygen exposure (CNS and Pulmonary)
• Cost, unavailability

51. Heliox
• Heliox is a gas mixture of helium and oxygen: low density
• Obstructive lung diseases (bronchiolitis, acute bronchial
asthma)
– In spontaneously breathing patients with asthma, heliox
decreases PaCO2, increases peak flow, and decreases pulsus
paradoxus
– There may be benefit related to the combination of heliox with
aerosol bronchodilator delivery in patients with acute asthma
• Heliox reduce resistance with upper airway obstruction
(post extubation stridor)

52. Heliox…
• Care must be taken to administer heliox in a safe and effective
manner
• To avoid administration of a hypoxic gas mixture, it is recommended
that 20% oxygen/80% helium is mixed with oxygen to provide the
desired helium concentration and FIO2
• If an FIO2 requirement >40%, the limited concentration of helium is
unlikely to produce clinical benefit
• When using an oxygen-calibrated flow meter for heliox therapy, it
must be remembered that the flow of heliox (80% helium and 20%
oxygen) will be 1.8 times greater than the indicated flow

53. Heliox
• For spontaneously breathing
patients, heliox is administered by
face mask with a reservoir bag
• Y-piece attached to the mask allows
concurrent delivery of aerosolized
medications
• Sufficient flow is required to
minimize contamination of the heliox
with ambient air: 12 to 15 L/min
•Administration during mechanical ventilation can be problematic
•Density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of helium affect the delivered tidal
volume and the measurement of exhaled tidal volume

54. Monitoring
• Oxygen should not be administered without an objective
assessment of its effect
• Oxygen therapy should be used without wasting time and
thought
• Further therapy, amount, duration can then be formulated
• FiO2 of 40-60% is adequate in most situations, 100%
needed during resuscitation
• Increasing requirement of FiO2 to maintain same SpO2 is
an ominous sign
• Children should be nursed in manner that makes them
most comfortable
• Mothers can be the best administrator of the oxygen
• Spend some time to explain the situation

55. Monitoring…
• Vital signs (hourly)
– HR
– RR (including level of distress)
– BP
– Temperature
– SpO2
• Breathing pattern
• Level of consciousness and responsiveness
• Color
• ABG
SpO2 >92% and PaO2 > 60 mmHg are acceptable

56. Monitoring…
• Check and document oxygen equipment set
up at the commencement of each shift and
with any change in patient condition
• Hourly checks should be made for the
following:
– oxygen flow rate
– patency of tubing
– humidifier settings (if being used)

57. Monitoring…
• Document
– Day and time oxygen started
– Method of delivery
– Oxygen concentration and flow
– Patient observation
– Oronasal care and nursing plan
• Oxygen is a drug and requires a medical order
• Each episode of oxygen delivery should be
ordered on the medication chart

58. Humidification
• Humidification: Addition of heat and moisture to
a gas
• Rationale:
– Cold, dry air increases heat and fluid loss
– Air and oxygen have a drying effect on mucous
membranes resulting in airway damage
– Secretions can become thick & difficult to clear or
cause airway obstruction
– In some conditions e.g. asthma, the dry gases can
cause bronchoconstriction
• Indications:
– Patients with thick copious secretions
– Non-invasive and invasive ventilation
– Nasal prong flow rates of greater than 2 L/min (<2
years) or 4 L/min (>2 years)
– Facial mask flow rates of greater than 5 L/min
– All high flow systems require humidification
– Patients with tracheostomy

59. BAIN’S SYSTEM
• Described by Bain & Spoerel in
1972
• Modification of Mapelson D system
Inner tube inspiratory;
outer tube expiratory+inspiratory
• Length of tube: 1.8m
• Outer tube diameter: 22mm
• Inner tube diameter :7mm

61. Fresh Gas Flow (FGF) required:
Spontaneous:
150 – 200 ml/kg/min
Controlled :
70 ml/kg/min adult >60kgs
3.5 L/min for 10 – 50 kgs
2L/min for infants < 10kgs

62. ADVANTAGE:
• Useful for pediatric as will as
adult patient
• Allows warming & humidification
of gases
• useful for spontaneous as will as
controlled ventilation
• Easily dismantled; sterilised; so
useful in infected cases
• Facilitates scavenging
• Length of tubing is long so
machine can be taken away from
patient ; useful in head & neck &
Neurosurgery.
• Light weight
• Can be used with ventilator
DISADVANTAGE:
• High fresh gas flow requirements
• Cannot be used with intermittent flow
machine.
• Disconnection ,kink ,break, leak, at
inner tube may go unnoticed – entire
exhalation limb becomes dead space

63. AMBU BAG

64. Humidification…
• Humidifier should always be placed at a level below the patient's
head
• Water levels of all humidifiers should be maintained as marked to
ensure maximum humidity output
• Condensation will occur in the tubing of heated humidifiers. This
water should be discarded in a trash contain and never returned into
the humidifier
• Inspired gas temperature should be monitored continuously with an
inline thermometer when using heated humidifiers
• The thermometer should be as close to the patient as possible
• Warm, moist areas such as those within heated humidifiers are
breeding grounds for microorganisms (especially Pseumomonas)
• The humidifier should be changed every 24 hours

65. Weaning
• Depend on clinical and lab parameters
• SpO2 is important
• High flow and concentration should be
gradually lowered while monitoring
• Low flow and concentration can be continued
without ill effects for long time

66. Adverse effects
• Oxygen being combustible, fire hazard and
tank explosion
• Catheters and masks can cause injury to the
nose and mouth
• Dry and non-humidified gas can cause dryness
and crusting
• Long term oxygen therapy: proliferative and
fibrotic changes lungs

67. Adverse effects…
• CO2 Narcosis :
– In patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency----hypercapnea
– Respiratory centre relies on hypoxemia to maintain adequate ventilation
– Oxygen supplementation can reduce their respiratory drive, causing
respiratory depression and a further rise in PaCO2 resulting in increased
CO2 levels in the blood
– Monitoring of SpO2 or SaO2 informs of oxygenation only. Therefore,
beware of the use of high FiO2 in the presence of reduced minute
ventilation
• Pulmonary Atelectasis/absorption atelectasis
• Pulmonary oxygen toxicity : High concentrations of oxygen (>60%)
may damage the alveolar membrane when inhaled for >48 hours
• Retrolental fibroplasia: An alteration of the normal retinal vascular
development, mainly affecting premature neonates (<32 weeks
gestation or 1250g birthweight), visual impairment and blindness

68. Oxygen safety
• Oxygen support combustion (rapid burning). Due to this the
following rules should be followed:
– Do not smoke in the vicinity of oxygen equipment
– Do not use aerosol sprays in the same room as the oxygen
equipment
– Turn off oxygen immediately when not in use. Oxygen is
heavier than air and will pool in fabric making the material more
flammable. Therefore, never leave the nasal prongs or mask
under or on bed coverings or cushions whilst the oxygen is being
supplied
– Do not use any petroleum products or petroleum byproducts
e.g. petroleum jelly/Vaseline whilst using oxygen
– Do not defibrillate someone when oxygen is free-flowing

69. Oxygen safety
 Oxygen cylinders should be secured safely to avoid injury and damage to
regulator or valve
• Do not store oxygen cylinders in hot place
• Do not drag or roll cylinders
• Do not carry a cylinder by the valve or regulator
• Do not hold on to protective valve caps or guards when moving or lifting
cylinders
• Do not deface, alter or remove any labeling or markings on the oxygen
cylinder
• Do not attempt to mix gases in an oxygen cylinder or transfer oxygen from
one cylinder to another

70. Take home message
• Oxygen therapy saves life
• The selection of an appropriate oxygen delivery system
– Clinical condition
– Patient's size and needs
– Therapeutic goals
• Risks and hazards
– Advantages far outweighs the risks
– Hypoxia more dangerous than correctly delivered oxygen
• Humidification
• Monitoring and proper documentation
• Appropriate weaning