The document examines the impact of varying dietary composition on physiological indices related to endurance exercise capacity in Drosophila melanogaster flies. Two genetic backgrounds of flies were fed one of 10 experimental diets that manipulated the ratios and amounts of sucrose and yeast provided. Flies fed balanced low-calorie diets generally showed improved endurance, climbing speed, and cardiac performance compared to those fed high-calorie diets. Within unbalanced diets, flies consuming diets higher in sugar relative to yeast demonstrated greater endurance but impaired cardiac function. The effects of diet composition were found to be reversible within 48 hours if flies switched diets.
The study used a mouse model to examine the impacts of physical activity on various physiological measures in cases of restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN). Mice were divided into four groups - food restriction with wheel access, food restriction only, ad libitum feeding with wheel access, and ad libitum feeding only. Over short and long term periods, various measures were taken including body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, body composition, glucose tolerance, and hormone and metabolite levels. The results showed that physical activity coupled with food restriction led to greater initial weight loss than food restriction alone, but also later weight regain, and changes in feeding patterns and activity levels over time.
2015 Sujkowski, Bazzell, et al endurance exercise and selective breeding exte...Brian Bazzell, PharmD
The document describes a study comparing the effects of endurance exercise training and selective breeding for longevity on healthspan and gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. The study found that both endurance training and selective breeding for longevity increased endurance, cardiac performance, mobility, autophagy, and stress defense pathways, while decreasing carbohydrate metabolism and odorant receptor expression. Microarray analysis revealed that 65% of gene expression changes from selective breeding were also seen with endurance training. Both interventions downregulated several members of the methuselah-like gene family, and knockdown of one such gene extended healthspan measures. The results suggest endurance exercise training and selective breeding act through overlapping genetic pathways to extend healthspan.
An Approach to Calculating Childhood Body Burdens v2zq
An Approach to Calculating Childhood Body Burdens - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This study evaluated the effects of different formulated feed rations on albino rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups and fed different feed formulations for 21 days. Group II, which was fed a diet of 600g corn, 200g millet, 160g crayfish and 40g groundnut, showed the most positive effects on growth performance and health biomarkers compared to the control group. While Group I and III showed some increased biomarkers suggesting potential liver damage, Group II most closely mimicked the effects of the control commercial feed. The study concludes that Group II's formulated feed is a suitable substitute for rat feed.
1. The study examined the relationship between total haemoglobin mass, performance-related genotypes, and VO2max in 4 untrained subjects.
2. Results showed no clear relationship between total haemoglobin mass and VO2max. The subject with the highest endurance genotype score had the lowest VO2max.
3. The subject with the highest sprint genotype score had the lowest endurance genotype score, despite having the highest VO2max, suggesting genotypes may predict sport-specific performance.
Educational intervation on water intake impoves hyration status and enhances ...Christina Gkaragkouni
An educational intervention was conducted with young athletes to evaluate if increasing water intake could improve exercise performance in hot conditions. Ninety-two athletes were divided into a control and intervention group. The intervention group received education on hydration and had improved water access. This led to improved hydration status in the intervention group as measured by urine tests, but not in the control group. Only the intervention group showed improved performance on an endurance running test after the intervention. The study demonstrates that improving hydration status through increased water intake can enhance exercise performance in young athletes training in heat.
1) The document evaluates a 28-year-old elite race walker athlete who underwent 21 days of intermittent hypoxic training for 90 minutes at a time. Testing showed increases in working capacity, hemoglobin, and maximum performance.
2) It discusses how elite athletes use different methods of altitude/hypoxic training like living high-training high to increase VO2 max and performance through cardiovascular adaptation.
3) A study with rats exposed to living high and sprint interval training found increases in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythropoietin levels, but no improved performance. Combining high-altitude living with sea-level sprint training resulted in hematological adaptation but not improved rat performance.
Open-label dosing study to evaluate the safety and effects of a dietary plant-derived polisaccharide supplement on the N-glysocylation status of serum glycoporteins in healthy subjects
The study used a mouse model to examine the impacts of physical activity on various physiological measures in cases of restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN). Mice were divided into four groups - food restriction with wheel access, food restriction only, ad libitum feeding with wheel access, and ad libitum feeding only. Over short and long term periods, various measures were taken including body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, body composition, glucose tolerance, and hormone and metabolite levels. The results showed that physical activity coupled with food restriction led to greater initial weight loss than food restriction alone, but also later weight regain, and changes in feeding patterns and activity levels over time.
2015 Sujkowski, Bazzell, et al endurance exercise and selective breeding exte...Brian Bazzell, PharmD
The document describes a study comparing the effects of endurance exercise training and selective breeding for longevity on healthspan and gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. The study found that both endurance training and selective breeding for longevity increased endurance, cardiac performance, mobility, autophagy, and stress defense pathways, while decreasing carbohydrate metabolism and odorant receptor expression. Microarray analysis revealed that 65% of gene expression changes from selective breeding were also seen with endurance training. Both interventions downregulated several members of the methuselah-like gene family, and knockdown of one such gene extended healthspan measures. The results suggest endurance exercise training and selective breeding act through overlapping genetic pathways to extend healthspan.
An Approach to Calculating Childhood Body Burdens v2zq
An Approach to Calculating Childhood Body Burdens - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This study evaluated the effects of different formulated feed rations on albino rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups and fed different feed formulations for 21 days. Group II, which was fed a diet of 600g corn, 200g millet, 160g crayfish and 40g groundnut, showed the most positive effects on growth performance and health biomarkers compared to the control group. While Group I and III showed some increased biomarkers suggesting potential liver damage, Group II most closely mimicked the effects of the control commercial feed. The study concludes that Group II's formulated feed is a suitable substitute for rat feed.
1. The study examined the relationship between total haemoglobin mass, performance-related genotypes, and VO2max in 4 untrained subjects.
2. Results showed no clear relationship between total haemoglobin mass and VO2max. The subject with the highest endurance genotype score had the lowest VO2max.
3. The subject with the highest sprint genotype score had the lowest endurance genotype score, despite having the highest VO2max, suggesting genotypes may predict sport-specific performance.
Educational intervation on water intake impoves hyration status and enhances ...Christina Gkaragkouni
An educational intervention was conducted with young athletes to evaluate if increasing water intake could improve exercise performance in hot conditions. Ninety-two athletes were divided into a control and intervention group. The intervention group received education on hydration and had improved water access. This led to improved hydration status in the intervention group as measured by urine tests, but not in the control group. Only the intervention group showed improved performance on an endurance running test after the intervention. The study demonstrates that improving hydration status through increased water intake can enhance exercise performance in young athletes training in heat.
1) The document evaluates a 28-year-old elite race walker athlete who underwent 21 days of intermittent hypoxic training for 90 minutes at a time. Testing showed increases in working capacity, hemoglobin, and maximum performance.
2) It discusses how elite athletes use different methods of altitude/hypoxic training like living high-training high to increase VO2 max and performance through cardiovascular adaptation.
3) A study with rats exposed to living high and sprint interval training found increases in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythropoietin levels, but no improved performance. Combining high-altitude living with sea-level sprint training resulted in hematological adaptation but not improved rat performance.
Open-label dosing study to evaluate the safety and effects of a dietary plant-derived polisaccharide supplement on the N-glysocylation status of serum glycoporteins in healthy subjects
This study sought to determine whether ingesting essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplements in addition to mixed meals would stimulate greater muscle protein synthesis compared to ingesting meals alone, and whether supplements would interfere with the metabolic response to meals. The study found that supplement ingestion resulted in greater muscle protein synthesis than meals alone, and that supplements did not blunt the normal anabolic response to meals. Supplements produced greater increases in net protein balance than meals, indicating a greater anabolic effect from supplements.
Rodent Models of Pharmacotherapy and Chronotherapy for Obesity and Cardiometa...InsideScientific
Experts discuss research into combating obesity through new therapies targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics. One expert presents research on BAM15, a mitochondrial uncoupler. Studies in mice found BAM15 was well-tolerated and effective at preventing weight gain and improving glycemic control by increasing energy expenditure without altering food intake. BAM15 activated AMPK signaling, increased fatty acid oxidation in muscle, and restricted adipose tissue expansion, reducing obesity and related diseases without safety concerns. The research provides evidence that mitochondrial uncoupling may be a promising strategy for obesity treatment by increasing calorie burning through non-shivering thermogenesis.
Validation and reliability_of_the_stayhealthy_bc3_body_composition_analyzer_i...Steven E. Greene
This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Stayhealthy BC1 bioelectrical impedance analyzer for predicting body fat percentage in children and adults compared to reference methods. The results showed the BC1 provided highly reliable measurements in children, men and women. It also demonstrated mostly valid estimates of body fat percentage compared to hydrostatic weighing in children and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in adults, with strong correlations and negligible average biases between the methods. However, the limits of agreement between some of the methods were wide, indicating individual predictions could differ substantially.
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
The document discusses the difficulty in equating changes in mass and energy in humans based on net calorie balance alone. It reviews several studies that demonstrate humans do not always lose or gain exact amounts of fat based on calculations of net calorie intake. The studies showed on average only about 70% of an excess or deficit in calories was reflected as changes in body weight or fat mass. The studies implicate genetic and other individual factors that can influence fat balance beyond simply net calories. The document concludes that more factors beyond just calorie balance must affect human fat storage and loss.
Oxidative stress markers in different altitude training strategies in elite ...INEF_Catalunya
This study analyzed markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in elite swimmers during different altitude training strategies over 3-4 weeks at moderate altitude (2320m). The strategies included training at high or low altitude, or alternating between the two. Oxidative damage markers generally increased over time at altitude for all groups. However, antioxidant levels like glutathione were maintained, suggesting adequate antioxidant defenses. The group training continuously at high altitude showed higher free radical levels at week 2, indicating a greater health risk with that strategy. Overall, 4 weeks of altitude training increased oxidative damage but antioxidant defenses were maintained.
The study investigated whether dietary supplements of glutathione (GSH), glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHE), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) increased mitochondrial glutathione levels in the kidney cortex and medulla of rats. Rats were divided into four groups that received daily injections of one of the supplements or saline for one month. Levels of glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and the glutathione redox ratio were measured in the mitochondria and cytosol of harvested kidneys. The results showed that GSHE and NAC increased mitochondrial glutathione in the cortex and medulla, while GSH only increased cytosolic levels.
This study investigated the effects of varying light intensity on broiler chickens. 150 broiler chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups with different light intensities from weeks 2-6: 5 lux, 10 lux, 20 lux, 30 lux, and 40 lux. The results showed that higher light intensities significantly increased abdominal fat weight, liver weight, head weight, and neck weight. Higher intensities also decreased immunity against infectious bursal disease. Light intensity did not significantly affect carcass fat weight, heart weight, gizzard weight, drumstick weight, or immunity against Newcastle disease. In general, this study found that light intensity can impact some body weights and immune responses in broilers, with lower intensities generally leading to higher dressed weights.
Post-exercise protein supplementation improves health and muscle sorenessJA Larson
Postexercise protein supplementation improved health outcomes and reduced muscle soreness in Marine recruits during basic training compared to placebo and carbohydrate controls. Specifically, the protein supplemented group had 33% fewer total medical visits, 28% fewer visits for bacterial/viral infections, 37% fewer visits for muscle/joint problems, and 83% fewer visits for heat exhaustion. Muscle soreness was also reduced in the protein group immediately after exercise on days 34 and 54 of training. Postexercise protein thus has potential to positively impact health, muscle soreness, and hydration during intense prolonged exercise.
This document summarizes a study that compared the post-exercise nutrition knowledge and practices of masters (≥50 years) and younger (≤30 years) triathletes in Australia. The study found that over 40% of triathletes did not know the recommended post-exercise carbohydrate and protein intake amounts. Both groups consumed inadequate carbohydrate after exercise compared to recommendations, with masters triathletes consuming significantly less carbohydrate and energy than younger triathletes. The results suggest triathletes have poor knowledge of post-exercise nutrition guidelines and masters triathletes may not be optimizing their recovery with current intake practices.
This study evaluated a novel method for indirectly assessing muscle glycogen levels in athletes through non-invasive measurements of maximal blood lactate levels ([La-]b max) and maximal carbohydrate oxidation rates (CHOox max). The results showed that 30% of men and 24% of women had suboptimal [La-]b max, indicating lower glycogen levels. [La-]b max, CHOox max, and respiratory exchange ratio were significantly higher in athletes with optimal vs. suboptimal [La-]b max, while fat oxidation was lower. This suggests [La-]b max and CHOox max may be a practical way to identify athletes with insufficient glycogen storage and risk for impaired performance.
This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training and wild pistachio supplementation on liver micronutrients in rats. 28 female rats were divided into 4 groups: a saline-control group, a pistachio-control group, a saline-training group, and a pistachio-training group. The training groups exercised 5 days a week for 8 weeks, and the pistachio groups received oral pistachio extracts for 4 weeks. Liver biopsies found significantly higher levels of zinc, copper, and calcium in the pistachio-training group compared to the other groups. The results suggest that combining training with pistachio supplementation may improve liver micronutrient levels after endurance training compared
Review paper osteoarthritis and its possible treatmentsvalrivera
1. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and affects millions of people and dogs each year. There are some potential treatments but no single definitive treatment.
2. Studies have found that glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements provided benefits for dogs with osteoarthritis, including improved mobility and reduced pain. Long term use of supplements showed better results than traditional NSAID treatments.
3. Research is also exploring inhibitors of enzymes like MMPs that degrade cartilage. Early studies found that COL-3 inhibitor helped reduce breakdown of ligaments in arthritic dog knees.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses 3 studies that examined the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation combined with resistance training on muscular strength and endurance. The studies found that subjects who took creatine monohydrate supplements showed significant increases in measures of muscular strength like 1 rep max for bench press and leg press compared to placebo groups. The studies support the hypothesis that creatine supplementation increases phosphocreatine levels and ATP production, leading to greater muscular strength and endurance gains with resistance training.
Does the Mediterranean diet predict longevity in the elderly? A Swedish persp...Gianluca Tognon
My paper describing the association between adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern and longevity in 70 year-old men and women sampled in Gothenburg
- The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding before and during sub-maximal exercise on metabolism. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to a fed group that consumed CHO or a fasted group that only drank water.
- Both groups cycled for 30 minutes at 130W. The fed group consumed CHO before and during exercise while the fasted group only drank water. Blood samples and gas measurements were taken to analyze fuel utilization.
- Results showed blood glucose levels were higher in the fed group after CHO ingestion and during exercise compared to the fasted group. However, glucose levels were similar between groups by 30 minutes of exercise.
This study analyzed proteins in the skin of mice with diet-induced type 2 diabetes compared to non-diabetic controls. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity and diabetes. Skin samples were then analyzed using proteomics. Out of over 1000 protein spots, 28 were significantly altered between diabetic and control mice, with 6 decreased and 22 increased. 17 of the altered proteins were involved in energy metabolism. This study identified proteins altered in diabetic mouse skin and suggests that skin proteomics could provide a noninvasive method for early diabetes diagnosis.
The effect of different physical form feeds (pellet and mash) and stocking density on the growth performance characteristics of carcass and immunity of Ross-308 broiler chicks were studied. A total of 1800 one day-old ross-308 mixed-sex broilers were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replicates of 75 birds each. They were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design: two feed forms (mash and pellet) and three stocking density (10, 14 and 18 bird/m2). Live body Weight (LW), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured periodically (0-10, 11-24 and 25-42 days). Carcass components and litter quality were recorded at the end of the trial (day 45). Also antibody titer against SRBC, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured in 45 day of age. The highest body weight in grower period was observed in the pellet diet form (p<0.05). Also the highest Body Weight (BW) and Body Weight Gain (BWG) in the starter period was observed in the lowest stocking density treatment (10 bird/m2) (p<0.05). Physical form of diet had no significant effect on feed intake, BW and FCR throughout the periods. However the broiler feed intake was significantly influenced by stocking density and a decrease in the high stocking density group (18 bird/m2). Different types of feed and stocking density had no significant effect on carcass characteristics, antibody titer and H:L ratio. Use of pellet form diet and high stocking density treatment (18 bird/m2) significantly increased broiler litter moisture (P<0.05).
This study examined the effects of lifelong weight cycling on lifespan in male mice. Mice were placed on either a low-fat diet, high-fat diet, or cycled diet that alternated between low-fat and high-fat every 4 weeks, causing weight fluctuations. The weight cycled mice experienced large fluctuations in body weight and fat mass over time. Surprisingly, the lifespan of weight cycled mice was not significantly different than mice on a low-fat diet, despite cycling between overweight and normal weight periods. In contrast, mice that remained on a high-fat diet had a significantly shorter lifespan than the other groups. This is the first controlled animal study to demonstrate that weight cycling itself did not decrease lifespan
The effect of different physical form feeds (pellet and mash) and stocking
density on the growth performance characteristics of carcass and immunity of Ross-
308 broiler chicks were studied. A total of 1800 one day-old ross-308 mixed-sex
broilers were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four
replicates of 75 birds each. They were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design: two feed
forms (mash and pellet) and three stocking density (10, 14 and 18 bird/m2). Live body
Weight (LW), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
were measured periodically (0-10, 11-24 and 25-42 days). Carcass components and
litter quality were recorded at the end of the trial (day 45). Also antibody titer against
SRBC, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured in 45 day of age. The highest
body weight in grower period was observed in the pellet diet form (p<0.05). Also the
highest Body Weight (BW) and Body Weight Gain (BWG) in the starter period was
observed in the lowest stocking density treatment (10 bird/m2) (p<0.05). Physical form
of diet had no significant effect on feed intake, BW and FCR throughout the periods.
However the broiler feed intake was significantly influenced by stocking density and a
decrease in the high stocking density group (18 bird/m2). Different types of feed and
stocking density had no significant effect on carcass characteristics, antibody titer and
H:L ratio. Use of pellet form diet and high stocking density treatment (18 bird/m2)
significantly increased broiler litter moisture (P<0.05).
This study sought to determine whether ingesting essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplements in addition to mixed meals would stimulate greater muscle protein synthesis compared to ingesting meals alone, and whether supplements would interfere with the metabolic response to meals. The study found that supplement ingestion resulted in greater muscle protein synthesis than meals alone, and that supplements did not blunt the normal anabolic response to meals. Supplements produced greater increases in net protein balance than meals, indicating a greater anabolic effect from supplements.
Rodent Models of Pharmacotherapy and Chronotherapy for Obesity and Cardiometa...InsideScientific
Experts discuss research into combating obesity through new therapies targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics. One expert presents research on BAM15, a mitochondrial uncoupler. Studies in mice found BAM15 was well-tolerated and effective at preventing weight gain and improving glycemic control by increasing energy expenditure without altering food intake. BAM15 activated AMPK signaling, increased fatty acid oxidation in muscle, and restricted adipose tissue expansion, reducing obesity and related diseases without safety concerns. The research provides evidence that mitochondrial uncoupling may be a promising strategy for obesity treatment by increasing calorie burning through non-shivering thermogenesis.
Validation and reliability_of_the_stayhealthy_bc3_body_composition_analyzer_i...Steven E. Greene
This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Stayhealthy BC1 bioelectrical impedance analyzer for predicting body fat percentage in children and adults compared to reference methods. The results showed the BC1 provided highly reliable measurements in children, men and women. It also demonstrated mostly valid estimates of body fat percentage compared to hydrostatic weighing in children and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in adults, with strong correlations and negligible average biases between the methods. However, the limits of agreement between some of the methods were wide, indicating individual predictions could differ substantially.
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
The document discusses the difficulty in equating changes in mass and energy in humans based on net calorie balance alone. It reviews several studies that demonstrate humans do not always lose or gain exact amounts of fat based on calculations of net calorie intake. The studies showed on average only about 70% of an excess or deficit in calories was reflected as changes in body weight or fat mass. The studies implicate genetic and other individual factors that can influence fat balance beyond simply net calories. The document concludes that more factors beyond just calorie balance must affect human fat storage and loss.
Oxidative stress markers in different altitude training strategies in elite ...INEF_Catalunya
This study analyzed markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in elite swimmers during different altitude training strategies over 3-4 weeks at moderate altitude (2320m). The strategies included training at high or low altitude, or alternating between the two. Oxidative damage markers generally increased over time at altitude for all groups. However, antioxidant levels like glutathione were maintained, suggesting adequate antioxidant defenses. The group training continuously at high altitude showed higher free radical levels at week 2, indicating a greater health risk with that strategy. Overall, 4 weeks of altitude training increased oxidative damage but antioxidant defenses were maintained.
The study investigated whether dietary supplements of glutathione (GSH), glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHE), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) increased mitochondrial glutathione levels in the kidney cortex and medulla of rats. Rats were divided into four groups that received daily injections of one of the supplements or saline for one month. Levels of glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and the glutathione redox ratio were measured in the mitochondria and cytosol of harvested kidneys. The results showed that GSHE and NAC increased mitochondrial glutathione in the cortex and medulla, while GSH only increased cytosolic levels.
This study investigated the effects of varying light intensity on broiler chickens. 150 broiler chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups with different light intensities from weeks 2-6: 5 lux, 10 lux, 20 lux, 30 lux, and 40 lux. The results showed that higher light intensities significantly increased abdominal fat weight, liver weight, head weight, and neck weight. Higher intensities also decreased immunity against infectious bursal disease. Light intensity did not significantly affect carcass fat weight, heart weight, gizzard weight, drumstick weight, or immunity against Newcastle disease. In general, this study found that light intensity can impact some body weights and immune responses in broilers, with lower intensities generally leading to higher dressed weights.
Post-exercise protein supplementation improves health and muscle sorenessJA Larson
Postexercise protein supplementation improved health outcomes and reduced muscle soreness in Marine recruits during basic training compared to placebo and carbohydrate controls. Specifically, the protein supplemented group had 33% fewer total medical visits, 28% fewer visits for bacterial/viral infections, 37% fewer visits for muscle/joint problems, and 83% fewer visits for heat exhaustion. Muscle soreness was also reduced in the protein group immediately after exercise on days 34 and 54 of training. Postexercise protein thus has potential to positively impact health, muscle soreness, and hydration during intense prolonged exercise.
This document summarizes a study that compared the post-exercise nutrition knowledge and practices of masters (≥50 years) and younger (≤30 years) triathletes in Australia. The study found that over 40% of triathletes did not know the recommended post-exercise carbohydrate and protein intake amounts. Both groups consumed inadequate carbohydrate after exercise compared to recommendations, with masters triathletes consuming significantly less carbohydrate and energy than younger triathletes. The results suggest triathletes have poor knowledge of post-exercise nutrition guidelines and masters triathletes may not be optimizing their recovery with current intake practices.
This study evaluated a novel method for indirectly assessing muscle glycogen levels in athletes through non-invasive measurements of maximal blood lactate levels ([La-]b max) and maximal carbohydrate oxidation rates (CHOox max). The results showed that 30% of men and 24% of women had suboptimal [La-]b max, indicating lower glycogen levels. [La-]b max, CHOox max, and respiratory exchange ratio were significantly higher in athletes with optimal vs. suboptimal [La-]b max, while fat oxidation was lower. This suggests [La-]b max and CHOox max may be a practical way to identify athletes with insufficient glycogen storage and risk for impaired performance.
This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training and wild pistachio supplementation on liver micronutrients in rats. 28 female rats were divided into 4 groups: a saline-control group, a pistachio-control group, a saline-training group, and a pistachio-training group. The training groups exercised 5 days a week for 8 weeks, and the pistachio groups received oral pistachio extracts for 4 weeks. Liver biopsies found significantly higher levels of zinc, copper, and calcium in the pistachio-training group compared to the other groups. The results suggest that combining training with pistachio supplementation may improve liver micronutrient levels after endurance training compared
Review paper osteoarthritis and its possible treatmentsvalrivera
1. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and affects millions of people and dogs each year. There are some potential treatments but no single definitive treatment.
2. Studies have found that glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements provided benefits for dogs with osteoarthritis, including improved mobility and reduced pain. Long term use of supplements showed better results than traditional NSAID treatments.
3. Research is also exploring inhibitors of enzymes like MMPs that degrade cartilage. Early studies found that COL-3 inhibitor helped reduce breakdown of ligaments in arthritic dog knees.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses 3 studies that examined the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation combined with resistance training on muscular strength and endurance. The studies found that subjects who took creatine monohydrate supplements showed significant increases in measures of muscular strength like 1 rep max for bench press and leg press compared to placebo groups. The studies support the hypothesis that creatine supplementation increases phosphocreatine levels and ATP production, leading to greater muscular strength and endurance gains with resistance training.
Does the Mediterranean diet predict longevity in the elderly? A Swedish persp...Gianluca Tognon
My paper describing the association between adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern and longevity in 70 year-old men and women sampled in Gothenburg
- The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding before and during sub-maximal exercise on metabolism. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to a fed group that consumed CHO or a fasted group that only drank water.
- Both groups cycled for 30 minutes at 130W. The fed group consumed CHO before and during exercise while the fasted group only drank water. Blood samples and gas measurements were taken to analyze fuel utilization.
- Results showed blood glucose levels were higher in the fed group after CHO ingestion and during exercise compared to the fasted group. However, glucose levels were similar between groups by 30 minutes of exercise.
This study analyzed proteins in the skin of mice with diet-induced type 2 diabetes compared to non-diabetic controls. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity and diabetes. Skin samples were then analyzed using proteomics. Out of over 1000 protein spots, 28 were significantly altered between diabetic and control mice, with 6 decreased and 22 increased. 17 of the altered proteins were involved in energy metabolism. This study identified proteins altered in diabetic mouse skin and suggests that skin proteomics could provide a noninvasive method for early diabetes diagnosis.
The effect of different physical form feeds (pellet and mash) and stocking density on the growth performance characteristics of carcass and immunity of Ross-308 broiler chicks were studied. A total of 1800 one day-old ross-308 mixed-sex broilers were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replicates of 75 birds each. They were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design: two feed forms (mash and pellet) and three stocking density (10, 14 and 18 bird/m2). Live body Weight (LW), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured periodically (0-10, 11-24 and 25-42 days). Carcass components and litter quality were recorded at the end of the trial (day 45). Also antibody titer against SRBC, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured in 45 day of age. The highest body weight in grower period was observed in the pellet diet form (p<0.05). Also the highest Body Weight (BW) and Body Weight Gain (BWG) in the starter period was observed in the lowest stocking density treatment (10 bird/m2) (p<0.05). Physical form of diet had no significant effect on feed intake, BW and FCR throughout the periods. However the broiler feed intake was significantly influenced by stocking density and a decrease in the high stocking density group (18 bird/m2). Different types of feed and stocking density had no significant effect on carcass characteristics, antibody titer and H:L ratio. Use of pellet form diet and high stocking density treatment (18 bird/m2) significantly increased broiler litter moisture (P<0.05).
This study examined the effects of lifelong weight cycling on lifespan in male mice. Mice were placed on either a low-fat diet, high-fat diet, or cycled diet that alternated between low-fat and high-fat every 4 weeks, causing weight fluctuations. The weight cycled mice experienced large fluctuations in body weight and fat mass over time. Surprisingly, the lifespan of weight cycled mice was not significantly different than mice on a low-fat diet, despite cycling between overweight and normal weight periods. In contrast, mice that remained on a high-fat diet had a significantly shorter lifespan than the other groups. This is the first controlled animal study to demonstrate that weight cycling itself did not decrease lifespan
The effect of different physical form feeds (pellet and mash) and stocking
density on the growth performance characteristics of carcass and immunity of Ross-
308 broiler chicks were studied. A total of 1800 one day-old ross-308 mixed-sex
broilers were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four
replicates of 75 birds each. They were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design: two feed
forms (mash and pellet) and three stocking density (10, 14 and 18 bird/m2). Live body
Weight (LW), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
were measured periodically (0-10, 11-24 and 25-42 days). Carcass components and
litter quality were recorded at the end of the trial (day 45). Also antibody titer against
SRBC, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured in 45 day of age. The highest
body weight in grower period was observed in the pellet diet form (p<0.05). Also the
highest Body Weight (BW) and Body Weight Gain (BWG) in the starter period was
observed in the lowest stocking density treatment (10 bird/m2) (p<0.05). Physical form
of diet had no significant effect on feed intake, BW and FCR throughout the periods.
However the broiler feed intake was significantly influenced by stocking density and a
decrease in the high stocking density group (18 bird/m2). Different types of feed and
stocking density had no significant effect on carcass characteristics, antibody titer and
H:L ratio. Use of pellet form diet and high stocking density treatment (18 bird/m2)
significantly increased broiler litter moisture (P<0.05).
Diet Affects Intestinal Health Lab Animal 2016Mike Pellizzon
The document discusses the importance of carefully selecting laboratory animal diets for research experiments. It compares standard chow diets to purified diets, noting that chow diets contain varying levels of fiber, phytoestrogens, and heavy metals that can differ between batches. Purified diets have consistent, defined ingredients that allow researchers to control the diet's nutrient composition. However, purified diets typically contain only insoluble fiber unlike chows, which can impact gut health and experimental results. Recent studies show that adding soluble fiber to purified diets prevents adverse effects on the gut seen with low-fiber purified diets alone. Researchers must consider how an animal's diet can influence experimental outcomes.
Sesame leaves intake improve and increase epididymal spermatocytes reserve in...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Increasing concern has been expressed about the potential effects of both synthetic and natural estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) on human reproductive health in our environment in the last decade. However, little attention is paid to histomorphometric structural changes of the epididymis. We aim to evaluate the chronic exposure effects of phytoestrogens found in aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on the male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats’ epididymes. Thirty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (2 treated and 1 control groups respectively). In the treated groups, a single daily dose of aqueous leaves extract of S. radiatum (14.0 mg/kg and 28.0 mg/kg body weight) were administered via gastric garvage, while, equal volume of normal saline was administered in control group for six weeks. Histomorphometric study of the epididymal tissues and hormonal assay were analyzed using SPSS software and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant (P < 0.05) body weight gain in a dose dependent was observed in all the animals. Also, there was significant weight gain in both raw weight and relative organo-somatic weight of the epididymis per 100 g body weight. However, the weight gain was more in the high dose than the low dose group. The epididymal lumen appeared wider and fuller with spermatocytes when compared to the control. There is significant (P > 0.05) increases in testosterone level compared to control, however, the low dose was also significantly lower than the control. Sesame improves the storage capacity for the spermatozoa in the epididymis in a dose related manner.
This study aims to examine the extent to which important individuals like parents, teachers and coaches from a student's childhood and teenage years influence their self-assessment of skills at the University of Maastricht. The researcher hypothesizes that students who experienced encouraging relationships will show realistic or overestimating self-assessments, while those experiencing unencouraging relationships will lack self-confidence. A sample of 90 3rd year UCM students will complete a questionnaire on self-assessed memory, physical and motor skills, and then perform tasks to detect over or underestimation. Follow-up questions will explore how important individuals evaluated the student's performance to understand influence on self-concept and self-efficacy. The study
The study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with coriander seeds on food intake and microbial populations in the ceca of Japanese quail. 360 female quail chicks were divided into 6 treatment groups with varying levels of coriander seed supplementation (0-4%) or an antibiotic control. Food intake was measured weekly for 5 weeks, and bacterial populations in the ceca were analyzed after 35 days. Results showed that groups with 1% and 2% coriander supplementation had the highest food intake in the first two weeks. Bacterial analysis found the 4% coriander group had the highest E. coli levels, while the antibiotic group had the lowest levels. The study suggests coriander seeds can increase early food intake
Prolonged paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) in rats results in increased food intake, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and loss of body weight despite hyperphagia. This study examined the effects of 96 hours of PSD on metabolism regulation, feeding behavior, and stress response by assessing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and orexin (ORX) immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of rats. PSD increased diurnal food intake but not nocturnal intake, augmented CRH and ORX immunoreactivity, and increased plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone,
1) Prolonged paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) in rats results in increased food intake, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and loss of body weight despite hyperphagia.
2) The study found that 96 hours of PSD increased immunoreactivity for corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular nucleus and for orexin in the lateral hypothalamus of rats.
3) PSD also increased plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone, and average corticosterone levels correlated negatively with body weight gain, indicating activation of the HPA axis
1
5
Does Protein Affect the Metabolic Rate of ZebraFish
Statement of the Problem
Dietary ingredients, and nutrients as well as anti-nutritional remain important factors that affect its growth and development. However, there lacks proper nutritional control due to the absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle et al. 5354). Moreover, numerous epidemiological studies undertaken indicate that several prenatal are important in the growth and development of Zebrafish (Daniorerio)(Acheson et al. 456) As a way of providing a standardized dietary framework, a need emerges for the provision of specific dietary and nutritional standard aimed at improving the growth and development of Zebra fish. Thus, the necessity to investigate the growth and metabolic rate of Zebrafish (Daniorerio) when fed with different commercial diets.
BACKGROUND
The consumption of proteins in a diet could have significant effects on the body metabolism. The high calories contents of proteins commonly require more calories for breakdown that carbohydrates and this could have significant effects of various metabolic aspects. The amount nature of proteins makes them significantly different from other dietary constitutes that people consume routinely. In general, proteins cause an increase in the metabolic rate of organisms because of a variety of reasons Like for instance, Weight maintenance is actually a simple matter of the energy balance and also energy balance is attained when "energy in" is corresponding to "energy out
Thermic affects accounts for the numerous ways in which proteins increase the metabolic rate of the body. Due to the strong bond making the protein molecules, a lot of energy is required to break down the high protein that has been consumed. The thermic effect of proteins means that about 30% of the calories in proteins are burned in the process of digesting proteins(Acheson et al. 528). The heat generated in the process increases the general body heat output hence influencing metabolism.
The consumption of protein in diet has been established as a factor that increases the metabolic rate in human beings (Howard et al. 117).This is mainly because proteins require a lot of energy to be broken down and the body must provide such energy, hence it increase the metabolic rate. The process of protein synthesis in the body causes the amino acid structures of the proteins consumed to begin the process of building body muscles. The construction of these tissues in the body is a process that consumes high amounts of energy hence the body requires increased energy to undertaken the process. As a result on the increased energy requirements, high metabolic rate occurs in order to maintain the required amount of energy necessary to sustain the activities of breaking down amino acids to form muscle tissues.
Within marine environments, hypoxia episodes remain prevalent due to a variety of reasons. The presence of oxygen within the marine environmen ...
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Research Progress Report Table Adjust answer box size as necessar.docxronak56
Research Progress Report Table *Adjust answer box size as necessary
Provide a summary of your research progress thus far, no more than 1 page single-spaced. Be sure to describe any of the following that are applicable to what you have done: material ordering/acquisition, preliminary trials or methodology validation conducted, experimental trials conducted, results obtained, data analyzed, and conclusions reached.
Briefly describe the next step(s) in your research project and the timeline for their completion.
What has been the most rewarding or exciting part of pursuing this research project thus far?
What has been the greatest challenge while conducting this research?
To find the best method to run the experiment successfully
Do you have any concerns about your progress thus far? Have you been able to stick to the timeline, or has it needed adjustment?
If you are experience delays or difficulties, what is/are the cause and what are some potential solutions?
Do you expect to be able to complete the project in a timely manner (end of semester or planned end of Bio 496 enrollment)? Why or why not?
I’m planning to complete my project next semester ( Spring 2017)
Briefly list the materials you are using for your research (e.g. ~50 petri dishes, LB agar, etc.), the cost of any materials you have purchased (e.g. stock cultures $89, Blood agar $25), and Total expenditure
Do you have any concerns or praises about the role your advisor is playing in this project, or your working relationship with him/her? Are there any things you wished your advisor could do more/less of or improve upon?
**NOTE: This will only be viewed by the course instructor and WILL NOT influence your grade (even if that is your advisor). This information helps ensure we are doing our jobs to the best of our ability, and is an opportunity for you to provide suggestions to your advisor.
*Note: leave this section break in place so the Instructor Comments and Grades page remains on the following page. Keep the Instructor Comments and Grades page attached...it should be at the very end of your progress report.
BUDGET
Ingredients List
8 Adult Zebrafish
$300
TetraMin Tropical Flakes Fish Food, 7.06-oz jar
$8.35
HBH Algae Grazers Pouch 3oz
$6.03
New Life Spectrum Premium
$4.99
Dainichi Veggie Deluxe
$8.37
Tetra Whisper Air Pump (Non-UL)
$6.99
Aquarium Thermometer, RISEPRO Digital Water Thermometer For Fish Tank Aquarium Marine Temperature
$8.50
Salifert Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit
$22.32
API Freshwater Aquarium Master Test Kit
$22.27
1
13
Protein Affect Metabolic Rate of Zebra Fish
Does Protein Affect the Metabolic Rate of ZebraFish
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Dietary ingredients, and nutrients as well as anti-nutritional remain important factors that affect its Zebrafish growth and development. However, there lacks proper nutritional control due to the absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle et al.,2008). Moreover, according to epidemi ...
Can you write the Annotation 2 for me, please I choose Energy sou.docxchestnutkaitlyn
Can you write the Annotation 2 for me, please? I choose Energy source of Children This is my topic.
You have to put work cited first and after that you have to write 150 words summary wath two qouts from the essay and after that you have to write your opinion for gust one to two lines. After that you have to write Two questions about that summery no yes or no. You can choose two questions of How, What,Where, Why, When. this is my order. You have to read this essay I will put to you because you have to read this resoerc. You have to put two of he said "............................................" with page number , and second he said, "......................................." with his last name and page number.
I took these information from my college website and you have to read it.
Works Cited
Verbrugghe, Adronie, et al. "The Glucose and Insulin Response to Isoenergetic Reduction of Dietary Energy Sources in a True Carnivore: The Domestic Cat (Felis Catus)."
The British journal of nutrition
104.2 (2010): 214-21.
ProQuest.
Web. 24 Sep. 2014.
The glucose and insulin response to isoenergetic reduction of dietary energy
sources in a true carnivore: the domestic cat (
Felis catus
)
Adronie Verbrugghe
1
*, Myriam Hesta
1
, Stephanie Van Weyenberg
1
, Georgios A. Papadopoulos
1
,
Kris Gommeren
2
, Sylvie Daminet
2
, Tim Bosmans
2
, Ingeborgh Polis
2
, Johan Buyse
3
and Geert P. J. Janssens
1
1
Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
2
Department of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke,
Belgium
3
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics of Domestic Animals, Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven,
Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
(Received 11 August 2009 – Revised 12 January 2010 – Accepted 13 January 2010 – First published online 2 March 2010)
The present study assessed the effect of separate reduction of each energy-delivering nutrient – protein, fat and carbohydrate – on glucose
tolerance and insulin response in a strict carnivore: the domestic cat (
Felis catus
). Three isoenergetic, home-made diets with the following
energetic distribution, low protein (LP): protein 28% of metabolisable energy; fat 43 %; nitrogen-free extract 29 %; low fat: 47, 27 and 25 %;
low carbohydrate (LC): 45, 48 and 7%, were tested in a 3
£
3 Latin square design. Nine healthy normal-weight cats were randomly assigned
to each of the diets in a random order at intervals of 3 weeks. At the end of each testing period, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed.
Plasma glucose concentrations and area under the glucose curve showed no differences. Area under the insulin curve was lower when cats were fed
the LP diet, and the second insulin peak tended to be delayed when the LC diet was fed. In contrast to other studies, in which energy.
Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilizationHafez Mabrouk
1) Juvenile giant croaker (Nibea japonica) were fed 5 experimental diets containing graded levels of fish oil from 5% to 21% lipid to determine the effects on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition.
2) Fish fed diets with 5-13% lipid showed significantly higher weight gain and growth rate than those fed 17-21% lipid diets. Based on a regression analysis, 8.22% lipid provided maximum growth.
3) Fish fed 9-13% lipid diets had improved protein utilization and feed conversion efficiency compared to other lipid levels. Higher lipid diets decreased feed intake.
4) Lower lipid diets (5-9%) resulted in
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Examining Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Patulin in Adult ZebrafishQuang Nguyen
The content of this PowerPoint is strictly for the purpose of submission to the Sigma Xi Research Showcase. Please do not quote/cite/reference materials in this file in its entirety. I am not responsible for any misrepresentation of its reproduction. Any reproduction must have the author's written approval.
Otherwise, I hope you enjoy the slides.
Check out my page at http://patulinzebrafish.tumblr.com/
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN DIGESTION ON ZEBRAFISH METABOLIC RATE
INTRODUCTION
protein form one of the primary nutrients that are used in the body for cellular structures building (Acheson 525). the process of protein digestion involves the breakdown of food substances we eat into soluble solutions that can be absorbed in the bloodstream. protein is broken down to form amino-acids within the digestive systems and the amino acids are absorbed into the hepatic portal system. the proteins are the building blocks in the body and they include food substances such as eggs, meat, milk as well as beans and nuts among many other food products (Acheson 527). the digestion of proteins mainly begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine (Acheson 530). digestion of proteins is facilitated by pepsin enzymes that promotes the digestion of the large proteins molecules into amino acids. the digestion of proteins in the body also includes the use of hydrochloric acid (Acheson 526). zebra-fish is preferred in research studies since it is cheap, have similar organs as human beings and produces a lot of offspring. zebra-fish also has a short life-span of about two years and are easy to take care of.
Therefore, the primary objective of this research paper is to evaluate the effects that protein provide on the fish metabolic rate especially after three to four hours.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In most cases, protein digestion takes place in both the stomach and in the small intestine in the body of human beings. However, in Zebra fish, protein digestion involves the use of associated organs. the dietary ingredients, and nutrients as well as anti-nutritional remain important factors that affect Zebra fish growth and development. However, there lacks proper nutritional control due to the absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle et al.,2008). Moreover, according to epidemiological studies by Richard et al. (2015), prenatal conditions are important in the growth and development of Zebra fish. As a way of providing a standardized dietary framework, a need emerges for the provision of specific dietary and nutritional standard aimed at improving the growth and development of Zebra fish. Thus, this project aim to evaluate how the level of? protein in commercial fish foods affects the metabolic rate of Zebra fish (Danio rerio).
BACKGROUND
The consumption of proteins could have significant effects on body metabolism. proteins commonly require more calories for breakdown than carbohydrates and this could have significant effects on various metabolic aspects, including an increase in the metabolic rate of organisms (Williams et al., 2014). Due to the strong bond making the protein molecules, a lot of energy is required to break down the high protein that has been consumed. about 30% of the calories in proteins are burned in the process of digesting proteins(Acheson et al. 528). The heat generated in the process increases the general body heat output h ...
This study examined the effects of 6 consecutive days of breakfast skipping on energy metabolism and blood glucose levels in 10 healthy young Japanese males. The results showed that repeated breakfast skipping slightly increased blood glucose levels and fluctuations when subjects engaged in sedentary behavior. However, 6 days of breakfast skipping did not significantly affect 24-hour energy expenditure or substrate oxidation. Sedentary lifestyle combined with repeated breakfast skipping may cause abnormal glucose fluctuations.
The effect of high-fat versus high-carb diet on body composition in strength-...RefoRefaat
Low-fat, high-carb (LFHC) and low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diets change body composition as a consequence of the reduction of body fat of overweight persons. The
aim of this study is the assessment of the impact of LFHC and LCHF diets on body
composition of men of a healthy body mass who do strength sports while maintaining the appropriate calorific value in a diet and protein intake. The research involved
55 men aged 19–35, with an average BMI of 24.01 ± 1.17 (min. 20.1, max. 26.1). The
participants were divided into two groups following two interventional diets: highfat diet or high-carb diet, for 12 weeks. The body composition of the participants
This document describes a study that examined the impact of different crude protein levels in the diet on the growth of lambs. Fifteen male lambs were divided into three groups and fed diets with low (100g/kg), medium (130g/kg), or high (160g/kg) crude protein levels. During the first 6 weeks, lambs on the low and medium protein diets gained less weight than those on the high protein diet. For the rest of the trial period, lambs on the medium protein diet had the highest growth rate. Digestibility was similar for the medium and high protein diets and higher than the low protein diet. Results suggest that the optimum crude protein level for growing lambs is
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
Similar to 2013 Bazzell, et al dietary composition regulates Drosophila mobility and cardiac physiology (20)
2. 860
are at least partially mediated by alterations in feeding behavior and
triglyceride storage (Lee et al., 2008; Skorupa et al., 2008). The
effects of dietary composition on endurance capacity and other
parameters related to vigor have not been tested in the fly model.
Here, we exposed flies of two different genetic backgrounds to
diets of varying concentrations of sucrose and yeast. The impact of
dietary composition on induced negative geotaxis speed, fatigue
tolerance, cardiac stress resistance and feeding behavior is presented.
In addition, cardiac muscle was used as a model to detect trends in
lipid accumulation and autophagy levels during aging.
We found a general trend toward protective effects of balanced,
low-calorie diets on most parameters, while, within unbalanced diets,
diets high in sucrose promote high endurance and speed, but impair
cardiac performance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fly stocks, diets and husbandry
Drosophila melanogaster (Canton S and Berlin K) larvae were
reared on a standard laboratory diet containing 10% sucrose, 10%
brewer’s yeast and 2% agar (10S/10Y). Male flies age matched
within 48h were collected under light CO2 anesthesia, allowed to
recover for 24h in vials containing standard food, and then
transferred to vials containing one of 10 experimental treatment diets
at a density of 20 flies per vial. The experimental diets were created
by manipulating the nutrient quantities from our standard laboratory
10S/10Y diet. Sucrose and yeast have been estimated to contain
roughly the same number of calories/gram (Mair et al., 2005). Diets
maintained an equal ratio of sucrose and yeast while altering total
calorie content, maintained sucrose content at 10% while varying
the amount of yeast, or maintained yeast content at 10% while
varying the amount of sucrose. Unbalanced diets that had a higher
concentration of sucrose were classified as having a ‘high
sucrose/yeast ratio’, while those with a higher concentration of yeast
were referred to as ‘low sucrose/yeast ratio’ diets. Throughout the
experimental time course, flies were kept at 25°C and 50% humidity
with a 12h:12h light/dark cycle. Vials of fresh food were provided
every 2 or 3days for the entire experimental duration.
Negative geotaxis assay
Fly climbing speed was assessed using the rapid iterative negative
geotaxis (RING) technique described previously (Gargano et al.,
2005), with a starting sample size of approximately N=100 flies.
The RING assay measures the average height climbed by a cohort
of flies in a given time period following induction of the negative
geotaxis behavior. Flies from each diet treatment were subjected to
the RING assay five times per week for a 5week time course. For
each cohort, flies were transferred to polypropylene vials in groups
of 20 per vial. The vials were quickly tapped four times to knock
flies to the bottom and induce the negative geotaxis response; a
photograph was taken after flies had been allowed to climb for 2s.
This procedure was carried out four consecutive times. The average
distance climbed by flies in a given picture was calculated by taking
the mean of the vials in that picture, and the daily average climbing
distance was calculated by averaging the four picture means
together. The images were analyzed using image processing software
and the raw data converted into quadrants using Microsoft Excel.
Each of the four vial quadrants is equivalent in height, and each fly
was assigned a score based on the quadrant ascended to after 2s.
Flies that climbed to the highest quadrant received a score of 4,
flies in the next highest quadrant received a score of 3, and so on.
Flies that did not climb off the bottom of the vial were assigned a
quadrant score of 0. The calculated daily quadrant averages were
charted to assess the decline in climbing ability with age. Negative
geotaxis results were analyzed using either one-way ANOVA
analysis with post hoc Bonferroni multiple comparison tests or
multivariate regression (supplementary material TableS1) in JMP
(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Genotype comparisons were
also performed using standard least-squares regression.
The Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (5)
Timetofatigue(min)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2.5S/2.5Y
5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
* *
D
2.5S/10Y
5S/10Y
10S/20Y
*
E
10S/2.5Y
10S/5Y
20S/10Y
* *
F
*
B
*
C
0
100
200
300
400
500
Canton S
Berlin K * *
A
Fig.1. Dietary composition alters endurance in 3day old wild-type flies. Following eclosion, male age-matched Berlin K and Canton S flies were fed one of
10 diets for the remainder of their life. The average time to exhaustion for each cohort is presented as a histogram. Data are presented as means and
s.e.m. Berlin K (A–C) and Canton S (D–F) flies were tested for endurance on diets with an equal (A,D), low (B,E) or high (C,F) sucrose/yeast (S/Y) ratio.
Canton S flies have greater endurance than Berlin K flies, independent of diet (log-rank: P<0.0001). Regardless of genotype, flies fed balanced low calorie
diets run significantly longer than siblings fed balanced high calorie diets (log-rank analysis: asterisk indicates significant difference of P<0.05 compared with
10S/10Y). Among unbalanced diets, flies eating food with a high sucrose/yeast ratio have higher endurance than those consuming diets with a low
sucrose/yeast ratio (log-rank analysis: asterisk indicates P<0.05 for all significant differences). Average fatigue time and full statistical analyses for each diet
are presented in supplementary material TableS1. Data are also presented in ʻrunspanʼ form in supplementary material Fig.S1.
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
3. 861Diet regulates exercise physiology
Endurance assay
Climbing endurance was measured using the fatigue assay
described previously (Tinkerhess et al., 2012a). Eight vials of flies
from each diet treatment were subjected to the fatigue assay at
two time points: once in the first week of life (day3), and once
in the fourth week of life (day26). For each assessment, the flies
were placed on the Power Tower exercise machine (see Results)
and made to climb until they were fatigued, or no longer responded
to the negative geotaxis stimulus. Monitored at 10min intervals,
a vial of flies was visually determined to be fatigued when five
or fewer flies could climb higher than 2in (50.8mm) after four
consecutive drops. The time from the start of the assay to the time
of fatigue was recorded for each vial, and the data analyzed using
log-rank analysis in JMP; genotypes were also compared by log-
rank analysis.
Electrical pacing
Flies were subjected to electrical pacing, as described elsewhere
(Wessells et al., 2004), in order to assess heart performance in the
fourth week of life. Flies were immobilized and placed between
two electrodes lined with conductive electrolyte jelly. The hearts
were paced using a square-wave stimulator set at 40V and 6Hz for
30s, and then visually assessed for recovery or failure, defined as
either fibrillation or arrest. The percentage of fly hearts that failed
was recorded immediately after pacing. Sample sizes ranged from
N=50 hearts for Berlin K cohorts, to approximately N=100 hearts
for Canton S groups (for exact N values, see supplementary material
TableS1). Results were analyzed via standard least-squares
regression using JMP. Genotype comparisons were also performed
using standard least-squares regression.
Oil Red O staining
Four week old flies were dissected ventral side up in phosphate-
buffered saline (PBS) at room temperature. After exposing the heart
and removing any excess fat, partially dissected flies were rinsed
three times with PBS and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS
for 10min. Following fixation, dissected samples were rinsed three
times with PBS. Oil Red O (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA),
diluted 1:100 in isopropanol, was applied to the exposed hearts for
20min at room temperature. After staining, hearts were rinsed three
times with dH2O, removed, and mounted on slides in one drop of
antifade solution (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA). Slides were
imaged on an Olympus BX41 compound fluorescence microscope
(Olympus, Center Valley, PA, USA) using a 40× objective and the
obtained images analyzed using ImageJ. A minimum of five
samples were analyzed per diet treatment. Data were analyzed by
one-way ANOVA, with post hoc Tukey–Kramer tests using Prism
(GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Genotypes were
compared using two-way ANOVA.
LysoTracker staining
Four week old flies were dissected as for Oil Red O staining with
the following changes: following dissection in PBS, hearts and fat
bodies were rinsed three times with PBS and then immediately
stained with LysoTracker Green (Molecular Probes), diluted to
0.01mmoll–1
in PBS, for 1min. Samples were washed three times
with PBS and then removed and mounted as above. Imaging and
data analysis were performed exactly as described in the Oil Red
O protocol.
Feeding rate
Ten day old flies were lightly anesthetized with CO2 and separated
into vials of five flies, 24h before the start of the experiment. Vials
were placed in a randomized order for unbiased scoring, and allowed
to acclimatize for 30min following transfer to avoid disturbance of
the fly feeding behavior. Each vial was observed for ~3s and the
number of flies feeding was recorded. Proboscis extension into the
food accompanied by a bobbing motion was scored as a feeding
Timetofatigue(min)
0
50
100
150
200
2502.5S/2.5Y
5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
*
**
E FD
*
*
*
**
*
*
Canton S
Berlin K
B C
0
50
100
150
200
250 A
2.5S/10Y
5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y
10S/5Y
20S/10Y
Fig.2. Effect of diet on endurance persists during aging. Experimental flies from Fig.1 were aged to 26days (3weeks) and then remeasured. The average
time to exhaustion for each cohort is presented as a histogram (A,D equal S/Y; B,E, low S/Y; C,F, high S/Y ratio). Data are presented as means and s.e.m.
Twenty-six day old Berlin K (A–C) and Canton S (D–F) flies exhibit the same trends as when they were 3days old. Flies from all cohorts declined with age.
When compared with Canton S, Berlin K flies have more endurance at advanced ages (log-rank: P=0.0123). Independent of genotype, flies fed balanced
low calorie diets continue to run longer than those fed balanced high calorie diets (log-rank analysis: asterisk indicates P<0.05 compared with 10S/10Y).
When unbalanced diets were used, flies eating food with a high sucrose/yeast ratio continue to resist fatigue better than flies eating low sucrose/yeast ratio
food (log-rank analysis: asterisk indicates P<0.05 for all significant differences). Average fatigue time and full statistical analyses for each diet are presented
in supplementary material TableS1. Data are also presented in ʻrunspanʼ form in supplementary material Fig.S2.
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
4. 862
event (see Wong et al., 2009). Ten trials were performed, such that
each vial was observed approximately every 2–5min. The assay
was repeated at the same time the following day. The feeding data
were expressed as the sum of feeding events divided by the sum of
feeding opportunities (number of flies in vial × number of vials in
group × number of observations) for each individual day. In order
to control for differences in bite size between the genotypes, a blue
dye feeding rate experiment was also performed. Groups of five
flies were transferred to fresh food containing 2.5% (w/v) blue food
dye (FD&C Blue no. 1, Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp.,
Gardena, CA, USA); a control group was transferred to fresh food
containing 10S/10Y to account for absorbance by standard diet food.
Vials were observed according to the proboscis extension assay
procedure and then transferred to 0.5ml centrifuge tubes and flash-
frozen in liquid nitrogen. Flies were homogenized in 250μl of
distilled water and centrifuged according to a procedure outlined
previously (Vijendravarma et al., 2012). The relative amount of dye
ingested was quantified at 630nm with background optical density
subtracted. As bite sizes were not significantly different, proboscis
extension results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, with post
hoc Tukey–Kramer tests using Prism. Genotypes were compared
using two-way ANOVA.
Relative caloric intake was calculated by multiplying the caloric
content of the food by the number of observed proboscis extensions
and the amount of dye ingested per proboscis extension (referred to
as ‘bite’ size). Multinomial regression was used to estimate the
percentage of variance that can be explained by relative caloric intake.
RESULTS
Experimental design
Flies from two different genetic backgrounds, Berlin K and Canton
S, were collected, age matched, allowed to recover for 24h, then
placed on one of 10 different diets. These two genotypes were chosen
because they represent commonly used laboratory wild-type stocks
with divergent backgrounds.
The diets chosen were selected to address two distinct issues: (1)
the role of caloric amount in the impact of diet, and (2) the role of
the distribution and composition of calories in the impact of diet.
The diets chosen can be grouped into three categories: (1) sucrose
and yeast present in equal amounts, (2) high sucrose/yeast ratio and
(3) low sucrose/yeast ratio.
Fatigue tolerance
Flies from each diet/genotype combination were aged to 3days and
then tested for fatigue tolerance. Flies were divided into groups of
20, then placed on an automated negative geotaxis-inducing
machine, known as the Power Tower (Piazza et al., 2009; Tinkerhess
et al., 2012a) until such time as fewer than five flies per vial were
able to climb above a 2in (50.8mm) mark on the machine. At this
time, the vial was considered fatigued, and removed from the
machine. Fig.1 plots the average time of removal of vials from each
cohort as a histogram.
There was a general trend for Canton S flies to run longer before
fatiguing than Berlin K flies, regardless of diet (compare Fig.1D–F
and Fig.1A–C). The reasons for higher fatigue tolerance in this
background are as yet unclear. However, the effect of diet on fatigue
tolerance within each genotype was remarkably similar. In both
backgrounds, balanced low-calorie diets promoted increased fatigue
tolerance (Fig.1A,D). In both backgrounds, diets with a high
sucrose/yeast ratio promoted higher fatigue tolerance (Fig.1C,F) than
did diets with a low sucrose/yeast ratio (Fig.1B,E). Within diets
with unbalanced calorie sources, diets with higher total caloric
content trended toward higher fatigue tolerance (Fig.1B,C,E,F).
In order to find out whether long-term effects of dietary intake
were similar to acute effects, we kept all cohorts of flies on the
same diet for 3weeks and then measured fatigue tolerance again.
Three weeks of age is old enough for wild-type flies to display a
significant age-related decline in climbing speed (Gargano et al.,
2005; Piazza et al., 2009) and in fatigue tolerance (Tinkerhess et
al., 2012a). As dietary intake has been proposed to have profound
The Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (5)
Quadrant
0
1
2
3 D
0
1
2
3 A
E
B
F
C
Canton S
Berlin K
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Day
2.5S/2.5Y
5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y
5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y
10S/5Y
20S/10Y
2.5S/2.5Y
5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y
5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y
10S/5Y
20S/10Y
Fig.3. Dietary composition makes small, but significant, changes in climbing speed. Age-matched Berlin K and Canton S males were fed one of 10 diets for
their entire life (A,D, equal S/Y; B,E, low S/Y; C,F, high S/Y ratio). For each diet, the mean climbing height is expressed as the average quadrant that the
flies were able to climb to in 2s (climbing index). Climbing indexes are plotted over a 5week time course. Berlin K (A–C) and Canton S (D–F) flies fed
unbalanced diets climb slightly faster than those fed balanced diets (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni multiple comparison tests: P<0.01). Between
genotypes, Berlin K flies climb significantly faster than Canton S flies (standard least-squares regression, P<0.0001). Full statistical analyses for each diet
are presented in supplementary material TableS1.
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
5. 863Diet regulates exercise physiology
effects on the rate of normal aging (Partridge et al., 2005; Simpson
and Raubenheimer, 2009), we hypothesized that diet would alter
the rate of decline in fatigue tolerance. We further hypothesized
that the best diet for acute fatigue tolerance might be different from
the best diet for long-term maintenance of function.
We found instead that the pattern of fatigue tolerance across diets
was similar at 3weeks to the findings at 1week of age (Figs1, 2).
Flies of both genotypes and across all diets showed a substantial
decline in fatigue tolerance between 1 and 3weeks (Figs1, 2).
Cohorts on low-calorie balanced diets again ran the longest
(Fig.2A,D), although the 2.5S/2.5Y diet was more protective than
the 5S/5Y diet in both genotypes (Fig.2A,D). Among flies on
unbalanced diets, those on high sucrose, low yeast diets again
performed better than those on low sucrose, high yeast diets
(Fig.2B,C,E,F). An unexpected genotype effect was observed when
comparing 1 and 3week measurements. Although Canton S flies
were clearly stronger runners at 1week across all diets than Berlin
K flies, this advantage disappeared by 3weeks of age (Figs1, 2).
This suggests that Berlin K flies have a slower rate of age-related
decline in this parameter than Canton S flies. Statistical comparisons
for every pairwise combination of cohorts are provided in
supplementary material TableS1.
Negative geotaxis
Negative geotaxis, a measure of how rapidly flies instinctively
respond to a stimulus by moving up the sides of a vial, is a standard
measure of fly vigor and mobility (Jones and Grotewiel, 2011).
Negative geotaxis speed is known to decline with age (Gargano et
al., 2005) and increase with exercise training (Piazza et al., 2009;
Tinkerhess et al., 2012a). Here, we performed longitudinal
measurements five times per week to track the changing negative
geotaxis performance of aging flies on various diets.
In general, Berlin K flies were found to climb faster than Canton
S flies, independently of diet (Fig.3). The two genotypes showed
similar trends in dietary responses, although the magnitude varied
between genotypes. Within balanced diets, negative geotaxis tended
to be slow, in comparison to unbalanced diets (Fig.3; supplementary
material TableS1). Balanced diets also showed only minor
differences in the effect on climbing in comparison to each other
(Fig.3A,D). There was little difference between the effects of the
LysoTracker
(puncta100µm–2
)
0
4
8
12
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
* *
E
OilRedO
(puncta100µm–2
)
0
4
8
2
6
10
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
C
50 1510 20
% Yeast (w/v)
%Sucrose(w/v)
0
5
10
15
20 B
Failure rate < 45%
45% < failure rate < 70%
Failure rate > 75%
LysoTracker
(puncta100µm–2
)
0
4
8
12
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
*
*
D
Low sucrose/yeast ratio
Equal ratio
High sucrose/yeast ratio
Feedingrate(%)
0
5
10
15
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
*
* *
A
Fig.4. Dietary composition alters feeding rate and cardiac function in male Berlin K flies. Data are presented as means and s.e.m. (A)Diets with low
sucrose/yeast ratio lower feeding rate compared with other diets (one-way ANOVA: P=0.0037). Key also relates to C–E. (B)Percentage of flies undergoing
cardiac fibrillation or arrest in response to temporary external electrical stress. Flies on the 5S/5Y diet had the lowest failure rate while flies on the 20S/10Y
diet had the highest. *Full diet-by-diet comparisons are presented in supplementary material TableS1. (C)Cardiac lipid levels, as detected via Oil Red O
staining, are not significantly affected by dietary make-up. (D)Flies fed low sucrose/yeast ratio food have higher cardiac LysoTracker Green staining than
those fed other diets (one-way ANOVA: P<0.0001). (E)LysoTracker Green staining of adipose tissue also reveals higher staining in flies fed low
sucrose/yeast ratio food (one-way ANOVA: P=0.0017). *Full statistical analyses for each assay are presented in supplementary material TableS1.
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
6. 864
different low sucrose/yeast diets at early ages. Differences began
to become evident after 20days, when flies on the 10S/20Y diet
retained a significantly higher negative geotaxis capacity in both
genotypes (Fig.3B,E).
The largest differences were observed in Berlin K flies on high
sucrose/yeast diets. These flies exhibited substantial differences at
early ages, and these differences were retained across the period of
observation. Within this group, the rank order of climbing speed
was the same as the rank order of total caloric content (Fig.3C).
This effect was not as evident in the Canton S background (Fig.3F),
and the effect of relative caloric content was not significant when
normalized to feeding rate. Relative caloric intake for each
diet/genotype cohort is provided in supplementary material TableS2.
Statistical comparisons for every pairwise combination of cohorts
are provided in supplementary material TableS1.
Feeding rate
As dietary composition has previously been reported to influence
feeding rate (Lee et al., 2008; Skorupa et al., 2008), we measured
feeding rate in both genotypes after 1week of exposure to each diet.
We found that the two genotypes displayed a similar pattern of
response (Fig.4A, Fig.5A). Diets with equal ratios of sucrose and
yeast stimulated similar feeding rates to those with high
sucrose/yeast ratio (Fig.4A, Fig.5A). Berlin K flies showed a mild
tendency toward increased feeding rate with increased total calorie
content (Fig.4A), but this tendency was not observed in Canton S
flies (Fig.5A). In both genotypes, diets with a low sucrose/yeast
ratio significantly reduced feeding rate regardless of total caloric
content (Fig.4A, Fig.5A). This is in agreement with the previously
published observation that sugar/yeast ratio is a key determinant of
feeding rate (Lee et al., 2008; Skorupa et al., 2008).
Cardiac stress resistance
Between 50 and 100 male flies of each genotype were placed on
each diet. At 3weeks of age, flies were connected to an external
pacing device and stimulated to twice their normal heart rate for
30s. Following pacing, the percentage of flies that exhibited a
fibrillation or arrest event was scored visually and recorded as failure
The Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (5)
50 1510 20
% Yeast (w/v)
%Sucrose(w/v)
0
5
10
15
20 B
Failure rate < 45%
45% < failure rate < 70%
Failure rate > 75%
Feedingrate(%)
0
5
10
15
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
*
A Low sucrose/yeast ratio
Equal ratio
High sucrose/yeast ratio
LysoTracker
(puncta100µm–2
)
0
4
8
12
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
E
OilRedO
(puncta100µm–2
)
0
4
8
2
6
10
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
C
LysoTracker
(puncta100µm–2
)
0
4
8
12
2.5S/2.5Y5S/5Y
10S/10Y
20S/20Y
2.5S/10Y5S/10Y
10S/20Y
10S/2.5Y10S/5Y
20S/10Y
D
Fig.5. Dietary composition alters feeding rate and cardiac function of male Canton S flies. Data are presented as means and s.e.m. (A)Diets with low
sucrose/yeast ratio lower feeding rate compared with other diets (one-way ANOVA: P=0.0129). Key also relates to C–E. (B)Percentage of flies undergoing
cardiac fibrillation or arrest in response to temporary external electrical stress. Flies fed balanced low calorie diets have a lower pacing-induced failure rate
than those on any other diet (standard least-squares regression: P<0.02 for both). Flies fed high sucrose/yeast ratio food display an elevated pacing-induced
failure rate when compared with those on other diets (standard least-squares regression: P<0.05 in all cases). (C)Cardiac lipid levels as detected by Oil Red
O staining are not significantly affected by dietary composition. (D)LysoTracker Green staining for cardiac autophagy does not reveal a clear dietary trend in
Canton S flies. (E)LysoTracker Green staining for adipose tissue autophagy does not reveal a clear dietary trend in Canton S males. *Full statistical
analyses for each assay are presented in supplementary material TableS1.
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
7. 865Diet regulates exercise physiology
rate. This parameter has been previously reported to be age
dependent (Wessells et al., 2004), and to be susceptible to the effects
of extreme diets (Birse et al., 2010). Across a range of different
dietary concentrations, we found no significant difference in effect
between most diets and our typical lab diet (10S/10Y). Furthermore,
both genotypes exhibited failure rates similar to published wild-type
results from this age (Wessells et al., 2004; Wessells et al., 2009).
However, the 20S/10Y diet produced a significantly increased
cardiac failure rate in response to pacing in both genotypes (Fig.4B,
Fig.5B). By contrast, balanced low calorie diets significantly
reduced failure rates, with 5S/5Y being significantly reduced in both
genotypes, and 2.5S/2.5Y being significantly reduced only in
Canton S flies (Fig.4B, Fig.5B). Statistical comparisons for every
pairwise combination of cohorts are provided in supplementary
material TableS1.
Cardiac lipid storage
Hearts from each diet/genotype combination were dissected and
stained with Oil Red O to assess levels of lipid accumulation in
the myocardium. High myocardial lipid content has previously
been associated with impaired cardiac performance in Drosophila
(Birse et al., 2010; Sujkowski et al., 2012). Here, we found no
significant difference in effect between most diets tested (Fig.4C,
Fig.5C). However, flies on balanced, low-calorie diets showed
lower myocardial lipid levels than flies on all other diets in both
genotypes (Fig.4C, Fig.5C). Notably, these are the same diets that
promote lower cardiac failure rate in response to stress (Fig.4B,
Fig.5B).
Cardiac autophagy
Hearts from each diet/genotype combination were dissected and
stained with LysoTracker, in order to assess levels of autophagy in
the myocardium. For comparison, fat bodies were also dissected
and subjected to the same analysis. Significant genotype differences
were observed in this assay. In Berlin K, a significant trend towards
higher autophagy in both tissues was observed for all diets with a
low sucrose/yeast ratio (Fig.4D,E). By contrast, in Canton S, all
diets produced similar levels of autophagy, with no obvious trends
emerging (Fig.5D,E).
Diet switch
Many effects of diet on animal physiology are acute and can be
reversed by changing the animal’s diet. In flies, for example, the
effect of diet on age-specific mortality is known to be reversible
(Piper et al., 2005). Because dietary intake has a substantial effect
on fly endurance (Figs1, 2), we asked whether this effect was
reversible.
Four age-matched cohorts of flies were collected and placed on
one of two diets, either 2.5S/10Y or 10S/2.5Y. These diets were
chosen because they induce highly significant differences in fatigue
tolerance in both Berlin K and Canton S flies. After 5days, all four
cohorts were tested for fatigue tolerance. In both genotypes,
significant differences were observed, with flies on 10S/2.5Y
performing better than flies on 2.5S/10Y (Fig.6). These results are
in agreement with those in Fig.1.
Flies from two of the four cohorts were then switched onto the
opposite diet, allowed to habituate for 2days, and retested for fatigue
tolerance. In each case, flies exhibited fatigue tolerance characteristic
of their short-term, current diet, and never retained fatigue tolerance
associated with their previous diet (Fig.6). This was equally true
of both Berlin K and Canton S flies. We conclude that the effects
of diet on endurance are completely reversible within 48h.
Relative caloric intake
In principle, the impact of diet on the assays observed here could be
dependent on (1) total caloric intake, (2) ratio of dietary components
or (3) both. To assess the role of caloric intake, we determined the
relative caloric intake for each cohort, based on dietary content and
feeding rate (see Materials and methods). Relative caloric intake for
each cohort is listed in supplementary material TableS2. For each
physiological assay, we used regression analysis to ask whether total
caloric content had a strong predictive impact on performance. Total
caloric intake did not exhibit significant predictive value for any assay
(Fig.7). Therefore, our results are in agreement with longevity-based
findings suggesting that dietary composition is more important than
caloric intake when predicting physiological outcomes (Lee et al.,
2008; Skorupa et al., 2008; Lushchak et al., 2012).
DISCUSSION
Drosophila is emerging as an excellent model for studying the
impact of simple dietary constituents on various physiological
indices. The short lifespan and large numbers available in the fly
model make longitudinal studies of multiple non-invasive assays
practical. Here, we have focused on the impact of varying two major
Timetofatigue(min)
0
100
200
300
400
500
*
B
0
100
200
300
400
500
*
A
2.5S/10Y
no
sw
itch
10S/2.5Y
no
sw
itch
2.5S/10Y
r
10S/2.5Y
10S/2.5Y
r
2.5S/10Y
*
Day 5
Day 7
Fig.6. Effect of diet on endurance is reversible within 48h. Following
eclosion, male Berlin K (A) and Canton S (B) flies were fed either a high or
a low sucrose/yeast ratio diet. An endurance assay was performed on
day5 (means and s.e.m.). Flies fed a high sucrose/yeast ratio diet had
higher endurance than those fed a low sucrose/yeast ratio diet (log-rank
analysis: P<0.05). On day6, two groups were switched from one diet to the
other for 24h. On day7, another endurance assay was performed. Within
48h, flies that were switched displayed endurance typical of their new diet
rather than of their previous diet. *Full statistical analyses are presented in
supplementary material TableS1. Data are also presented in ʻrunspanʼ form
in supplementary material Fig.S3.
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
8. 866
dietary components on locomotion, endurance capacity and cardiac
performance.
When comparing relative rank orders from all assays presented
(Fig.8), several clear trends emerge. First, the two genetic
backgrounds have similar rank order responses to most assays, but
the magnitude of the difference is generally higher in Berlin K flies.
The reason for the greater plasticity in dietary response in this
background is presently unclear.
Some commonalities in diets that lead to an improvement in
results for multiple assays are also evident. In particular, balanced,
low-calorie diets appear to provide strong beneficial effects to both
endurance and cardiac physiology. These benefits are especially
apparent at later ages, where a substantial age-related decline has
already occurred in these parameters. This correlates well with
previous results associating such diets with extended longevity
(Partridge et al., 2005; Bhandari et al., 2007; Grandison et al., 2009).
These commonalities raise the question of whether the benefits
to longevity, endurance and cardiac performance all stem from
similar physiological mechanisms. One proposed mechanism by
which the interventions collectively known as dietary restriction
improve healthspan and longevity is by increasing levels of
autophagy (Bjedov et al., 2010; Partridge et al., 2011). Genetic
interventions in regulators of autophagy, such as target of rapamycin
(TOR) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4e binding protein (4eBP),
have previously been shown to preserve aging cardiac function
(Luong et al., 2006; Wessells et al., 2009) and negative geotaxis
during aging (Demontis and Perrimon, 2010). In rodent models,
exercise-induced autophagy is a key component necessary for the
benefits of exercise (He et al., 2012). However, increases in baseline
autophagy associated with diets high in saturated fatty acids
(comparable to the low sucrose/yeast ratio diet in this study) have
been linked with increased pathological cardiac hypertrophy (Russo
et al., 2012). We found no evidence in this study that cardiac baseline
autophagy levels are consistently altered by diets that improve
endurance or cardiac function.
By contrast, we found a strong correlation between low cardiac
lipid accumulation and improved endurance/cardiac function. For
example, the diets that lead to accumulation of the lowest levels of
cardiac lipid, 2.5S/2.5Y and 5S/5Y, are also the diets resulting in
the lowest cardiac failure rate during pacing (Fig.8). The same diets
also promote the highest endurance, though not necessarily the
highest speed (Fig.8). It has been previously observed that a
The Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (5)
Timetofatigue(min)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
G
LysoTracker(puncta100µm–2
)
OilRedO(puncta100µm–2
)
Quadrant0 200 400 600
Relative caloric intake
0.8
0
2
4
6
D
0 200 400 600
0
100
200
300
400
500 A
0 200 400 600
0
50
100
150
200
250 B
0 200 400 600
8
1.0
Failurerate
0
5
10
15 E
0 200 400 600
0
5
10
15 F
0 200 400 600
Relative caloric intake
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0 C
0 200 400 600
Fig.7. Caloric intake does not sufficiently predict the variance observed in Drosophila mobility and cardiac assays. In order to determine whether caloric
intake was a driving factor behind the observed trends, the ʻrelative caloric intakeʼ of each genotype/diet treatment was determined by measuring the total
caloric content of each diet, and then multiplying it by the product of the number of bites per observation and the amount ingested per bite for each cohort.
The following physiological assays were plotted against relative caloric intake and a linear regression was performed: (A) week1 average fatigue, (B) week4
average fatigue, (C) average RING quadrant, (D) average cardiac lipid levels, (E) average cardiac autophagy levels, (F) average fat autophagy levels and
(G) cardiac failure rate. In no case was caloric intake found to be a statistically significant predictor of physiological performance (R2
≤0.1227 for all assays).
Full relative caloric intake calculations for each genotype/diet are presented in supplementary material TableS2.
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
9. 867Diet regulates exercise physiology
reduction in TOR signaling both reduces triglyceride storage and
protects aging cardiac performance in Drosophila (Luong et al.,
2006; Wessells et al., 2009). Conversely, flies fed a high-fat diet
(Birse et al., 2010) or flies with genetic mutations that increase lipid
storage in the myocardium have decreased cardiac performance (Lim
et al., 2011; Sujkowski et al., 2012). Taken together, these results
are all consistent with the hypothesis that reduced lipid storage in
cardiac or other muscle may be an important mechanism by which
balanced, low-calorie diets protect endurance and cardiac
performance. Further work using flies to dissect the downstream
genetics induced by dietary changes will be necessary to resolve
this question with more certainty.
In the case of unbalanced diets, we found a divergence between
diets that benefit endurance and those that benefit cardiac
performance. Diets high in sugar/yeast ratio generally benefit
endurance, but have a negative impact on cardiac performance. This
may indicate a difference in energy requirements between the beating
heart and the various neuromotor functions involved in endurance
running. As sugars are preferentially used during endurance
behaviors, especially in untrained animals (Martin and Klein, 1998;
Graham and Adamo, 1999), extra dietary sugar may provide greater
access to quick sources of glucose for ATP production in muscle.
The mechanism by which such a diet impairs cardiac performance
in flies is unclear.
In contrast to the profound effects of dietary content on endurance,
the effects of diet on climbing speed were statistically significant,
but small in magnitude. The most significant effects were always
seen in the Berlin K background, whereas negative geotaxis in
Canton S flies was less clearly influenced by diet. No strong trends
emerged when comparing the slope of decline across time of
climbing speed, suggesting that diet does not strongly affect the
age-related decline of negative geotaxis, in agreement with previous
observations (Bhandari et. al., 2007).
The experiments here focus on the effect of diet on acute
measures of mobile capacity. The effect of diet on the long-term
improvement in climbing speed following a training regimen has
previously been measured. In that context, variation of sucrose
had little effect, whereas the magnitude of improvement following
training was closely associated with the amount of yeast in the
diet, independent of sucrose (Piazza et al., 2009). Taken together,
these results clearly indicate that flies have substantially different
requirements for acute energy expenditure versus long-term
physiological responses to training. This should be taken into
account in comparing and interpreting varying results from
different experimental protocols.
Lastly, we found that the effects of diet on endurance are
completely reversible within 48h of switching animals to a new
diet. These findings are consistent with the acute ability of diet to
alter mortality rates within the same time scale (Mair et al., 2005).
Flies should serve as an excellent model for future longitudinal
studies more thoroughly dissecting the long-term and acute roles
of various dietary constituents on endurance and exercise response.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Scott Pletcher (University of Michigan) for sharing
image analysis software he developed. We would also like to thank anonymous
reviewers and editors for their comments, which helped improve this manuscript.
FUNDING
This research was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
(NHLBI), a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [grant no. NIH/NHLBI
5R21 HL104262-02]. Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months.
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Performancecomparedwith10S/10Y
0
0.5
A B
2.5S/2.5Y
5S/5Y
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Feeding
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Fig.8. Rank order summary of dietary effects on
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