Overview of financial system and structure slides ppt
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This document provides an overview of the financial system, including: 1. Financial markets exist to channel funds from savers to borrowers like firms and governments through direct or indirect finance. 2. Financial intermediaries help reduce transaction and information costs that make direct lending difficult. 3. Financial markets can be categorized as debt/equity, primary/secondary, exchange-traded/over-the-counter, and money/capital markets based on key features.
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2) The housing bubble burst as home prices declined after peaking in 2006, increasing foreclosures.
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For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
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The document discusses exchange rate determination and factors that influence exchange rates. It defines exchange rates as the price of one currency in terms of another, and explains that exchange rates are determined by the relative demand and supply of the currencies. Exchange rates can appreciate or depreciate based on relative inflation rates, interest rates, income levels, and expectations between countries, as well as government controls and speculative activities in foreign exchange markets. The document provides examples of how a bank can profit by borrowing one currency at a lower interest rate and lending it at a higher interest rate based on anticipated exchange rate movements.
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INTRODUCTION
- The takaful system is still in the process of evolving and expanding.
- Similar to Islamic banking industry, Takaful is also subjected to many issues.
- The issues arise may affect the growth and development of Takaful industry.
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Question : “Should qard be given from shareholders’ fund in
order to cover the deficit of the risk fund?”
Answer :
- S 95 of IFSA stated that it is compulsory to provide Qard in the event of deficit of the risk fund.
- On the basis to solve the solvency issue and to ensure the longevity of Takaful operator.
ISSUE 2 : MRRT COVERAGE FOR CONVENTIONAL HOUSING LOAN
Question : “Is it Shariah compliant for Takaful operator to cover MRTT for conventional housing loan?”
Answer : Permissible, as long as the MRTT coverage only cover the principal amount and not the interest amount.
CONCLUSION
- The takaful system is still in the process of evolving with a number of issues raised by various Shariah scholars.
- It is important to eliminate or reduce all the issues that may affect the development of Takaful industry.
- Therefore, more discussion with regard to the takaful issues should be done.
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The document discusses primary markets and the process of issuing securities through an initial public offering (IPO). It describes how companies can raise funds through public offers, rights issues, follow-on offers, and private placements in the primary market. The steps of an IPO include appointing merchant bankers, drafting a prospectus, fulfilling regulatory norms, marketing the issue, and listing the securities on a stock exchange. Requirements for listing include minimum market capitalization, issue size, and post-issue paid up capital. The document outlines various pricing methods and guidelines for listing on an exchange.
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Links to Video’s in the ppt
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This document provides information on working capital management. It discusses key concepts related to working capital such as net working capital, gross working capital, and approaches to financing working capital. The conservative, aggressive, and matching approaches are explained. Components of working capital like cash, inventory, debtors, and creditors are also summarized. Techniques for managing these components like economic order quantity, stock levels, and cash management models are outlined as well.
Instruments of financial markets
This document provides an overview of financial instruments. It defines a financial instrument as a real or virtual document representing a legal agreement involving monetary value. Financial instruments can be divided into cash instruments, which are directly influenced by markets, and derivative instruments, which derive their value from underlying assets. The main types are debt-based instruments like bonds and equity-based instruments like stocks. Financial markets allow these instruments to be traded, providing liquidity, sharing risk, and communicating information to promote economic efficiency. Financial institutions help resources flow through the financial system by specializing in issuing standardized securities and screening borrowers.
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The document provides an overview of the financial system, covering characteristics of financial instruments, functions of financial markets and intermediaries, and the classification of intermediaries. It describes liquidity, risk, and yield as key characteristics of instruments. Financial markets channel funds from savers to borrowers through direct and indirect finance. Intermediaries help reduce information problems like adverse selection and moral hazard.
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Monetary policy Presentations
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India that controls the country's monetary policy and the rupee. RBI was established in 1935 and plays an important role in the government's development strategies. As India's monetary authority, RBI supervises the financial system, issues currency, manages foreign exchange reserves, acts as a bank and debt manager to the government, and performs developmental functions through research and data sharing. RBI uses various monetary policy tools like open market operations, bank rates, cash reserve ratios, and liquidity ratios to regulate money supply and achieve objectives like low inflation and economic growth.
FUNCTIONS OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
i. Financial markets play an important role in connecting investors with savings to industries and companies that need funding. They allow for the efficient allocation of resources in the economy.
ii. Financial markets make available various financial instruments that investors can use to invest their savings according to their preferences and risk tolerance. This facilitates productive investment of funds.
iii. The interaction of buyers and sellers in financial markets determines the price of securities and helps discover market prices for financial assets. This price discovery allows for efficient markets.
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Liability-side liquidity risk arises when a financial institution's (FI's) depositors withdraw funds immediately. This can be addressed through purchased liquidity management, where the FI borrows funds, or stored liquidity management, where it sells assets. Asset-side liquidity risk occurs when borrowers draw on loan commitments, requiring the FI to fund new loans immediately using similar approaches. Overall, purchased liquidity allows an FI to maintain its asset size but at a higher funding cost, while stored liquidity contracts both sides of the balance sheet but avoids new interest costs.
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The document provides an overview of the subprime mortgage crisis, including:
1) It explains what subprime and prime loans are and defines what a crisis is.
2) The housing bubble burst as home prices declined after peaking in 2006, increasing foreclosures.
3) This sent a shock through the financial system as investment banks and other institutions incurred major losses on mortgage-backed securities.
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The document discusses currency derivatives, including forward contracts, futures contracts, and options. It provides details on:
- How forward contracts allow corporations to lock in future exchange rates for currency exchanges.
- How futures contracts standardize currency amounts and settlement dates for exchange on an futures exchange.
- The types of currency options (calls and puts) and how their values are determined by the relationship between the strike price and spot rate.
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This document discusses the term structure of interest rates and how interest rates vary based on the maturity of financial instruments. It introduces three theories that attempt to explain the term structure:
1. Liquidity premium theory: Short-term rates are lower due to higher liquidity of short-term instruments.
2. Segmented market theory: Interest rates are determined separately in different maturity markets based on supply and demand.
3. Expectations theory: Investors consider expected future rates, so rates adjust to equalize returns across strategies of different maturities. Equilibrium occurs when rates on all maturities are consistent with expectations.
TOOLS OF MONETARY POLICY
The document discusses various tools of monetary policy used in India, including cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), repo rate, reverse repo rate, bank rate, and prime lending rate. CRR is the minimum amount of deposits that banks must maintain as reserves with the central bank. SLR is the minimum amount of deposits that must be maintained as approved securities like cash or gold. Repo and reverse repo rates are the interest rates at which the central bank lends to and borrows from commercial banks. The bank rate is the interest rate at which the central bank lends to commercial banks without collateral.
Factoring
Factoring is the sale of accounts receivable (book debts) by a firm to a financial institution called a factor. The factor provides upfront cash payment for the receivables, usually 80%, and assumes responsibility for collecting payment from customers and managing credit risk. Factoring provides firms with working capital and credit protection. It involves three main parties - the client firm, its customers, and the financial institution factor. Factoring has grown in importance globally as a source of trade financing and working capital for businesses.
Financial system
For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
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The document discusses exchange rate determination and factors that influence exchange rates. It defines exchange rates as the price of one currency in terms of another, and explains that exchange rates are determined by the relative demand and supply of the currencies. Exchange rates can appreciate or depreciate based on relative inflation rates, interest rates, income levels, and expectations between countries, as well as government controls and speculative activities in foreign exchange markets. The document provides examples of how a bank can profit by borrowing one currency at a lower interest rate and lending it at a higher interest rate based on anticipated exchange rate movements.
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This document compares and contrasts money markets and capital markets. It defines money markets as markets for short-term debt instruments with maturities of 1 year or less, like treasury bills and commercial paper, while capital markets deal in longer term securities like stocks, bonds and debentures. Key differences include money markets focusing on liquidity and short-term borrowing needs, while capital markets help raise long term financing for businesses and infrastructure. Risk is also generally lower in money markets due to shorter durations, while returns are higher in capital markets. Both play important roles in channeling funds between lenders and borrowers in an economy.
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This document discusses risk aversion and risk management by individuals and corporations. It defines risk aversion as preferring a certain outcome over an uncertain outcome with the same expected value. It also defines risk-averse, risk-neutral, and risk-loving attitudes. The document then discusses how corporations manage counterparty risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk to deal with uncertainty.
The global financial crisis 2008
The Global Financial Crisis was caused by expanded lending to subprime borrowers in the US housing market who struggled to repay their loans, spreading losses to financial institutions globally through interconnected credit markets. The crisis impacted developing countries through lower exports due to reduced demand from industrial nations and less foreign investment as risk appetite declined. Central banks addressed the crisis through liquidity injections and government rescue plans, while major banks consolidated to avoid bankruptcy.
Issues In Takaful (Malaysia)
INTRODUCTION
- The takaful system is still in the process of evolving and expanding.
- Similar to Islamic banking industry, Takaful is also subjected to many issues.
- The issues arise may affect the growth and development of Takaful industry.
ISSUE 1 : QARD FOR RISK FUND
Question : “Should qard be given from shareholders’ fund in
order to cover the deficit of the risk fund?”
Answer :
- S 95 of IFSA stated that it is compulsory to provide Qard in the event of deficit of the risk fund.
- On the basis to solve the solvency issue and to ensure the longevity of Takaful operator.
ISSUE 2 : MRRT COVERAGE FOR CONVENTIONAL HOUSING LOAN
Question : “Is it Shariah compliant for Takaful operator to cover MRTT for conventional housing loan?”
Answer : Permissible, as long as the MRTT coverage only cover the principal amount and not the interest amount.
CONCLUSION
- The takaful system is still in the process of evolving with a number of issues raised by various Shariah scholars.
- It is important to eliminate or reduce all the issues that may affect the development of Takaful industry.
- Therefore, more discussion with regard to the takaful issues should be done.
Primary market
The document discusses primary markets and the process of issuing securities through an initial public offering (IPO). It describes how companies can raise funds through public offers, rights issues, follow-on offers, and private placements in the primary market. The steps of an IPO include appointing merchant bankers, drafting a prospectus, fulfilling regulatory norms, marketing the issue, and listing the securities on a stock exchange. Requirements for listing include minimum market capitalization, issue size, and post-issue paid up capital. The document outlines various pricing methods and guidelines for listing on an exchange.
Asset Liability Management in India Banks
This presentations chalks out in detail information about ALM in Indian Bank. It starts with the basics of Balance sheet; applicability of ALM in real life; Evolution and then starts with main topics of ALM like structured statement; Liquidity risk, its management; currency risk and finally ends with Interest Risk management.
Links to Video’s in the ppt
Balance Sheet
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/balancesheet.asp
NII/NIM
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/netinterestmargin.asp
www.abhijeetdeshmukh.com
6.currency and interest rate futures
This document provides information on currency and interest rate futures contracts. It discusses key features of futures contracts including standardized contracts, clearing houses, margin requirements and daily mark to market. It also compares futures to forward contracts. Several global futures exchanges are listed and contract specifications for British pound and Japanese yen futures contracts on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange are provided.
Financial management 3
This document provides information on working capital management. It discusses key concepts related to working capital such as net working capital, gross working capital, and approaches to financing working capital. The conservative, aggressive, and matching approaches are explained. Components of working capital like cash, inventory, debtors, and creditors are also summarized. Techniques for managing these components like economic order quantity, stock levels, and cash management models are outlined as well.
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2. Risk Involved: Capital Market investments typically carry higher risks and returns compared to the Money Market, which involves lower-risk, short-term investments.
3. Maturity Period: Capital Market investments have longer maturity periods, often several years, while Money Market instruments have very short maturity period ranging from a few days to under a year.
Financial markets and institutions ITM3
Financial markets and institutions perform several key functions:
1) They channel funds from economic units with surplus funds to units with deficits through borrowing and lending.
2) They determine the prices of financial assets through trading in primary and secondary markets.
3) They facilitate the exchange of funds by providing information to market participants and helping manage risks.
Money Market and its objectives, importance its Instruments,
The money market is where short-term financial assets are traded, with maturities of one year or less. It involves the buying and selling of debt instruments between banks, corporations, governments and other financial institutions. Key instruments of the money market include treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit and floating rate notes. The money market operates through various submarkets and provides short-term funding for participants to meet liquidity needs and manage surplus funds.
Introduction To Financial System.pptx
The financial system comprises financial markets, intermediaries, and institutions that facilitate the flow of funds between lenders and borrowers. It performs the essential function of channeling savings from those with surplus funds to those who need to borrow. Financial intermediaries such as banks, insurers, and investment funds accept deposits or payments from lenders and invest or lend those funds to borrowers. A variety of financial instruments representing obligations to pay are used to transfer funds and allocate resources efficiently within the system.
Indian-financial-system (1)
The document defines finance and financial systems. It discusses the functions of money, different measures of money supply, and the roles of money lending, capital formation, and investment in the financial system. It also describes the evolution of financial systems from more rudimentary to indirect systems, the key components and markets within financial systems, and the functions of financial intermediaries, markets, and instruments.
Financial Market: A Brief overview
This document provides an overview of finance and financial markets. It defines finance as the study of allocating scarce resources over time in an environment of uncertainty. The financial system allows for the transfer of funds from surplus units like savers to deficit units like businesses through markets and intermediaries. Well-functioning financial markets are important for economic growth by facilitating the flow of capital from investors to users of capital. The document describes different types of financial markets including money markets, capital markets, primary and secondary markets, spot and forward markets, and derivatives markets.
Financial institutions
This document defines key finance terms and provides an overview of financial institutions, markets, instruments, and services. It discusses the classification of public and private finance as well as external and internal finance sources. Financial institutions are categorized as banking and non-banking, and financial markets are classified as primary/secondary and money/capital markets. The roles of financial intermediaries in managing assets and liabilities are also summarized, in addition to defining financial innovation.
capital market and money market
This document provides an overview of money markets and capital markets. It defines money markets as markets for short-term loans or financial assets with maturities of one year or less. Capital markets are for longer-term funds exceeding one year. Key differences are discussed, including liquidity, risk level, and the presence of secondary markets.
The document then describes various characteristics of developed money markets, including an organized banking system, presence of a central bank, availability of credit instruments, and integrated interest rates across submarkets. It lists several instruments that make up money markets, such as treasury bills, commercial paper, and call money markets. Recent developments in integrating organized and unorganized sectors are also mentioned.
Education
Financial markets can be classified in several ways, including by maturity, seasoning, timing/delivery, and organizational structure. The money market deals in short-term securities of less than 1 year, while the capital market trades long-term securities over 1 year. Primary markets issue new securities, and secondary markets facilitate subsequent trades of already issued securities. Cash markets require immediate delivery, while forward markets schedule future delivery. Exchange markets operate on organized exchanges, and over-the-counter markets consist of decentralized dealers. Financial instruments include assets like currency, loans, deposits, securities, and shares, as well as commitments and pledged assets.
Financial markets and_interest_rates
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Financial institutions and markets notes as per BPUT syllabus for MBA 2nd sem...
The document provides information on the Indian financial market and its various components. It discusses the money market and capital market as the two main organized financial markets in India. The money market is further divided into unorganized and organized segments. The unorganized segment includes money lenders, indigenous bankers, and chit funds. The organized money market comprises treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, the call money market, and the commercial bill market. The capital market provides long-term finance and consists of the industrial securities market, government securities market, and long-term loans market.
Indian financial system
The document discusses the financial system of India. It describes the key components of the Indian financial system including financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments, and financial services. It provides details about various financial markets such as money markets, capital markets, government securities market, long term loan market, and treasury bills market. It also explains the roles and importance of the financial system in facilitating capital formation and efficient allocation of resources in the economy.
Money market
The document provides an overview of money markets, including key definitions and concepts. Money markets are a segment of the financial market where short-term, highly liquid financial instruments are traded. They allow participants to borrow and lend for short periods ranging from a few days to under a year. Common money market instruments include treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, and banker's acceptances, which are all very short-term, safe investments. Money markets serve important functions like financing trade and industry while also providing investment opportunities.
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Money Market and its objectives, importance its Instruments,
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Overview of financial system and structure slides ppt
- 1. Lecture 2 An Overview of Financial System: Outline A. Methods of channeling funds B. Why Financial Markets exist? C. How to classify financial markets D. Why Financial Intermediaries exist
- 2. The Function of Financial Markets
- 3. Functions of Financial Markets • FM channel funds from savers to firms, govt or other individuals through direct or indirect finance • In direct finance, borrowers sell securities (bonds or shares) to lenders • Indirect financing involves intermediaries
- 4. Why is the channeling function important? • Markets create value: savers get interest rate that they can spend later • Markets create value: investors make profits over and above the interest payments
- 5. Structure of Financial Markets • Financial markets can be categorized using several important features of them • Debt and Equity Markets • Primary and Secondary Markets • Exchanges and over-the-counter markets • Money and capital markets
- 6. Debt and Equity Markets A firm or an individual can obtain funds in a financial market in two ways: A. issue a debt instrument (a bond) Definition: A bond and its Maturity • A bond is a debt security that promises to make payments periodically for a specified period of time until a specified date. • The maturity of a debt instrument is the number of years until that instrument’s expiration date. B. issue equities, such as stocks Definition: A stock (equity) • Stocks (equities) are claims to a share in the net income (income after expenses and taxes) and the assets of a business
- 7. Term Structure of the Debt and Equity A debt instrument is: • short-term, if its maturity is less than a year • long-term, if its maturity is ten years or longer • intermediate-term, if its maturity is between 1 and 10 years Equity instruments are only long-term as they do not have a maturity.
- 8. Primary and Secondary Markets What is a primary market? Definition: • A primary market is a financial market in which new issues of a security, such as a bond or a stock, are sold to initial buyers by the corporation or government agency who wants to borrow funds. What is a secondary market? Definition: • A secondary market is a financial market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold
- 9. Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets Secondary markets are organized in two ways: • Exchanges: where buyers and sellers of securities meet in one central location to conduct trades like stock exchange • Over-the-counter markets: dealers at different locations who have securities and stand ready to sell them. They are usually computer- traded.
- 10. Money and Capital Markets Money markets: a market where short-term securities are traded (maturity less than 1 year like T-bills and Commercial papers) Capital markets: a market where long-term securities are traded – bonds and equity with maturity of more than 1 year
- 11. Why Financial Intermediaries? • Why financial intermediaries exist? • To reduce transaction costs and information costs • Transaction costs • Which means the time and money spent on carrying out financial transactions • TC are major problem for people who have excess funds to lend • In absence of FIs, every lender will need a lawyer to write a contract for him which will be very costly
- 12. Transaction and Information costs • Financial intermediaries can reduce these costs as they have developed expertise in lower them and large size allow them to have economies of scale • For example, one a bank pays a lawyer for one contract and pay him even a higher price for a loan contract, the same contract can be used in many other loan contracts
- 13. Asymmetric Information: Adverse selection and Moral Hazard • Another reason for the presence of financial intermediaries is that one party often does not know enough about the other party to make accurate decision of lending • Asymmetric information means the inequality in the level of information between two parties • For example, a borrower usually have better information about the potential returns and risks of the project for which funds borrowed than the lender does
- 14. Information Problems: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazards • Information asymmetry creates two problems in the financial system on two fronts: – A. Before the transaction is entered into – B. After the transaction • Adverse Selection: Borrowers that can create undesirable outcome will actively seek out a loan and are thus most likely to be selected. Fearing of making a wrong decision, lenders will hesitate even to lend to good borrowers