Oxidative stress markers in different altitude training strategies in elite athletes
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This study analyzed markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in elite swimmers during different altitude training strategies over 3-4 weeks at moderate altitude (2320m). The strategies included training at high or low altitude, or alternating between the two. Oxidative damage markers generally increased over time at altitude for all groups. However, antioxidant levels like glutathione were maintained, suggesting adequate antioxidant defenses. The group training continuously at high altitude showed higher free radical levels at week 2, indicating a greater health risk with that strategy. Overall, 4 weeks of altitude training increased oxidative damage but antioxidant defenses were maintained.
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1) The study compared the effects of IGF-1 administration and exercise training on glucose tolerance, muscle glycogen storage, and GLUT4 expression in rats.
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International Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
This study aims at exploring the eff ect of a 4-week hypoxic training on some physiological and biochemical parameters in the 400-m competing athletes of the Palestinian athletics team. Twelve trained male athletes were divided into two groups, normoxic training (n = 6) and hypoxic training (n = 6) for residing at sea-level.The training period was 90min, 3 days per week for 4 weeks.Therefore,physiological measurements showed (Vital Capacity (VC), Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and Heart-Rate (HR)); Biochemical measurements (Erythropoietin (EPO), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct) and Partial Oxygen Pressure PO2); the numerical level of running 400m.
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1) The document evaluates a 28-year-old elite race walker athlete who underwent 21 days of intermittent hypoxic training for 90 minutes at a time. Testing showed increases in working capacity, hemoglobin, and maximum performance.
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3) A study with rats exposed to living high and sprint interval training found increases in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythropoietin levels, but no improved performance. Combining high-altitude living with sea-level sprint training resulted in hematological adaptation but not improved rat performance.
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The document describes a study comparing the effects of endurance exercise training and selective breeding for longevity on healthspan and gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. The study found that both endurance training and selective breeding for longevity increased endurance, cardiac performance, mobility, autophagy, and stress defense pathways, while decreasing carbohydrate metabolism and odorant receptor expression. Microarray analysis revealed that 65% of gene expression changes from selective breeding were also seen with endurance training. Both interventions downregulated several members of the methuselah-like gene family, and knockdown of one such gene extended healthspan measures. The results suggest endurance exercise training and selective breeding act through overlapping genetic pathways to extend healthspan.Life Science Journal, 2012;9( 3)
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However, in 2023, they played one another twice, with France endearing both matches 4-0 and 2-1 individually. Against Poland and Austria, the Netherlands also have a stout record, winning just under half the matches. They faced Austria at Euro 2020, engaging 2-0, and they haven't lost to Poland since 1979.
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"Of course, you prefer to take players who are fully fit, but that's okay. We want to wait and be patient for some players even if they cannot play in those first matches," he told a press conference. The 37-year-old Vertonghen, Belgium’s Euro Cup 2024 most-capped international with 154 appearances, is struggling to shake off a groin injury.
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Oxidative stress markers in different altitude training strategies in elite athletes
- 1. Oxidative stress markers in different altitude training strategies in elite athletes Rodríguez FA1, León J2, Calderón C3, Feriche B4, Pérez M5, Iglesias X1 1 INEF de Catalunya, Universitat de Barcelona, 2 Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, 3 CAR Sierra Nevada, Granada, 4 Facultad de Ciencias de la AF y del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, 5 Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada Aim Hypoxia induces oxidative stress in animal models and humans due to increased oxygen uptake and electron drain at the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in increased tissue oxidation (Guzy & Schumacker 2006). During altitude training exposure two independent stimuli (intense exercise and hypoxia) may have a cumulative effect on oxidative stress (Pialoux et al. 2006). We aimed to analyse the prooxidant- antioxidant balance during different strategies of moderate altitude training in elite athletes. Methods 57 elite swimmers took part in four training camps at moderate altitude (CAR Sierra Nevada, 2320 m), living and training at “high” (Hi) or “low” (Lo) level, using different strategies during a period of 4 (Lo-Lo, Hi-Hi, Hi-HiLo) or 3 weeks (Hi-Hi3). Biochemistry Prooxidant-antioxidant balance was evaluated before (pre) and once a week during the camp (W1 to W4, post in Lo-Lo only) in peripheral blood using commercially available kits: • Plasma free radical NO (nitrites) • Lipid (LPO) and protein (carbonyls) oxidation • Erythrocyte antioxidants: glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulphide (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd) Statistics Linear mixed modelling for main effects and interactions of group and test. References Guzy & Schumacker (2006) Exp Physiol 91(5):807-19 Pialoux et al. (2006) Eur J Clin Nutr 60, 1345-1354. Conclusions • Four weeks of training at altitude resulted in an increase of oxidative damage markers • The free radical NO increased in Hi-Hi at the second week, indicating a higher risk of health disturbances in this group • However, a seemingly adequate antioxidative defence was maintained, since intracellular GSH, the GSSG/GSH ratio, and the activity of GPx and GRd remained stable Group: different from *Lo-Lo, #Hi-Hi, $Hi-Hi3, &Hi-HiLo Test: different from apre, bW1, cW2, dW3 (p<0.05) PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 1 2 3 4 $ # &# &# a Hi-Hi3 Hi-HiLo Hi-Hi Lo-Lo A Time (weeks) GSH(nmol/minmg) PRE W1 W2 0 1 2 3 4 5 &#$ & C Time (week GST(nmol/minmg) PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 &$ a a b c d B Time (weeks) GSSG(nmol/minmg) PRE W1 W2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 # D Time (week GSSG/GSH PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 1 2 3 4 $ # &# &# a A Time (weeks) GSH(nmol/minmg) PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 &$ a a b c d B Time (weeks) GSSG(nmol/minmg) PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 5 10 15 20 25 Hi-HiLo Hi-Hi3 Hi-Hi Lo-Lo *# $ # $ # $ # # a Time (weeks) GPx(nmol/minmg) 10 15 # # Hi-HiLo Hi-Hi3 Hi-Hi Lo-Lo /minmg) A B PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 5 10 15 20 25 Hi-H Hi-H Hi-H Lo-L *# $ # $ # $ # # a Time (weeks) GPx(nmol/minmg) PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 5 10 15 $ $ # # H H H L * Time (weeks) GRd(nmol/minmg) A B PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 Hi-HiLo Hi-Hi3 Hi-Hi Lo-Lob # Time (weeks) Nitritelevels(mM) #& PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 3 6 9 Hi- Hi- Hi- Lo- & a b c a b c d a b c d Time (weeks) LPO(mM) #& PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 a b a b c a b c d a a Time (weeks) Carbonyls(mg/mg) A B PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 3 6 9 Hi-HiLo Hi-Hi3 Hi-Hi Lo-Lo & a b c a b c d a b c d Time (weeks) LPO(mM) #& PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 a b a b c a b c d a a Time (weeks) Carbonyls(mg/mg) A B PRE W1 W2 W3 W4 0 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 Hi-HiLo Hi-Hi3 Hi-Hi Lo-Lob # Time (weeks) Nitritelevels(mM) #&