An educational intervention was conducted with young athletes to evaluate if increasing water intake could improve exercise performance in hot conditions. Ninety-two athletes were divided into a control and intervention group. The intervention group received education on hydration and had improved water access. This led to improved hydration status in the intervention group as measured by urine tests, but not in the control group. Only the intervention group showed improved performance on an endurance running test after the intervention. The study demonstrates that improving hydration status through increased water intake can enhance exercise performance in young athletes training in heat.
This study examined bone mineral density (BMD) in 54 children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis before and after a 12-week exercise program. The participants were randomly assigned to an exercise group or control group. The exercise group performed 100 two-footed jumps with a rope and muscle strength exercises 3 times per week. BMD was measured at the start, after 3 months, and after 6 months using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The results showed that BMD values in the total body increased significantly in the exercise group after the program, while BMD measurements remained stable in the control group and for all participants remained within the normal reference range compared to other children. Thus, a short-
An aquatic exercise program improved muscular strength, endurance, work and power in patients with multiple sclerosis. For the lower extremities, knee extensor peak torque significantly increased from pre- to mid-trial. Fatigue and work values improved significantly from pre- to post-trial. For the upper extremities, all force measurements significantly increased from pre- to post-trial. Power and total work values also improved significantly, though no significant change in fatigue was found. The results indicate aquatic exercise can induce positive changes to muscular functioning for individuals with multiple sclerosis.
Post-exercise hot water immersion induces heat acclimation and improves endur...AtlanticoFR
This study examined whether daily hot water immersion (HWI) after exercise in temperate conditions could induce heat acclimation and improve endurance performance in both temperate and hot conditions. Seventeen males completed a 6-day protocol of treadmill running at 65% VO2max in 18°C followed by either HWI at 40°C or thermoneutral immersion at 34°C for 40 minutes. Measures before and after the intervention showed that HWI lowered resting core temperature and improved thermoregulation and endurance performance during exercise in heat, indicating heat acclimation, but did not improve performance in temperate conditions.
2013 Bazzell, et al dietary composition regulates Drosophila mobility and car...Brian Bazzell, PharmD
The document examines the impact of varying dietary composition on physiological indices related to endurance exercise capacity in Drosophila melanogaster flies. Two genetic backgrounds of flies were fed one of 10 experimental diets that manipulated the ratios and amounts of sucrose and yeast provided. Flies fed balanced low-calorie diets generally showed improved endurance, climbing speed, and cardiac performance compared to those fed high-calorie diets. Within unbalanced diets, flies consuming diets higher in sugar relative to yeast demonstrated greater endurance but impaired cardiac function. The effects of diet composition were found to be reversible within 48 hours if flies switched diets.
The study used a mouse model to examine the impacts of physical activity on various physiological measures in cases of restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN). Mice were divided into four groups - food restriction with wheel access, food restriction only, ad libitum feeding with wheel access, and ad libitum feeding only. Over short and long term periods, various measures were taken including body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, body composition, glucose tolerance, and hormone and metabolite levels. The results showed that physical activity coupled with food restriction led to greater initial weight loss than food restriction alone, but also later weight regain, and changes in feeding patterns and activity levels over time.
The document summarizes a study that used Fitbit pedometers to measure the physical activity levels of 21 university students over 15 weeks. It found that wearing the pedometers did not significantly impact activity levels. On average, females wore the Fitbit more days per week but males had higher daily step counts. Some individuals' activity decreased over time. The study suggests pedometers may not change behavior but could provide guidance to promote physical activity.
This study investigated gait and balance in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) compared to healthy sedentary controls. 11 CFS patients and 11 matched controls performed balance and gait tests before and after a 15-minute sub-anaerobic exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Results showed no significant differences in postural sway between groups before or after exercise. However, several gait parameters were significantly different between CFS patients and controls, confirming reports of gait abnormalities in CFS patients. These gait differences were not exacerbated by the light exercise test. Heart rate responses showed both groups exercised at similar loads, though CFS patients perceived it as higher exertion.
Does Wearing an Activity Monitor Affect Activity LevelsDavid Queen
This study used Fitbit pedometers to track the step counts of 21 college students over 15 weeks. The study aimed to assess patterns of physical activity while wearing the pedometer and determine if wearing it affected activity levels. Overall, pedometer use did not significantly impact activity levels. The number of days worn per week and average daily steps did not change significantly over the study. While no students increased their steps, four participants declined in activity. Female participants wore the Fitbit significantly more days per week than males. The study was unable to determine if pedometer use directly changed pre-study activity levels.
This study examined bone mineral density (BMD) in 54 children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis before and after a 12-week exercise program. The participants were randomly assigned to an exercise group or control group. The exercise group performed 100 two-footed jumps with a rope and muscle strength exercises 3 times per week. BMD was measured at the start, after 3 months, and after 6 months using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The results showed that BMD values in the total body increased significantly in the exercise group after the program, while BMD measurements remained stable in the control group and for all participants remained within the normal reference range compared to other children. Thus, a short-
An aquatic exercise program improved muscular strength, endurance, work and power in patients with multiple sclerosis. For the lower extremities, knee extensor peak torque significantly increased from pre- to mid-trial. Fatigue and work values improved significantly from pre- to post-trial. For the upper extremities, all force measurements significantly increased from pre- to post-trial. Power and total work values also improved significantly, though no significant change in fatigue was found. The results indicate aquatic exercise can induce positive changes to muscular functioning for individuals with multiple sclerosis.
Post-exercise hot water immersion induces heat acclimation and improves endur...AtlanticoFR
This study examined whether daily hot water immersion (HWI) after exercise in temperate conditions could induce heat acclimation and improve endurance performance in both temperate and hot conditions. Seventeen males completed a 6-day protocol of treadmill running at 65% VO2max in 18°C followed by either HWI at 40°C or thermoneutral immersion at 34°C for 40 minutes. Measures before and after the intervention showed that HWI lowered resting core temperature and improved thermoregulation and endurance performance during exercise in heat, indicating heat acclimation, but did not improve performance in temperate conditions.
2013 Bazzell, et al dietary composition regulates Drosophila mobility and car...Brian Bazzell, PharmD
The document examines the impact of varying dietary composition on physiological indices related to endurance exercise capacity in Drosophila melanogaster flies. Two genetic backgrounds of flies were fed one of 10 experimental diets that manipulated the ratios and amounts of sucrose and yeast provided. Flies fed balanced low-calorie diets generally showed improved endurance, climbing speed, and cardiac performance compared to those fed high-calorie diets. Within unbalanced diets, flies consuming diets higher in sugar relative to yeast demonstrated greater endurance but impaired cardiac function. The effects of diet composition were found to be reversible within 48 hours if flies switched diets.
The study used a mouse model to examine the impacts of physical activity on various physiological measures in cases of restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN). Mice were divided into four groups - food restriction with wheel access, food restriction only, ad libitum feeding with wheel access, and ad libitum feeding only. Over short and long term periods, various measures were taken including body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, body composition, glucose tolerance, and hormone and metabolite levels. The results showed that physical activity coupled with food restriction led to greater initial weight loss than food restriction alone, but also later weight regain, and changes in feeding patterns and activity levels over time.
The document summarizes a study that used Fitbit pedometers to measure the physical activity levels of 21 university students over 15 weeks. It found that wearing the pedometers did not significantly impact activity levels. On average, females wore the Fitbit more days per week but males had higher daily step counts. Some individuals' activity decreased over time. The study suggests pedometers may not change behavior but could provide guidance to promote physical activity.
This study investigated gait and balance in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) compared to healthy sedentary controls. 11 CFS patients and 11 matched controls performed balance and gait tests before and after a 15-minute sub-anaerobic exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Results showed no significant differences in postural sway between groups before or after exercise. However, several gait parameters were significantly different between CFS patients and controls, confirming reports of gait abnormalities in CFS patients. These gait differences were not exacerbated by the light exercise test. Heart rate responses showed both groups exercised at similar loads, though CFS patients perceived it as higher exertion.
Does Wearing an Activity Monitor Affect Activity LevelsDavid Queen
This study used Fitbit pedometers to track the step counts of 21 college students over 15 weeks. The study aimed to assess patterns of physical activity while wearing the pedometer and determine if wearing it affected activity levels. Overall, pedometer use did not significantly impact activity levels. The number of days worn per week and average daily steps did not change significantly over the study. While no students increased their steps, four participants declined in activity. Female participants wore the Fitbit significantly more days per week than males. The study was unable to determine if pedometer use directly changed pre-study activity levels.
This article summarizes 8 studies that examined the effects of various resistance training interventions on vertical jump performance in athletes. The studies tested interventions such as Olympic weightlifting, power lifting, back squats, and line drills. Most studies found that resistance training can improve vertical jump height, with some studies finding Olympic weightlifting may provide slightly greater improvements than power lifting. However, the increases in vertical jump from resistance training were generally small.
This study compared outcomes for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with three natural surfactant preparations: Alveofact, Poractant, or Beractant. The study found that infants treated with Alveofact or Poractant spent fewer days on ventilators and needing oxygen supplementation compared to Beractant, but there were no significant differences in mortality or other morbidities between the groups. This suggests that Alveofact and Poractant may provide quicker improvement in respiratory status for RDS infants compared to Beractant.
This study examined the effects of 6 consecutive days of breakfast skipping on energy metabolism and blood glucose levels in 10 healthy young Japanese males. The results showed that repeated breakfast skipping slightly increased blood glucose levels and fluctuations when subjects engaged in sedentary behavior. However, 6 days of breakfast skipping did not significantly affect 24-hour energy expenditure or substrate oxidation. Sedentary lifestyle combined with repeated breakfast skipping may cause abnormal glucose fluctuations.
20181121 aquatic exercises vs knee osteoarthritisJulie Tzeng
High intensity aquatic resistance training over 4 months led to decreases in body fat and improvements in walking speed in post-menopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis. Only the improvements in walking speed were maintained at the 12-month follow-up. Leisure time physical activity had a small relationship with changes in body fat and walking speed. The aquatic training was well-tolerated with some initial joint pain that decreased over the 4 months and no participants dropped out due to dyspnea.
Validation and reliability_of_the_stayhealthy_bc3_body_composition_analyzer_i...Steven E. Greene
This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Stayhealthy BC1 bioelectrical impedance analyzer for predicting body fat percentage in children and adults compared to reference methods. The results showed the BC1 provided highly reliable measurements in children, men and women. It also demonstrated mostly valid estimates of body fat percentage compared to hydrostatic weighing in children and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in adults, with strong correlations and negligible average biases between the methods. However, the limits of agreement between some of the methods were wide, indicating individual predictions could differ substantially.
Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle OxygenationFernando Farias
Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to
athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving perform-
ance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flflw,
evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water
immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery
modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water
immersion on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated
bouts of fatiguing exercise in a group of healthy young adults.
1. The study examined the relationship between total haemoglobin mass, performance-related genotypes, and VO2max in 4 untrained subjects.
2. Results showed no clear relationship between total haemoglobin mass and VO2max. The subject with the highest endurance genotype score had the lowest VO2max.
3. The subject with the highest sprint genotype score had the lowest endurance genotype score, despite having the highest VO2max, suggesting genotypes may predict sport-specific performance.
Physical Fitness for Elderly of a University Project Participants, Practition...CrimsonPublishersGGS
Physical Fitness for Elderly of a University Project Participants, Practitioners of Weight and Welcoming House Residents by Lidiane Requia Alli Feldmann in Geriatrics Studies Journal
This study evaluated gait parameters of normal healthy individuals using an electro-goniometer to measure knee flexion angle during walking. Five subjects walked at slow, normal, and fast speeds over a 17m distance. Results showed that cadence remained consistent across speeds but step length and knee angle increased with speed. Knee angle ranged from 65 degrees during slow walking to 69 degrees during fast walking. Step and stride lengths were longer when walking with footwear compared to without. The electro-goniometer and gait analysis provide a method to diagnose gait abnormalities and inform prosthetic design.
The study examined the differences in muscle hypertrophy between experienced (EXP) and inexperienced (INEXP) strength trainers over 12 weeks. 70 college students were divided into EXP and INEXP groups. Participants performed exercises 3 days/week and maximum weight lifted was measured at weeks 0, 6, and 12.
For the bench press, leg extension, and leg curl exercises, some groups saw significant differences between EXP and INEXP participants. For the bench press, Group 1-1 saw EXP lift 9.2 lbs more than INEXP from weeks 0-6. For the leg extension, Group 1-1 saw INEXP lift 14.8 lbs more than EXP from weeks 0-6, and Group 3
Low back pain in schoolchildrenthe role of school bag weight and carrying wayAlexander Decker
1) The study examined 242 primary school students in Iraq to measure school bag weight and its relationship to body weight and low back pain.
2) It found that the average school bag weight was 5.1 kg, which was 18.9% of the average student body weight. Nearly 40% of students reported their bag as too heavy.
3) Heavy school bag weight, defined as 5 kg or more, was significantly associated with low back pain. 80.4% of students with back pain carried heavy bags, while only 19.6% of those with back pain carried lighter bags.
Survey on Plastics and its Adverse Effects on Environment with quite simple s...dbpublications
Abstract : Environmentally, plastic is a growing disaster. Most plastics are made from petroleum or natural gas, nonrenewable
resources extracted and processed using energy-intensive techniques that destroy fragile ecosystems. The
manufacture of plastic, as well as its destruction by incineration, pollutes air, land and water and exposes workers to
toxic chemicals, including carcinogens. Plastic packaging – especially the ubiquitous plastic bag – is a significant
source of landfill waste and is regularly eaten by numerous marine and land animals, to fatal consequences. Synthetic
plastic does not biodegrade. It just sits and accumulates in landfills or pollutes the environment. Plastics have become a
municipal waste nightmare, prompting local governments all over the world to implement plastic bag, and increasingly
polystyrene (styrofoam), bans.
Keywords: Carcinogens, Workflow Management, Plastic packaging.
Case study for rugby athlete in rehabilitationDaniel Kapsis
This case study examined an 8-week nutritional intervention for a rugby player undergoing rehabilitation for a shoulder injury. The intervention consisted of a 3,400 kcal per day diet with high protein and carbohydrates, as well as creatine and whey protein supplements. The athlete gained 5.2 kg total, of which 4.9 kg was lean muscle mass while maintaining his body fat percentage. Arm measurements increased significantly, indicating muscle hypertrophy. The intervention successfully helped the athlete rapidly gain muscle mass during rehabilitation without increasing body fat.
This document contains abstracts from presentations at the December 2014 International Sports and Exercise Nutrition Conference.
The first abstract finds that high intensity exercise (70% VO2max) increased sensitivity to sour tastes compared to low intensity exercise (50% VO2max), with no differences in sensitivity to other tastes. Sensitivity to sweet tastes negatively correlated with changes in blood glucose for both intensities.
The second abstract finds that a 16-week diet and exercise program resulted in fat mass loss and lean mass gain for all diet groups (high protein or control), along with improved health markers. Extra protein intake from dairy did not further enhance results.
The third abstract finds that intensive treadmill exercise in mice increased small intestine permeability,
Zubero J., Irurtia A., Chaverri D., Barrero A., Nebot V., Štrumbelj B., Qiu J., Iglesias X., Rodríguez F.A. Comparison of mono- and multifrequency BIA devices in the assessment of hydration status in elite athletes. In: Balagué N., Torrents C., Vilanova A., Cadefau J., Tarragó R., Tsolakidis E. (eds.) Book of Abstracts of the 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, p. 540. Barcelona: Open Print (ISBN 978-84-695-7786-8), 2013
Role of Serum Zinc and Copper in Children with Gastroenteritisiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This systematic review examined the evidence that eccentric training improves lower limb flexibility. The authors searched multiple databases and identified 6 randomized controlled trials that met their inclusion criteria. All 6 trials studied different muscle groups (hamstrings, plantar flexors, quadriceps) and measured flexibility using range of motion or muscle fascicle length. The results across all 6 trials consistently showed that eccentric training improved lower limb flexibility when compared to a different intervention or no intervention. This supports the hypothesis that eccentric training is an effective method for increasing lower limb flexibility. Further research is needed comparing eccentric training to other exercises like static stretching.
1) Thirty 11-year-old girls participated in a study examining the effects of a 4-week Pilates intervention on body composition. Girls in the intervention group attended hourly Pilates classes 5 days a week while the control group engaged in normal after-school activities.
2) Results showed the intervention group had a significant reduction in BMI percentile compared to the control group. This effect was influenced by reductions in healthy girls with lower initial BMI values.
3) Girls enjoyed the Pilates classes and had high average attendance. The study suggests Pilates may be an effective way to increase physical activity and lower BMI in girls. However, larger and longer studies are still needed.
Chronic administration of the novel hydrogel Gelesis100 at a dose of 2.25 g twice daily significantly decreased body weight in overweight and obese subjects over 12 weeks compared to placebo. Weight loss was especially pronounced in subjects with impaired fasting glucose at baseline. Gelesis100 was well tolerated with few gastrointestinal side effects. The hydrogel works by expanding in the stomach and intestines to increase feelings of fullness without calories. It has potential as a safe and effective weight loss treatment, especially for those with prediabetes.
This study compared the effects of two aquatic exercise programs, Halliwick and aquatic plyometric exercises (APE), on postural control and hand function in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Thirty pwMS patients were randomly assigned to either the Halliwick or APE group and completed their assigned program twice a week for 8 weeks. Both groups showed significant improvements in hand dexterity and overall limits of stability, but the Halliwick group showed significantly greater improvements and completed the postural control test in a shorter time. This suggests that while both aquatic programs are effective, Halliwick may provide additional benefits for improving balance and hand function in pwMS.
Correlación entre equilibrio estático y autonomía funcional en mujeres de eda...Nadia Mendoza C.
This study examined the correlation between static balance and functional autonomy in elderly women. Stabilometric assessment was used to measure balance, including lateral displacements, anterior/posterior displacements, and elliptical area. Functional tests from the LADEG protocol assessed autonomy, including a 10m walk, getting up from seated/prone positions, moving around, and dressing/undressing. The results showed that women who took longer to get up from the prone position had greater mean amplitudes of lateral and posterior displacements and a larger elliptical area, indicating greater instability. This suggests that balance is correlated with functional tasks requiring rising from the floor in sedentary elderly women.
This article summarizes 8 studies that examined the effects of various resistance training interventions on vertical jump performance in athletes. The studies tested interventions such as Olympic weightlifting, power lifting, back squats, and line drills. Most studies found that resistance training can improve vertical jump height, with some studies finding Olympic weightlifting may provide slightly greater improvements than power lifting. However, the increases in vertical jump from resistance training were generally small.
This study compared outcomes for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with three natural surfactant preparations: Alveofact, Poractant, or Beractant. The study found that infants treated with Alveofact or Poractant spent fewer days on ventilators and needing oxygen supplementation compared to Beractant, but there were no significant differences in mortality or other morbidities between the groups. This suggests that Alveofact and Poractant may provide quicker improvement in respiratory status for RDS infants compared to Beractant.
This study examined the effects of 6 consecutive days of breakfast skipping on energy metabolism and blood glucose levels in 10 healthy young Japanese males. The results showed that repeated breakfast skipping slightly increased blood glucose levels and fluctuations when subjects engaged in sedentary behavior. However, 6 days of breakfast skipping did not significantly affect 24-hour energy expenditure or substrate oxidation. Sedentary lifestyle combined with repeated breakfast skipping may cause abnormal glucose fluctuations.
20181121 aquatic exercises vs knee osteoarthritisJulie Tzeng
High intensity aquatic resistance training over 4 months led to decreases in body fat and improvements in walking speed in post-menopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis. Only the improvements in walking speed were maintained at the 12-month follow-up. Leisure time physical activity had a small relationship with changes in body fat and walking speed. The aquatic training was well-tolerated with some initial joint pain that decreased over the 4 months and no participants dropped out due to dyspnea.
Validation and reliability_of_the_stayhealthy_bc3_body_composition_analyzer_i...Steven E. Greene
This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Stayhealthy BC1 bioelectrical impedance analyzer for predicting body fat percentage in children and adults compared to reference methods. The results showed the BC1 provided highly reliable measurements in children, men and women. It also demonstrated mostly valid estimates of body fat percentage compared to hydrostatic weighing in children and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in adults, with strong correlations and negligible average biases between the methods. However, the limits of agreement between some of the methods were wide, indicating individual predictions could differ substantially.
Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle OxygenationFernando Farias
Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to
athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving perform-
ance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flflw,
evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water
immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery
modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water
immersion on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated
bouts of fatiguing exercise in a group of healthy young adults.
1. The study examined the relationship between total haemoglobin mass, performance-related genotypes, and VO2max in 4 untrained subjects.
2. Results showed no clear relationship between total haemoglobin mass and VO2max. The subject with the highest endurance genotype score had the lowest VO2max.
3. The subject with the highest sprint genotype score had the lowest endurance genotype score, despite having the highest VO2max, suggesting genotypes may predict sport-specific performance.
Physical Fitness for Elderly of a University Project Participants, Practition...CrimsonPublishersGGS
Physical Fitness for Elderly of a University Project Participants, Practitioners of Weight and Welcoming House Residents by Lidiane Requia Alli Feldmann in Geriatrics Studies Journal
This study evaluated gait parameters of normal healthy individuals using an electro-goniometer to measure knee flexion angle during walking. Five subjects walked at slow, normal, and fast speeds over a 17m distance. Results showed that cadence remained consistent across speeds but step length and knee angle increased with speed. Knee angle ranged from 65 degrees during slow walking to 69 degrees during fast walking. Step and stride lengths were longer when walking with footwear compared to without. The electro-goniometer and gait analysis provide a method to diagnose gait abnormalities and inform prosthetic design.
The study examined the differences in muscle hypertrophy between experienced (EXP) and inexperienced (INEXP) strength trainers over 12 weeks. 70 college students were divided into EXP and INEXP groups. Participants performed exercises 3 days/week and maximum weight lifted was measured at weeks 0, 6, and 12.
For the bench press, leg extension, and leg curl exercises, some groups saw significant differences between EXP and INEXP participants. For the bench press, Group 1-1 saw EXP lift 9.2 lbs more than INEXP from weeks 0-6. For the leg extension, Group 1-1 saw INEXP lift 14.8 lbs more than EXP from weeks 0-6, and Group 3
Low back pain in schoolchildrenthe role of school bag weight and carrying wayAlexander Decker
1) The study examined 242 primary school students in Iraq to measure school bag weight and its relationship to body weight and low back pain.
2) It found that the average school bag weight was 5.1 kg, which was 18.9% of the average student body weight. Nearly 40% of students reported their bag as too heavy.
3) Heavy school bag weight, defined as 5 kg or more, was significantly associated with low back pain. 80.4% of students with back pain carried heavy bags, while only 19.6% of those with back pain carried lighter bags.
Survey on Plastics and its Adverse Effects on Environment with quite simple s...dbpublications
Abstract : Environmentally, plastic is a growing disaster. Most plastics are made from petroleum or natural gas, nonrenewable
resources extracted and processed using energy-intensive techniques that destroy fragile ecosystems. The
manufacture of plastic, as well as its destruction by incineration, pollutes air, land and water and exposes workers to
toxic chemicals, including carcinogens. Plastic packaging – especially the ubiquitous plastic bag – is a significant
source of landfill waste and is regularly eaten by numerous marine and land animals, to fatal consequences. Synthetic
plastic does not biodegrade. It just sits and accumulates in landfills or pollutes the environment. Plastics have become a
municipal waste nightmare, prompting local governments all over the world to implement plastic bag, and increasingly
polystyrene (styrofoam), bans.
Keywords: Carcinogens, Workflow Management, Plastic packaging.
Case study for rugby athlete in rehabilitationDaniel Kapsis
This case study examined an 8-week nutritional intervention for a rugby player undergoing rehabilitation for a shoulder injury. The intervention consisted of a 3,400 kcal per day diet with high protein and carbohydrates, as well as creatine and whey protein supplements. The athlete gained 5.2 kg total, of which 4.9 kg was lean muscle mass while maintaining his body fat percentage. Arm measurements increased significantly, indicating muscle hypertrophy. The intervention successfully helped the athlete rapidly gain muscle mass during rehabilitation without increasing body fat.
This document contains abstracts from presentations at the December 2014 International Sports and Exercise Nutrition Conference.
The first abstract finds that high intensity exercise (70% VO2max) increased sensitivity to sour tastes compared to low intensity exercise (50% VO2max), with no differences in sensitivity to other tastes. Sensitivity to sweet tastes negatively correlated with changes in blood glucose for both intensities.
The second abstract finds that a 16-week diet and exercise program resulted in fat mass loss and lean mass gain for all diet groups (high protein or control), along with improved health markers. Extra protein intake from dairy did not further enhance results.
The third abstract finds that intensive treadmill exercise in mice increased small intestine permeability,
Zubero J., Irurtia A., Chaverri D., Barrero A., Nebot V., Štrumbelj B., Qiu J., Iglesias X., Rodríguez F.A. Comparison of mono- and multifrequency BIA devices in the assessment of hydration status in elite athletes. In: Balagué N., Torrents C., Vilanova A., Cadefau J., Tarragó R., Tsolakidis E. (eds.) Book of Abstracts of the 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, p. 540. Barcelona: Open Print (ISBN 978-84-695-7786-8), 2013
Role of Serum Zinc and Copper in Children with Gastroenteritisiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This systematic review examined the evidence that eccentric training improves lower limb flexibility. The authors searched multiple databases and identified 6 randomized controlled trials that met their inclusion criteria. All 6 trials studied different muscle groups (hamstrings, plantar flexors, quadriceps) and measured flexibility using range of motion or muscle fascicle length. The results across all 6 trials consistently showed that eccentric training improved lower limb flexibility when compared to a different intervention or no intervention. This supports the hypothesis that eccentric training is an effective method for increasing lower limb flexibility. Further research is needed comparing eccentric training to other exercises like static stretching.
1) Thirty 11-year-old girls participated in a study examining the effects of a 4-week Pilates intervention on body composition. Girls in the intervention group attended hourly Pilates classes 5 days a week while the control group engaged in normal after-school activities.
2) Results showed the intervention group had a significant reduction in BMI percentile compared to the control group. This effect was influenced by reductions in healthy girls with lower initial BMI values.
3) Girls enjoyed the Pilates classes and had high average attendance. The study suggests Pilates may be an effective way to increase physical activity and lower BMI in girls. However, larger and longer studies are still needed.
Chronic administration of the novel hydrogel Gelesis100 at a dose of 2.25 g twice daily significantly decreased body weight in overweight and obese subjects over 12 weeks compared to placebo. Weight loss was especially pronounced in subjects with impaired fasting glucose at baseline. Gelesis100 was well tolerated with few gastrointestinal side effects. The hydrogel works by expanding in the stomach and intestines to increase feelings of fullness without calories. It has potential as a safe and effective weight loss treatment, especially for those with prediabetes.
This study compared the effects of two aquatic exercise programs, Halliwick and aquatic plyometric exercises (APE), on postural control and hand function in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Thirty pwMS patients were randomly assigned to either the Halliwick or APE group and completed their assigned program twice a week for 8 weeks. Both groups showed significant improvements in hand dexterity and overall limits of stability, but the Halliwick group showed significantly greater improvements and completed the postural control test in a shorter time. This suggests that while both aquatic programs are effective, Halliwick may provide additional benefits for improving balance and hand function in pwMS.
Correlación entre equilibrio estático y autonomía funcional en mujeres de eda...Nadia Mendoza C.
This study examined the correlation between static balance and functional autonomy in elderly women. Stabilometric assessment was used to measure balance, including lateral displacements, anterior/posterior displacements, and elliptical area. Functional tests from the LADEG protocol assessed autonomy, including a 10m walk, getting up from seated/prone positions, moving around, and dressing/undressing. The results showed that women who took longer to get up from the prone position had greater mean amplitudes of lateral and posterior displacements and a larger elliptical area, indicating greater instability. This suggests that balance is correlated with functional tasks requiring rising from the floor in sedentary elderly women.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of consuming alkaline bottled water (AK water) on markers of hydration and acid-base balance. The study involved having young healthy adults consume either a placebo water or AK water daily for two weeks, while collecting urine and blood samples throughout. The goal was to see if AK water consumption would increase urine and blood pH, indicating improved acid-base balance. Physical activity and diet were also monitored, as these can influence acid-base balance. The results could provide insight into whether regularly drinking alkaline water provides health benefits related to acid-base balance.
Cold water inmersion reduces anaerobic performanceFernando Farias
Many athletes compete in multiple events on the
same day such as heats and semifinals or round
robin competitions. Under these circumstances,
effective recovery is essential to ensure optimal
performance in a subsequent event or match. A
variety of recovery techniques exist including
cryotherapy (cold water immersion/ice baths,
ice massage, ice packs), whirlpool therapy, mas-
sage and contrast therapy.
This document discusses hydration and thermoregulation during exercise. It provides definitions of key terms like dehydration, hypohydration, and hyperhydration. It describes fluid distribution in the body and mechanisms of sodium and water absorption. Negative feedback systems help regulate blood volume and osmolality. Hypohydration can negatively impact thermoregulation during exercise by reducing sweat production and skin blood flow. Both hyperthermia and hypohydration should be prevented by drinking adequate fluids before, during, and after exercise. Overdrinking can also cause a dangerous condition called exercise-associated hyponatremia.
This study investigated the effects of intravenous (IV) versus oral rehydration on physiological responses and performance during exercise in the heat. Eight endurance-trained cyclists underwent dehydration of 4% body weight, then were rehydrated with either no fluid (control), oral fluid, or IV fluid over 20 minutes. They then cycled at 70% VO2max in heat until exhaustion. Exercise time was longer after oral or IV rehydration compared to control, but similar between oral and IV. Certain physiological parameters were better maintained with oral rehydration during exercise. While no significant performance difference was found between oral and IV rehydration, trends suggest oral rehydration may be advantageous for elite athletes.
The study surveyed 198 Greek students aged 15-17 years on their physical activity levels using the stages of change model. The majority (63%) were physically active in stages 4 or 5, with 53% in stage 5 having maintained an active lifestyle for over 6 months. Boys showed higher activity levels than girls at 75% versus 54%. Younger students (1st grade) had higher activity levels than older students (78% versus 50% for 3rd grade). Thus, inactivity seemed more pronounced among girls and older students. The researchers concluded that physical activity programs and services should emphasize girls and older students more prone to inactivity.
Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated...Fernando Farias
There were
no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions. Seated cold water
immersion was associated with lower DOMS than standing cold water immersion (effect size = 1.86; P = 0.001). These
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Educational intervation on water intake impoves hyration status and enhances performance in athletic youth
1. 684
Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status
and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth
S. A. Kavouras, G. Arnaoutis, M. Makrillos, C. Garagouni, E. Nikolaou, O. Chira, E. Ellinikaki, L. S. Sidossis
Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
Corresponding author: Stavros A. Kavouras, PhD, FACSM, Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of
Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17671 Athens, Greece. Tel:130210-9549173,
Fax:130210-9549141, E-mail: skav@hua.gr
Accepted for publication 10 January 2011
We aimed to evaluate whether an intervention program
emphasizing in increased fluid intake can improve exercise
performance in children exercising in the heat. Ninety-two
young athletes participated in the study (age: 13.8 Æ 0.4
years, weight: 54.9 Æ 1.5 kg). Thirty-one (boys: 13, girls:
18) children served as the control group (CON) and 61
(boys: 30, girls: 31) as the intervention (INT). Volunteers
had free access to fluids. Hydration was assessed on the
basis of first morning urine. A series of field tests were used
to evaluate exercise performance. All tests occurred out-
doors in the morning (mean ambient temperature 5 28 1C).
After baseline testing, INT attended a lecture on hydration,
and urine color charts were mounted in all bathrooms.
Additionally, water accessibility was facilitated in training,
dining and resting areas. Hydration status was improved
significantly in the INT [USG: pre 5 1.031 Æ 0.09,
post 5 1.023 Æ 0.012, Po0.05; urine osmolality (mOsm/
kg water): pre 5 941 Æ 30, post 5 782 Æ 34, Po0.05], while
no statistically significant changes were found in the CON
[USG: pre 5 1.033 Æ 0.011, post 5 1.032 Æ 0.013, P4
0.05; urine osmolality (mOsm/kg water) 970 Æ 38 vs
961 Æ 38, P40.05]. Performance in an endurance run was
improved significantly only in INT (time for 600 m:
pre 5 189 Æ 5 s, post 5 167 Æ 4 s, Po0.05). Improving hy-
dration status by ad libitum consumption of water can
enhance performance in young children exercising in the
heat.
Water and electrolyte balance are critical for the
function of all organs and indeed, for maintaining
health in general. It has been shown that losses as
small as 2% of body weight (BW) increase signifi-
cantly physiologic strain (Gonzalez-Alonso et al.,
1995), decrease exercise performance (Montain &
Coyle, 1992; Gonzalez-Alonso et al., 1997) and
hinder the thermoregulatory advantages conferred
by high aerobic fitness (Cadarette et al., 1984) and
heat acclimatization (Sawka et al., 1983).
It has been also documented that even when water
or sports drink availability is present, inadequate
fluid intake during exercise under warm conditions is
disadvantageous for both children and adults (Bar-
Or et al., 1980; Meyer et al., 1995). Early studies have
indicated that children usually exhibit lower maximal
aerobic capacity, higher adiposity and less sweat than
do adults when exercising in warm environments,
due to their greater body surface area-to-mass ratio,
which in turn leads to faster heat absorption from the
environment when ambient temperature exceeds skin
temperature (Epstein et al., 1983; Falk et al.,
1992a, b; Marino et al., 2000). This fact limits their
reliance in evaporative heat loss (Meyer et al., 1992).
Furthermore, children, similar to adults, do not
drink enough to adequately replace water losses
under warm conditions and exhibit hypohydration
even when fluids are provided ad libitum, a phenom-
enon described as involuntary dehydration (Bar-Or
et al., 1980; Greenleaf, 1992; Wilk & Bar-Or, 1996).
However, contrary to the aforementioned observa-
tions, current research information fails to indicate
thermoregulatory differences in the heat between
children and adults, demonstrating that data in this
specific field are not entirely clear (Falk & Dotan,
2008; Rowland, 2008).
Furthermore, little information is available con-
cerning the capacity of children exercising in the heat.
The majority of the research to date has been per-
formed in sedentary non-acclimatized children under
controlled environments (Bar-Or et al., 1980; Meyer
et al., 1995; Wilk & Bar-Or, 1996; Iuliano et al.,
1998). Additionally, there is a lack of studies investi-
gating the relationship between the hydration status
of children and their physical performance in free-
living situations. To our knowledge, the relation of
Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Terms
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Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 & 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01296.x
2012: 22: 684–689
2. 685
Water intake and endurance performance
hydration status in children exercising in free-living
situations has not been investigated systematically
(Wilk et al., 2007; Rivera-Brown et al., 2008). A
recent work by McDermott et al. (2009) showed
that children arrived at a football camp hypohydrated
and maintained this condition throughout their stay
leading to impaired recovery and subsequent perfor-
mance. The educational intervention used did not
reveal a clear change in hydration status.
It was hypothesized that facilitation of water
intake will lead to significant enhancement in the
field tests. Therefore, the purpose of the present
study was to investigate the effect of a nutrition
intervention program emphasizing water consump-
tion on the prevention of dehydration, and in addi-
tion, study the effects of hydration improvement in
the physical performance of young athletes.
Materials and methods
Data collection occurred in a summer training camp during
two consecutive 5 days in Loutraki, Greece during August
2007. A total of 92 young trained volleyball or basketball
athletes participated in the study; their physiological charac-
teristics are presented in Table 1. In the first week, 31 children
(boys: 13, girls: 18) served as the control group (CON) and at
the second week 61 children (boys: 30, girls: 31) served as the
intervention group (INT). Although this study design, where
two completely separate sets of youths were used, may have
had some limitations concerning the between-week differences
in environmental factors however, this was unavoidable due to
all the extra hydration info provided in the INT group. The
study was approved by the University human subjects com-
mittee and all volunteers and their parents were informed
about the nature of the study and gave informed written
consent. All subjected were healthy, active individuals and
trained regularly at least for 2 years (at mean: three times per
week) and had a normal BMI for age, according to Cole
criteria (Cole et al., 2007). A medical history questionnaire
was used to exclude participant with conditions that could
affect the interpretation of our data, including:
Evidence of clinically relevant cardiovascular, hematologic,
hepatic, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, endocrine or psy-
chiatric history of disease.
Surgical operation on digestive tract, except possible appen-
dectomy.
Regular drug treatment within 15 days before start of the study.
Inability to participate in the entire study.
Protocol
The daily program in the camp consisted of an early morning
workout, a mid-day rest and an evening training. Hydration
status was assessed in the morning of the second (pre) and
fourth (post) day of the camp (08:00 hours) based on the first
morning urine sample and BW was also measured. After a
standardized breakfast-snack, a specific warm-up was per-
formed, including mainly light running and basic stretching
exercises. Afterward, children were divided into groups and
performed a series of field performance tests randomly: 600 m
maximum running test, 30 m maximum sprint running test,
vertical jump and a skill test for volley ball and basketball.
Vertical jump was measured by getting the children to reach
up against a flat wall, with a flat surface under their feet and
mark off the highest point they could reach flat-footed
(standing height). Then, they were instructed to complete
three jumps from a squatting position, marking off the highest
point they could reach. The distance between the two marks
(standing height vs highest point) was measured and served as
their vertical jump. The skill test in volleyball was the number
of successful service out of five trials that will reach a specific
metal rectangular target (130 Â 78 Â 68 cm) on the opposite
part of the court. For basketball, the skill test consisted of the
number of point scored in five consecutive free throws from
the keyhole. Heart rate was measured during the tests with
telemetry and it was recorded immediately after the end of the
600 m and 30 m run. The performance tests were performed
only in the second and fourth day of the children’s stay in the
camp, without any earlier familiarization, in order to avoid
any biased results due to learning effect. The environmental
temperatures for days 2 and 4 for the control group were 27.0
and 29.0 1C and wet bulb temperature (WBGT) 21.5 and
20.0 1C, respectively, while for the intervention group envir-
onmental temperatures were 29.0 1C for day 2 and 28 1C for
day 4, while WBGT was 20.0 and 21 1C, respectively. Statis-
tical comparisons between WBGT values for both groups did
not reveal any significant differences.
Bottled water (Volvics
, Puy De Dome, France) was dis-
tributed to all camp facilities, while kids had free access to the
camp’s cafeteria, which also provided sport and soft drinks.
Nevertheless, according to a specific Food Frequency Ques-
tionnaire that was provided, most of the children were drink-
ing mainly water.
Hydration assessment
Hydration status was assessed from first morning urine samples
based on urine specific gravity (USG) and urine osmolality
(Uosm). Cut off point for euhydration was based on
USGo1.020 and Uosmo700 mOsm/kg water, according to
the ACSM position statement (Sawka et al., 2007). USG was
measured with a table-based refractometer (Gast Manufactur-
ing Inc., Benton Harbor, Michigan, USA). Urine osmolality
was measured in duplicate, by freezing point depression (3D3
Advanced Osmometer, Advanced Instruments Inc., Norwood,
Massachusetts, USA). A modified version of the environmental
symptom questionnaire (Sampson Kobrick, 1980) was used
at the end of the performance tests both pre- and post-
intervention. An exit camp questionnaire was also provided
on day 5 in order to assess volunteers perception regarding their
fluid intake and practical issues related to fluid access.
Intervention plan
Following the second day evaluation in the control group, no
instructions or feedback was given to the kids, but they had
free access to fluids as they do during typical workouts or
Table 1. Physiological characteristics of the study participants
Characteristics n 5 92 CON 5 31 INT 5 61
Age (years) 13.8 Æ 4.2 13.2 Æ 2.3 14.0 Æ 4.8
Gender (men/women) 43/49 13/18 30/31
Weight (kg) 54.9 Æ 13.7 55.75 Æ 2.5 54.5 Æ 13.7
Height (cm) 164 Æ 13.9 165 Æ 14.8 163.1 Æ 13.4
Body fat (%) 19.2 Æ 7.3 18.8 Æ 7.4 19.4 Æ 7.2
Values are means Æ SE.
3. 686
Kavouras et al.
games. In the intervention group following the hydration
assessment and the performance testing, the athletes
participated in an intervention program that consisted of the
following:
One-hour lecture on hydration and its benefits, during which
subjects were given instructions for maintaining optimal
hydration. Verbal and written key points for maintenance of
good hydration status were also provided.
The urine color chart (Armstrong et al., 1994, 1998) was
explained and color copies were mounted in all bathrooms of
the camp facilities.
Improved water accessibility throughout the facilities of the
sports camp, in training, dining and rest areas with bottles of
water placed everywhere.
During some of the workouts, athletes were weighted before
and after with minimal clothing to identify fluid losses during
the workouts, while no instructions were given.
The control group had exactly the same conditions except
that no educational intervention was provided.
Authorized persons performed data entry in a blind fashion
using a personal computer equipped with statistical software
SPSS 16. For purposes of data control, a second, authorized
person re-entered the data; and then, a computerized cross-
control was performed to assess data conformity. Once data
conformity was achieved, the data were considered clean and
ready for analysis. Data are presented as mean Æ SE or
frequencies. A two-way analysis of variance model was used
to check differences between the two groups and over time
(pre- and post-intervention) in normally distributed data.
Normality was tested by the Shapiro–Wilk test. For non-
normally distributed variables, their log-transformation was
used to test differences. Differences in demographic character-
istics as well as changes between groups were tested by one-
way analysis of variance. A type I error of 0.05 or less was the
threshold for statistical significance.
Results
The 92 young trained volleyball and basketball
athletes participated in the study, were separated in
two groups, the control (CON) (age 13.3 Æ 0.4 years,
weight 55.7 Æ 2.5 kg, height 1.66 Æ 0.25 m and body
fat 18.9 Æ 1.5%) and the intervention (INT) group
(age 14.1 Æ 0.6 years, weight 54.5 Æ 1.8 kg, height
1.63 Æ 0.73 m and body fat 19.4 Æ 1.3%). Non sta-
tistical significance was found between the character-
istics of the study participants. Hydration assessment
showed that based on the USG criteria (o1.020),
96.7% (30 out of 31) and 91.7% (56 out of 61) of the
CON and INT group, respectively, were dehydrated
on the second day of the camp. At the fourth day,
96.7% (30 out of 31) and 66.1% (40 out of 61) of the
CON and INT group, respectively, were classified as
dehydrated. The data showed that a significantly
smaller percent of subjects was classified as dehy-
drated as a response of the intervention (P 5 0.003)
(Fig. 1).
As shown in Fig. 2, when dehydration was assessed
based on the urine osmolality (4700 mOsm/kg
water), then 90.3% (28 out of 31) and 83.3% (51
Fig. 1. Urine specific gravity (USG) before and after the
intervention in the control and intervention group.
*Statistically significant difference between pre and post in
each group.
Fig. 2. Urine osmolality before and after the intervention in
the control and intervention group. *Statistically significant
difference between pre and post in each group.
out of 61) of the CON and INT group, respectively,
were dehydrated before the intervention (second
day). As a response to the intervention, the percen-
tage of the subjects that were classified as dehydrated
in the INT group decreased to 62.1% (P 5 0.005),
while there was no difference in the CON group
(90.0%).
Table 2 presents the results in the performance
tests performed by the children. Endurance perfor-
mance in the 600 m running test was improved only
in INT [pre: 189 Æ 5 s, post: 167 Æ 4 s (P 5 0.009)]
while no differences were found in the heart rate
immediately after the test [pre: 191 Æ 1 bpm, post:
190 Æ 1 bpm (P40.05)]. No differences were found
between the pre and post intervention in both of the
groups in sprint performance and vertical jump. Skill
test score for the CON group was 1.48 Æ 1.0 and
1.48 Æ 1.17, pre and post, respectively (P40.05). For
the INT group, the same score was 1.50 Æ 1.0 and
1.55 Æ 1.0, pre and post, respectively (P40.05).
At the end of the camp, athletes were asked
different questions related to self-perception of the
hydration. The results presented in Table 3, were
reported to a score ranging from 1 to 10 (1 5 very
4. 687
Water intake and endurance performance
bad, 5 5 ok, 10 5 great job) for the CON and
INT group. From the environmental symptoms
questionnaire, no differences were found among the
groups in symptoms related to heat or dehydration.
Discussion
The main finding of the study was that a relative
simple but comprehensive intervention program
proved successful for enhancing hydration status
over just a 2-day period. Additionally, the improve-
ment of hydration status through ad libitum water
intake, in free-living young athletes training in the
heat, led to significant increases in endurance exercise
performance.
To our knowledge, this research is the first field
study which finds enhanced performance related to
hydration status in the rarely studied youth popula-
tion. A possible explanation for this improvement in
endurance performance time, taking into considera-
tion the fact that no differences were found in the
heart rate immediately after the 600 m performance
test, is that stroke volume was better preserved,
consequently cardiac output was maintained and as
a final result, aerobic capacity was significantly im-
proved. These conclusions are in accordance with the
results by Gonzalez-Alonso et al. (2000). Interest-
ingly in a recent study, significantly greater heart rate
was observed in dehydrated athletes at the end of
submaximal or 10 and 20 min after the maximal trail
running (Casa et al., 2010). However, in the present
study the duration of the performance test was
shorter and more intense inducing in both trials the
same, near maximal, heart rate. Similarly with Casa
et al. (2010), no differences in heart rate during
exercise were found during maximal exercise.
Furthermore, although the improvement observed
in performance time could be influenced by a learn-
ing effect from the first trial, no performance en-
hancement was revealed in the control group,
supporting the finding of this investigation.
The high incidence of dehydration observed during
the summer camp, pointed out by the USG and
Uosm values on the baseline measurements, is in
accordance with the values measured by two indica-
tive studies, which found consistently high baseline
USG values of young soccer players, resulting in the
fact that athletes showed up to practice in a hypohy-
drated state (Stover et al., 2006; Kotsis et al., 2007).
These high values indicate that for the exercising
children, education concerning the deleterious effects
of dehydration and the possibility of heat injuries
during exercise and on the other hand, the beneficial
effects of optimal hydration status should be a
priority at camps, games and practices.
However, the intervention program that was used
through the lectures concerning the importance of
good hydration on health and the free access to fluids
resulted in a significant decline in the percentage of
the dehydrated children in the intervention group. In
a recent study, it was concluded that the provision of
two 591 mL bottles of water or sport drink, one
consumed between dinner and sleep and the other
before morning training, is a simple method which
leads to significant improvement to the hydration
status of high-school football players, as indicated by
USG values (Stover et al., 2006). Therefore, inter-
vention to teach and facilitation of hydration acces-
sibility, along with simple and realistic hydration
strategies will benefit youths exercising at summer
camps.
There is a plethora of investigations examining
fluid intake before, during and after training and
competition that have suggested that a lack of
adequate fluid intake impairs or decreases physical
performance (Sawka et al., 1983; Cadarette
et al.,1984; Montain Coyle, 1992; Gonzalez-
Alonso et al., 1995, 1997; Armstrong et al., 1997;
Maughan, 2003). To our knowledge, no study until
now has examined the effect of hydration status on
endurance performance in children. From the data
Table 2. Performance tests
Test CONpre CONpost % change INTpre INTpost % change
600 m (s) 186 Æ 10 177 Æ 5 À 7.7 Æ 2.2 189 Æ 5 167 Æ 4* À 12.7 Æ 1.5
30 m (s) 5.6 Æ 0.1 5.6 Æ 0.1 0.74 Æ 1.06 5.7 Æ 0.5 5.6 Æ 0.6 À 1.07 Æ 0.72
Vertical jump (cm) 26.3 Æ 1.5 25.3 Æ 1.8 À 0.9 Æ 1.05 25.0 Æ 1.0 24.6 Æ 1.1 À 0.4 Æ 1.10
Skill test 1.5 Æ 1.0 1.5 Æ 1.2 0.4 Æ 0.9 1.5 Æ 1.0 1.6 Æ 1.0 0.9 Æ 0.3
Values are means Æ SE. *Statistically significant difference between pre and post.
Table 3. Hydration awareness questionnaire scores
Questions CON INT
Do you think you did a good job keeping
yourself hydrated during the camp?
8.2 Æ 2.4 9.0 Æ 1.9
Did the camp encourage hydration? 7.2 Æ 3.0 9.3 Æ 1.6
Did the camp allow you time to drink? 8.4 Æ 2.4 9.9 Æ 1.9
Were fluids readily accessible at the camp? 9.4 Æ 1.7 9.5 Æ 1.9
Was there anything that prevented you
from hydrating during the camp?
0.2 Æ 0.4 0.04 Æ 0.2
Values are means Æ SE.
5. 688
Kavouras et al.
presented, it is documented that free accessibility in
water and education concerning the benefits of
optimal hydration status, which in turn increased
the consumption of fluids, led to a significant im-
provement to the endurance test (600 m) performed
by children.
Nevertheless, no significant differences were ob-
served between the two groups in sprint perfor-
mance, vertical jump and skill tests. In a review by
Maughan (2003), it is shown that muscle strength
and sprint performance appear to remain relatively
unaffected under hypohydration state, explaining in
part the observed non-significant results in sprint
performance and vertical jump. However, Shirreffs
et al. (2004) suggests that mild dehydration reduces
the subjective perception of alertness and ability to
concentrate.
Finally, in the present study it was observed that
the subjects in both the control and the intervention
group were in a hypohydrated state throughout their
stay in the summer camp. Even though, most of the
athletes in the control group and in the intervention
group remained dehydrated they perceived that were
doing good job staying hydrated (8.2 out of 10). In
accordance with the results by a recent study, the
children in the camp generally recognized whether
they were doing a good or a bad job hydrating
(Decher et al., 2008). However, they established a
lack of transforming the hydration knowledge into
effective hydration strategies. At last, it is important
to mention the lack of any significant differences
through the environmental symptoms questionnaire,
which was provided, probably due to the fact that it
depicts incidence and severity of symptoms produced
by exposure to extreme climatic conditions (Sampson
Kobrick, 1980).
Perspectives
Few studies have investigated the capacity of chil-
dren exercising in the heat and the relationship of
their hydration status and performance. In the pre-
sent study, we demonstrated that the improvement in
hydration status, through an educational interven-
tion led to significant enhancement in endurance
performance in exercising children. It is obvious
that continued efforts must be made by coaches,
camp staff and athletes, in order to educate the
youths toward the benefits of optimal hydration
state, the development of more efficient hydration
strategies and the methods of assessing and monitor-
ing their hydration status.
Key words: urine specific gravity, fluid ingestion, sport
camp, hydration state, dehydration, children, environ-
mental symptoms questionnaire.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by Danone Research, Daniel Car-
asso Research Centre, France. No conflict of interest or any
financial disclosure exists.
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