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This document discusses metal ion transport and storage in biological systems. It outlines the general properties of transport systems like ionophores, ion channels, ion pumps, and carriers. Mechanisms of metal ion storage involve ferritin and metallothionein, which allow organisms to accumulate high intracellular levels of metals without toxicity. Specific metal ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron are discussed in terms of their importance, transport mechanisms, and how concentration gradients are maintained across membranes. Problems associated with metal ion transport include maintaining selectivity to accumulate beneficial ions while excluding toxic ones.
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This document summarizes metal ion transport and storage in biological systems. It discusses the general properties of transport systems like ionophores, ion channels, and ion pumps. Specific mechanisms for transporting ions like sodium, potassium, iron, and calcium are described. Metal storage is achieved through proteins like ferritin and metallothionein. Problems associated with transporting and storing metal ions across membranes are also highlighted.
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Introduction:
Minerals are an integral part of our everyday lives, playing crucial roles in various industries and providing us with essential resources. This PowerPoint report aims to explore the fascinating world of minerals, shedding light on their formation, properties, and applications. Let's embark on a journey to discover the wonders hidden within the Earth's crust.
1. What are Minerals?
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that possess a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are formed through geological processes over millions of years. Minerals can be found in rocks, ores, and even in the soil, and they come in a wide range of colors, shapes, and sizes.
2. Mineral Formation:
Minerals are formed through various processes, including crystallization from magma or lava, precipitation from solution, and metamorphism. The conditions under which minerals form greatly influence their properties. For example, diamonds are formed under intense heat and pressure, while halite (common salt) is formed by the evaporation of seawater.
3. Properties of Minerals:
Each mineral has unique physical and chemical properties that distinguish it from others. Some common properties include hardness, luster, cleavage, streak, and specific gravity. These properties are used to identify minerals and determine their suitability for different applications.
4. Industrial Applications:
Minerals are essential in numerous industries, including construction, electronics, energy, and manufacturing. For instance, quartz is used in the production of glass and electronics, while gypsum is used in construction materials like drywall. Copper, a vital mineral, is extensively used in electrical wiring and plumbing.
5. Economic Significance:
Minerals have significant economic value, contributing to a country's wealth and development. Mineral-rich countries often rely on mining activities to extract and export valuable resources. However, it is important to strike a balance between economic benefits and environmental sustainability.
6. Environmental Impact:
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Title: The Fascinating World of Minerals
Introduction:
Minerals are an integral part of our everyday lives, playing crucial roles in various industries and providing us with essential resources. This PowerPoint report aims to explore the fascinating world of minerals, shedding light on their formation, properties, and applications. Let's embark on a journey to discover the wonders hidden within the Earth's crust.
1. What are Minerals?
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that possess a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are formed through geological processes over millions of years. Minerals can be found in rocks, ores, and even in the soil, and they come in a wide range of colors, shapes, and sizes.
2. Mineral Formation:
Minerals are formed through various processes, including crystallization from magma or lava, precipitation from solution, and metamorphism. The conditions under which minerals form greatly influence their properties. For example, diamonds are formed under intense heat and pressure, while halite (common salt) is formed by the evaporation of seawater.
3. Properties of Minerals:
Each mineral has unique physical and chemical properties that distinguish it from others. Some common properties include hardness, luster, cleavage, streak, and specific gravity. These properties are used to identify minerals and determine their suitability for different applications.
4. Industrial Applications:
Minerals are essential in numerous industries, including construction, electronics, energy, and manufacturing. For instance, quartz is used in the production of glass and electronics, while gypsum is used in construction materials like drywall. Copper, a vital mineral, is extensively used in electrical wiring and plumbing.
5. Economic Significance:
Minerals have significant economic value, contributing to a country's wealth and development. Mineral-rich countries often rely on mining activities to extract and export valuable resources. However, it is important to strike a balance between economic benefits and environmental sustainability.
6. Environmental Impact:
Mining activities can have adverse environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction, water pollution, and soil erosion. Sustainable mining practices and proper reclamation efforts are crucial to mitigate these effects and ensure the long-term health of our ecosystems.
Conclusion:
Minerals are not only beautiful and intriguing but also vital for our modern way of life. From the construction of buildings to the production of electronics, minerals play a fundamental role in various industries. However, it is essential to extract and utilize these resources responsibly, considering both economic benefits and environmental sustainability. By understanding and appreciating the world of minerals, we can make informed decisions to safeguard our planet's resources for future generations.
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This document discusses ion channels, which are protein molecules that span cell membranes and allow passage of ions. Ion channels are essential for neural signaling and functions like generation of action potentials. The document covers the history of ion channels, types of ion channels like voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, calcium channels, ligand-gated channels, and their structure and functions. It also discusses ion channelopathies, diseases caused by mutations in ion channel genes, including epilepsy, muscle disorders, and inherited channelopathies affecting potassium channels.
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Granite is an igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, mica, and usually hornblende. These minerals slowly crystallized as magma cooled below Earth's surface. Rocks are made up of minerals, which are natural solids composed of elements like oxygen and silicon bonded together. The character of a rock depends on the atomic structures and bonding of its minerals. Atoms are the basic building blocks of elements and can bond through ionic or covalent bonds to form minerals, rocks, and the continuous rock cycle.
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This document summarizes various metal ion transport and storage systems in the body. It discusses ionophores, which are molecules that transport metal ions across membranes. It also describes ferritin, which stores iron in a non-toxic form in tissues, and transferrin, a protein carrier that transports iron throughout the body. Additionally, it outlines metallothioneins, cysteine-rich proteins that bind metals to protect cells from toxicity. Finally, it mentions some medicinal applications of metal-containing compounds like cisplatin, which is used as a chemotherapy drug.
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Outlines
- 1. Metal Ion Transport and Storage
- 2. Inorganic chemistry • By Anwish Nawaz Abbasi Bilal Qadeer Kyani Muhammad Ahmed ALI Hamza Tariq
- 3. Outlines • Metal Ions Bioavailability • General Properties of Transport Systems. • Mechanisms of metal ion storage & resistance. • Specific Metal Ions K / Na Fe Ca • Problems of Metal Ion Transport.
- 4. Introduction • Chemical Properties. • Catalyze oxidation & reduction. • Act as Lewis acid in hydrolytic enzymes. eg: Zn • Structural Cofactor. • Problems. • Genetic diseases.
- 5. Metal Ion Bioavailability. • Bioavailability term implies more than just the incidence of an element on Earth and includes its prevalence in environment where life is found. Nickel in the Earth's core. Zinc sulfide in the biosphere. Molybdenum in the ocean
- 6. Bioavailability. • Fe is fourth most abundant element in Earth’s crust. • For mammalian cells, the source of metal ions is the blood plasma.
- 7. General properties of transport systems.
- 8. Ionophores •special carrier molecules that wrap around •metal ions. •Pass through the membrane by diffusion.
- 9. Ion Channels •Large pores in membrane. •Allow to movement of substrate across by diffusion
- 10. Ion pumps Molecules using energy to transport ions in one direction through a membrane. Primary active transport system.
- 11. Carriers •Bind to substrate on one side of membrane. •Confrmatinal change. •Release the substrate on opposite side of membrane.
- 12. Mechanisms for membrane Transport • Passive Transport : • Movement of ions • Due to concentration gradient. • Requiring no energy source. • Ionophores • , Ion channels. • Active Transport : • Movement of ions. • Against the concentration gradient. • Requiring energy from ATP hydrolysis. • Ion pumps.
- 13. Mechanisms of metal ion storage & resistance • Organisms store metal ions. • It have more benefits. • Allow the accumulation of high intacellularLebels of metal ions without the toxic. • Understood • mechanisof metal ion storage are, Ferritin Metallothionein
- 14. Ferritin
- 15. Metallothionein
- 16. Metallothionein cytopalmic • metal • binding protein. • Involved in ion storage & detoxification. • Small ,cysteinerich proteins that bind Zn2+,Cd2+ Cu2+ & cysligands • Found in cyanobacteria,fungi,plants,insects &vertebrates. • Bind metal ions with high affinity.
- 17. Sodium Na+ • Major • cationin human body • Important for • membrane function • Nerve impulses • Muscle contraction • Prevent blood clotting • Present in stomach walls, gallbladder and
- 18. Potassium K+ • Important for • Membrane function • Maintaining osmotic balance • Cofactor in photosynthesis and respiration
- 19. Sodium &Potassium Concentration of [Na+] &[K+] –nside red blood cells [Na+] =0.01M [K+] =0.09M–Outside red blood cells[Na+] =0.16M [K+] =0.01M • Ion pump is required to maintain concentration gradient • Also • Ionphore • Ion channel are used for Na & K ion transport
- 21. Selectivity of the process Depends upon • Differences in ionic radii. • Coulomb forces • Bases stronger than H2O bind preferentially to the hard acid Na • Bases weaker than H2O –bind preferentially to the hard acid K
- 22. Calcium Present in bones, enamel, shells • Important for • Signal pathways • Skeletal material • Maintaining potential difference across membranes • Concentration • Outside cell = 0.001M • Inside cell = 10-7 M
- 23. Calcium Regulaton. Ca is in cytoplasm. • pumped in to sarcoplasmicreticulum (A form of endoplasmic reticulum) • Up to 0.03M • Inside SR Ca is bound by calsequestrin • Hormone induced ion channels releases Ca from SR to muscle cell • Muscle contraction is triggered by sudden release of Ca
- 24. Calcium pump
- 25. Transport & storage problems. Capture of trace ions from the environment • Control the concentration. • Bulk ones present in high concentration. • Trace ones actively accumulated &insoluble. • Selectivity of ion uptake is essential. • Toxic ions excluded. • Beneficial ions accumulated. • Specialized molecules have evolved.
- 26. Transport & storage problems Charged ions pass through a Hydrophobic Membrane. • Neutral gases & low charge density ions move directly but high charge density require help. • Metal ions transport to their location for use & storage. • Release from ligand & storage require additional molecules.