OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
How to approach Patient Diversity in the Medical Environmentflasco_org
Providing a course that is relevant, practical and patient-centered that will positively impact the speed in which entry-level oncology specialists integrate into the oncology practice setting.
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
US Ethnicity and Cancer, Learning from the World (B Blauvelt Innovara)Innovara, Inc.
A presentation on cancer and ethnicity in the United States, and how the US can learn from other countries in regards to cancer control. - by Barri Blauvelt, CEO, Innovara, Inc.
How to approach Patient Diversity in the Medical Environmentflasco_org
Providing a course that is relevant, practical and patient-centered that will positively impact the speed in which entry-level oncology specialists integrate into the oncology practice setting.
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
US Ethnicity and Cancer, Learning from the World (B Blauvelt Innovara)Innovara, Inc.
A presentation on cancer and ethnicity in the United States, and how the US can learn from other countries in regards to cancer control. - by Barri Blauvelt, CEO, Innovara, Inc.
In Latin America, cancer and its control present often stark contrasts—or, in the words of one expert interviewed for this study, “light and shadow”. Rapid change occurs next to stubborn stasis, and substantial progress in some areas is intermingled with still unmet, pressing needs in others.
It is also an issue with growing political salience within the region: past success in the control of communicable diseases has increased the relative profile of non-communicable ones.
This study looks in detail at both the bright spots and the ongoing gaps for Latin American governments as they wrestle with cancer and seek to provide accessible prevention and care to their populations. Its particular focus is on 12 countries in Central and South America chosen for various factors, including their size and level of economic development. These states, referred to as “study countries”, are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. Together they accounted for 92% of cancer incidence and 91% of mortality in Central and South America in 2012.
The study also introduces a major tool for stakeholders seeking to understand this field: the Latin America Cancer Control Scorecard (LACCS). The LACCS relies on significant desk research to rank the 12 study countries on their performance in different areas of direct relevance to cancer-control access. In addition to the scorecard, the report also draws on its own, separate substantial research as well as 20 interviews with experts on cancer in the region and worldwide. Its key findings include the following.
Cancer and US Latinos
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, University of North Florida
June 24, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 5 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
A Quantitative Analysis of Perceptions of Health, Family History and Health O...PhD Dissertation
This presentation is about a quantitative analysis of perceptions of health, family history and health outcome associations in African American Men at risk for CVD. To get full text check this site https://www.phddissertation.info/
Research done while in PwC Mexico. A short version was included as part of a PwC publication "Future of Pacific Alliance", that was presented at the presidental summit in Chile on July 2016.
EXPLORING U.S. MINORITY ATTITUDES TOWARDS CLINICAL TRIALSCOUCH Health
Patient diversity is still a huge issue in clinical trials. And like us, you might be wondering why this is still an ongoing challenge, and how can it be improved?
This report summarises research from ethnic minority groups in the US to find the answers to those very questions.
On August 10, I had the wonderful opportunity to work with a group of amazing individuals to assess the biases present in our current healthcare system. This project was a part of a summer intensive program through MedSTEMPowered.
1 page and cite source. Thank you.What are the implications for ho.pdfzakashjain
1 page and cite source. Thank you.
What are the implications for hospitals regarding diversity and disparity in healthcare treatment?
Solution
DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE :-
~ It is well documented that ethnic/racial minorities are disproportionately affected by many
health care conditions that impact their health in comparison to their white counterparts. Many
reasons are cited for these disparities, including socioeconomic status, health behaviors of the
minority groups , access to health care environmental factors, and direct and indirect
manifestations of discrimination. Other reasons cited for health disparities include lack of health
insurance, over dependence on publically funded facilities by minority groups, and barriers to
health care such as insufficient transportation, geographical location (not enough providers in an
area), and cost of services.
~ Focusing efforts to eliminate unequal burdens in health and health care can strengthen existing
solutions and policy formation related to this issue. Therefore, the purposes of this article are :-
(a) define disparities in health and health care,
(b) describe current health disparities impacting ethnic/racial groups,
(c) review historical factors associated with existing disparities in ethnic/racial groups
(d) present challenges and solutions to alleviate these disparities.
~ Definitions of Disparities in Health and Health Care
The four major ethnic/racial groups frequently cited in the literature and addressed in this article
include, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian Pacific Islander.
Traditionally these four groups, together with immigrants, the poor, and mentally retarded, have
experienced unequal burdens in health and health care reflected by high morbidity and mortality
rates. While much has been written about health disparities between the four groups cited above
and their white counterparts, African Americans represent the largest minority group and have
experienced much discrimination in this country. As a result, more citations can be found in the
literature about disparities and discrimination in this population group than for other ethnic/racial
groups.
Disparities in health are defined as unequal burdens in disease morbidity and mortality rates
experienced by ethnic/racial groups as compared to the dominant group. Causes of health
disparities include poor education, health behaviors of the minority group, poverty (inadequate
financial resources), and environmental factors. Most of these factors are access related.
\"Disparities in health care are defined as racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care
that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences and appropriateness of
intervention\". Causes of disparities in health care relate to quality and include provider/patient
relationships, health providers of the future, provider bias and discrimination, and patient
variables such as mistrust of the health .
The U.S Healthcare System, African Americans and the Notion of Toughing It Ou...Chelsea Dade, MS
This project presentation will explore whether or not African American adults are less engaged patients, and whether the notion of toughing it out plays a significant role regarding how African Americans interact with their healthcare.
The Tuskegee Experiment was not the first time that African Americans were experimented on for scientific gain. One book that examines this history is titled Medical Apartheid (Washington, 2006). The novel dives into the dark history of medical experiments on Blacks, including, but not limited to inhumane slavery assessments and Marion Sims’ gynecologic obscenities on Black women (Wall, 2006). Though these debacles occurred decades ago, I propose that these events may continue to play a role in the way African Americans interact with the American healthcare system. Today, there are rules in place to prevent such issues with consent. However, after historically being placed in positions marked by humiliation and mistreatment based on skin color, I wanted to obtain a clearer understanding of whether or not African Americans have responded to the effects of these events by limiting their trust of other people, creating gender norms within their communities, and “toughing it out”.
The structure of this power point presentation for my final paper from HLTHCOMM440, Engaging Patients in Care, will begin by defining this demographic by its key cultural attributes. Second, the paper will highlight research on how one health belief, “toughing it out”, effects African American patient engagement levels. Third, the paper will summarize and discuss the methodology and results from a standardized patient engagement survey, and compare them to the existing literature. Finally, this paper will highlight a hypothetical federally funded health care program, titled “Mandating Mental Health First Aid in Chicago Businesses”, which will require all mid-size and large companies in Chicago to train human resources professionals in “Mental Health First Aid”. This intervention not only benefits African American employees in Chicago, but entire staffs in Chicago in general. In this way, the program does not target African Americans, but seeks to offer helpful resources on mental health that due to either a lack of access or stigmatization, some African Americans may or may not have be aware of. Therefore, the point of having this program is to help employees , especially newer employees, feel supported as the manage the many facets of their lives. Whether or not resources are utilized will depend on many individualistic factors that are including in this presentation. However, the first step towards health equity is to offer equal resources, to everyone.
For access to the standardized survey, please contact Chelsea Dade via email (chelseadade2018@u.northwestern.edu).
In Latin America, cancer and its control present often stark contrasts—or, in the words of one expert interviewed for this study, “light and shadow”. Rapid change occurs next to stubborn stasis, and substantial progress in some areas is intermingled with still unmet, pressing needs in others.
It is also an issue with growing political salience within the region: past success in the control of communicable diseases has increased the relative profile of non-communicable ones.
This study looks in detail at both the bright spots and the ongoing gaps for Latin American governments as they wrestle with cancer and seek to provide accessible prevention and care to their populations. Its particular focus is on 12 countries in Central and South America chosen for various factors, including their size and level of economic development. These states, referred to as “study countries”, are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. Together they accounted for 92% of cancer incidence and 91% of mortality in Central and South America in 2012.
The study also introduces a major tool for stakeholders seeking to understand this field: the Latin America Cancer Control Scorecard (LACCS). The LACCS relies on significant desk research to rank the 12 study countries on their performance in different areas of direct relevance to cancer-control access. In addition to the scorecard, the report also draws on its own, separate substantial research as well as 20 interviews with experts on cancer in the region and worldwide. Its key findings include the following.
Cancer and US Latinos
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, University of North Florida
June 24, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 5 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
A Quantitative Analysis of Perceptions of Health, Family History and Health O...PhD Dissertation
This presentation is about a quantitative analysis of perceptions of health, family history and health outcome associations in African American Men at risk for CVD. To get full text check this site https://www.phddissertation.info/
Research done while in PwC Mexico. A short version was included as part of a PwC publication "Future of Pacific Alliance", that was presented at the presidental summit in Chile on July 2016.
EXPLORING U.S. MINORITY ATTITUDES TOWARDS CLINICAL TRIALSCOUCH Health
Patient diversity is still a huge issue in clinical trials. And like us, you might be wondering why this is still an ongoing challenge, and how can it be improved?
This report summarises research from ethnic minority groups in the US to find the answers to those very questions.
On August 10, I had the wonderful opportunity to work with a group of amazing individuals to assess the biases present in our current healthcare system. This project was a part of a summer intensive program through MedSTEMPowered.
1 page and cite source. Thank you.What are the implications for ho.pdfzakashjain
1 page and cite source. Thank you.
What are the implications for hospitals regarding diversity and disparity in healthcare treatment?
Solution
DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE :-
~ It is well documented that ethnic/racial minorities are disproportionately affected by many
health care conditions that impact their health in comparison to their white counterparts. Many
reasons are cited for these disparities, including socioeconomic status, health behaviors of the
minority groups , access to health care environmental factors, and direct and indirect
manifestations of discrimination. Other reasons cited for health disparities include lack of health
insurance, over dependence on publically funded facilities by minority groups, and barriers to
health care such as insufficient transportation, geographical location (not enough providers in an
area), and cost of services.
~ Focusing efforts to eliminate unequal burdens in health and health care can strengthen existing
solutions and policy formation related to this issue. Therefore, the purposes of this article are :-
(a) define disparities in health and health care,
(b) describe current health disparities impacting ethnic/racial groups,
(c) review historical factors associated with existing disparities in ethnic/racial groups
(d) present challenges and solutions to alleviate these disparities.
~ Definitions of Disparities in Health and Health Care
The four major ethnic/racial groups frequently cited in the literature and addressed in this article
include, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian Pacific Islander.
Traditionally these four groups, together with immigrants, the poor, and mentally retarded, have
experienced unequal burdens in health and health care reflected by high morbidity and mortality
rates. While much has been written about health disparities between the four groups cited above
and their white counterparts, African Americans represent the largest minority group and have
experienced much discrimination in this country. As a result, more citations can be found in the
literature about disparities and discrimination in this population group than for other ethnic/racial
groups.
Disparities in health are defined as unequal burdens in disease morbidity and mortality rates
experienced by ethnic/racial groups as compared to the dominant group. Causes of health
disparities include poor education, health behaviors of the minority group, poverty (inadequate
financial resources), and environmental factors. Most of these factors are access related.
\"Disparities in health care are defined as racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care
that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences and appropriateness of
intervention\". Causes of disparities in health care relate to quality and include provider/patient
relationships, health providers of the future, provider bias and discrimination, and patient
variables such as mistrust of the health .
The U.S Healthcare System, African Americans and the Notion of Toughing It Ou...Chelsea Dade, MS
This project presentation will explore whether or not African American adults are less engaged patients, and whether the notion of toughing it out plays a significant role regarding how African Americans interact with their healthcare.
The Tuskegee Experiment was not the first time that African Americans were experimented on for scientific gain. One book that examines this history is titled Medical Apartheid (Washington, 2006). The novel dives into the dark history of medical experiments on Blacks, including, but not limited to inhumane slavery assessments and Marion Sims’ gynecologic obscenities on Black women (Wall, 2006). Though these debacles occurred decades ago, I propose that these events may continue to play a role in the way African Americans interact with the American healthcare system. Today, there are rules in place to prevent such issues with consent. However, after historically being placed in positions marked by humiliation and mistreatment based on skin color, I wanted to obtain a clearer understanding of whether or not African Americans have responded to the effects of these events by limiting their trust of other people, creating gender norms within their communities, and “toughing it out”.
The structure of this power point presentation for my final paper from HLTHCOMM440, Engaging Patients in Care, will begin by defining this demographic by its key cultural attributes. Second, the paper will highlight research on how one health belief, “toughing it out”, effects African American patient engagement levels. Third, the paper will summarize and discuss the methodology and results from a standardized patient engagement survey, and compare them to the existing literature. Finally, this paper will highlight a hypothetical federally funded health care program, titled “Mandating Mental Health First Aid in Chicago Businesses”, which will require all mid-size and large companies in Chicago to train human resources professionals in “Mental Health First Aid”. This intervention not only benefits African American employees in Chicago, but entire staffs in Chicago in general. In this way, the program does not target African Americans, but seeks to offer helpful resources on mental health that due to either a lack of access or stigmatization, some African Americans may or may not have be aware of. Therefore, the point of having this program is to help employees , especially newer employees, feel supported as the manage the many facets of their lives. Whether or not resources are utilized will depend on many individualistic factors that are including in this presentation. However, the first step towards health equity is to offer equal resources, to everyone.
For access to the standardized survey, please contact Chelsea Dade via email (chelseadade2018@u.northwestern.edu).
Running head CULTURAL SENSITVITY1CULTURAL SENSITVITY2.docxsusanschei
Running head: CULTURAL SENSITVITY1
CULTURAL SENSITVITY2
Cultural Sensitivity
Name
Institution
Cultural Sensitivity
Introduction
Cultural sensitivity refers to the awareness as well as the sensitivity to culture and other practices. Cultural sensitivity can encompass examining different cultures and how they should be accurately approached in the health care. It also includes how to communicate according to within the health care setting. Cultural sensitivity is important area because it can impact the way people work in the health care facilities. It also encompasses valuing differences so as harassment and discrimination, either intended or not, do not happen. Culture is a fundamental and complex concept with consist of broad aspects of people in the health care setting (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). It includes the concepts of sexual orientation, gender, faith, age, disability, race, ethnicity, profession and socioeconomic status. Cultural sensitivity stems from this understanding in that; it is must encompass interpersonal skill as well as the knowledge that will allow the providers of health care, appreciate, understand, and work with individuals from different cultures other than theirs. It also consists of acceptance and awareness of the people’s cultural differences, knowledge, self-awareness of the cultures of the patient and adapting to the skills. Many cultural groups, including lesbian and gay people, individuals with disabilities, lower socio-economic groups and ethnic minorities, for example, African-Americans (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Cultural sensitivity is considered one of the reasons peoples do not access quality health care services because people are not aware as well as understand the effects attached to one’s culture and how it may be perceived by others. An individual's culture should not appear to be dominant in the place of work.
Healthcare Disparities and How they Relate to Cultural Sensitivity in the Healthcare Setting
Health care disparities, by definition, refer to the differences in health as well as healthcare between population groups. It typically involves a higher burden of illness, mortality experienced in the health care setting, disabilities, and injury by one population group about another. Moreover, it refers to the differences between groups in the health care facilities regarding provision of care services, its access, and quality given. This issue are related to the people’s cultural sensitivity in that the issue surrounds this concept are based on socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability status. Similarly, cultural insensitivity arises from disparities that in return causes care limit as well as continued improvement in overall quality of cares (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Health care disparities can be exacerbated by looking at some things that comprise specific health conditions, provider biases, differences in access to care, poor patient-provider comm ...
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
1Health Care DisparityBlack AmericansHispanicsLatinos.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Health Care Disparity
Black Americans
Hispanics/Latinos
Demographics
45.7 million, which is 14.3% of USA population.
15% of the USA population
Cultural Norms
Strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, strong religious orientation, take care of their own, seniors are highly respected, don’t like to admit they need help, poverty impacts education, self-esteem, quality of life and life style across.
Strong family ties, strong church and community orientation, male dominance, age dominance, negative view on asking for help, take care of their own majority are roman catholic, distrust of government, modesty is important and very proud of heritage
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
Have strong religious affiliation with Christian denominations and also Islam.
Have strong belief in the spirit world. Majority are roman CatholicsS
Primary Insurance Coverage
Most of them are not insured, but the affordable care act provision target at improving provisions that will highly improve their lives.
Six in ten Hispanic adults in USA lack health insurance.
Education
17% have attained bachelor’s degree
11% have attained bachelor’s degree
Medical Conditions
They reside at disadvantaged neighborhoods with increased risks for health disparities. Obesity in children is enormous
More than a quarter of its population lack usual health care provider. Hispanic adults have a low prevalence for many chronic diseases and a high prevalence for diabetes.
Outreach
Foundation of African American outreach program to provide assistance to Africa-Americans
Action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities
Introduction
The health of a population is influenced by both its social and its economic circumstances and health care services it receives. The health care services provided to Hispanics and black in United States of America is low. Throughout the years we have seen advancements in the health care quality received by ethnic minorities groups. But there is still a large gap when comparing minorities with their white counterparts (Vicini, 2015). This has affected the two groups which have low income families and experience poor quality care. Hispanic and blacks are less likely to have a high school education. Disparities in quality of care are common among the blacks and Hispanics in USA. For instance adults of 65 years and above receive worse care than adults with 18-44 years. Poor people have worse access to care than the high income people (Lee et al., 2003).
Healthcare Disparities between the Blacks and the Latinos in USA
The healthcare insurance status for the blacks and Latinos is low and as a result it forms barriers to access to quality health care utilization. Language barriers in health care are associated with decrease in quality of care, safety, patient and clinical satisfaction and contribute to health disparities even among people with insurance. Statistics have shown when comparing blacks and Latinos to their whi ...
Velasco-Mondragon et al. Public Health Reviews (2016) 3731 .docxjessiehampson
Velasco-Mondragon et al. Public Health Reviews (2016) 37:31
DOI 10.1186/s40985-016-0043-2
REVIEW Open Access
Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping
review of the literature
Eduardo Velasco-Mondragon1* , Angela Jimenez2, Anna G. Palladino-Davis3, Dawn Davis4
and Jose A. Escamilla-Cejudo5
* Correspondence:
[email protected]
1College of Osteopathic Medicine,
Touro University California, 1310
Johnson Lane; H-82, Rm. 213,
Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
Full list of author information is
available at the end of the article
Abstract
Hispanics are the largest minority group in the USA. They contribute to the economy,
cultural diversity, and health of the nation. Assessing their health status and health needs
is key to inform health policy formulation and program implementation. To this end, we
conducted a scoping review of the literature and national statistics on Hispanic health in
the USA using a modified social-ecological framework that includes social determinants
of health, health disparities, risk factors, and health services, as they shape the leading
causes of morbidity and mortality. These social, environmental, and biological forces have
modified the epidemiologic profile of Hispanics in the USA, with cancer being the
leading cause of mortality, followed by cardiovascular diseases and unintentional injuries.
Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has resulted in improved access to health
services for Hispanics, but challenges remain due to limited cultural sensitivity, health
literacy, and a shortage of Hispanic health care providers. Acculturation barriers and
underinsured or uninsured status remain as major obstacles to health care access.
Advantageous health outcomes from the “Hispanic Mortality Paradox” and the “Latina
Birth Outcomes Paradox” persist, but health gains may be offset in the future by
increasing rates of obesity and diabetes. Recommendations focus on the adoption of the
Health in All Policies framework, expanding access to health care, developing cultural
sensitivity in the health care workforce, and generating and disseminating research
findings on Hispanic health.
Keywords: Hispanics, Latinos, Scoping study, Social determinants of health, Health care
inequalities, Health care access
Background
Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the USA; in 2014, Hispanics comprised
17.4% of the US population (55.4 million), and this percentage is expected to increase
to 28.6% (119 million) by 2060. Hispanics in the USA include native-born and foreign-
born individuals immigrating from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Spain [1].
Hispanics are disproportionately affected by poor conditions of daily life, shaped by struc-
tural and social position factors (such as macroeconomics, cultural values, income, educa-
tion, occupation, and social support systems, including health services), known as social
determinants of health (SDH). SDH exert health effects on individuals through allostatic
load [2], a phenomenon purported t ...
Health and health care inequalities
Name
Institution
Racial inequalities and discrimination
African Americans bear disproportionate burden in injury, disease morbidity, disability and mortality. This disadvantage is mostly related to age-related mortality. African Americans are significantly at risk for early death compared to the native community. The overall death rate of death among the African Americans in the US is equivalent to that of the natives thirty years ago (Dreyer, Brettle, & Roderick, 2020). The premature death is caused by various disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular heart disease, and hypertension. For example, the cases of death due to heart-related diseases is higher among the African Americans than any other race group in the United States. These health challenges occur in the context of increasing inequalities in the rate of disease infection.
Economic differences cannot explain the difference in health inequalities even when socioeconomic status is controlled. Differences in skin tone may be the basis of the discrimination in health status. The health disparities that negatively affect the African Americans arise from many sources including social inequalities, inherited health risks, and lifestyle patterns. Health disparities could also be caused by race-based discrimination. The concept of place or geographical location is important in explaining contribution of social injustice to health risks. Various studies shows that neighborhood is important in mediating access to social connections and opportunities, all which are factors that affect health status. When neighborhood is characterized by segregation, often linked to racial concentration, then African Americans have higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Residential segregation and discrimination that creates concentrated neighborhoods where residents are poor are social spaces with concentrated health-related problems. African Americans have higher exposure to stressful environments because of fewer resources.
African American, a poor racial minority has poorer health status. The poor community is less likely to have sufficient health and social services and this create a problem of timely access to medical services. Second, the community environment expose the African American to health hazards such as air pollution, dirt, and water contamination (Barsanti & Salmi, 2017). Moreover, concentration of social inequalities and poverty and it related characteristics such as substance abuse, anxiety, unemployment, and crime often creates social environment that lessen social connectedness. Researchers link the idea of biological responses that may be triggered by neighborhood stressors. There is correlation between residential segregation and social inequality. There are different factors that concentrate social stressors which trigger risks of heart disease, cognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation. African Americans who mostly live in unhealthy ...
Capstone Topic SummaryMy preceptor Ms. Wilder and I discusseTawnaDelatorrejs
Capstone Topic Summary
My preceptor Ms. Wilder and I discussed the needs of the community we both serve. Living in South Florida where there is a strong presence of African American population who is underserved by the health care community. The topic I chose will help serve this population. I recently relocated to Georgia which also have a large African American population. The evidence-based topic for the capstone change proposal will focus on the African American population and COVID 19. The category my topic and intervention falls under the community branch. I want to educate the African American population on the benefits of getting the COVID vaccine. History has shown that African American have a sincere distrust in the health care system due to health disparities and previous unconsented experiments performed by the medical community. The pandemic has disproportionately impacted African Americans. But yet this population is reluctant to receive the vaccine. Whether it is from social determents (limited finances, education, insurance or lack of) or health conditions (i.e. hypertension, diabetes), there is need for education to prevent higher mortality rates among the African American population.
Overcoming Barriers to
COVID-19 Vaccination
in African Americans:
The Need for Cultural
Humility
Keith C. Ferdinand, MD, FACC, FAHA, FNLA, FASPC
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Keith C. Ferdinand is with the Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine,
New Orleans, LA.
See also Benjamin, p. 542, and Rodenberg, p. 588.
“Rescue work by helicopter was slow.
That stopped at dark about 7 o’clock
. . . people began to panic. I told
Kenneth and Keith and those around
me that we may as well make the
best of it, for no one knows we are
here . . . help won’t come until
morning. The rain fell so hard that I
had to take off my glasses & hide my
head. . . . The water, still slowly rising,
had two more inches to go before it
reached the rooftop. We learned:
that communication [and] coopera-
tion are necessary factors for survival
in a disaster.”
—Letter from Inola Copelin Ferdinand
to her sister, Narvalee, after our family
and others spent days amid the
drowning death of my paternal grand-
father and many of her neighbors,
abandoned on rooftops in the Lower
Ninth Ward, New Orleans, LA, during
Hurricane Betsy, September 9, 1965
Racial/ethnic minorities suffer dis-
proportionately from US COVID-19–as-
sociated deaths.1 The tragically higher
COVID-19 mortality among African
Americans from multiple conditions, in-
cluding cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
and certain cancers, highlights deep-
rooted, unacceptable failures in US
health care. The social determinants of
health (limited finances, healthy food,
education, health care coverage, job
flexibility) make disadvantaged commu-
nities more vulnerable to COVID-19 in-
fectivity and mortality and amplify higher
comorbid conditions.2 The Healthy
People 2020 Social ...
COMMENTARYMinority Group Status and Healthful AgingSociLynellBull52
COMMENTARY
Minority Group Status and Healthful Aging:
Social Structure Still Matters
During the last 4 decades,
a rapid increase has oc-
curred in the number of sur-
vey-based and epidemio-
logical studies of the health
profiles of adults in general
and of the causes of dispar-
ities between majority and
minority Americans in par-
ticular. According to these
studies, healthful aging con-
sists of the absence of dis-
ease, or at least of the most
serious preventable diseases
and their consequences, and
findings consistently reveal
serious African American
and Hispanic disadvantages
in terms of healthful aging.
We (1) briefly review con-
ceptual and operational def-
initions of race and Hispanic
ethnicity, (2) summarize how
ethnicity-based differentials
in health are related to social
structures, and (3) empha-
size the importance of atten-
tion to the economic, politi-
cal, and institutional factors
that perpetuate poverty and
undermine healthful aging
among certain groups. {Am
J Public Health. 2006;96:
1152-1159. doi:10.2105/AJPH.
2006.085530)
Jacqueline L Angel, PhD, and Ronald J. Angel. PhD
ALTHOUGH THE SUPREME
Courl outlawed the principle of
sepajate but equal in 1954 with
its famous Brown versus Bom-d
of Education decision, many mi-
nority y^mericans luul that they
are still separate and unequal.
Despite a century of impressive
innovations in medical science
and improvements in public
health, poverty continues to un-
dermine the pliysical and emo-
tional health of a large number
of Americans, and serious ra-
cial/ethnic health disparities
persist'"^ Low-income families
have inadequate healtli care
coverage,"'^ and individuals who
lack adequate insurance are
more likely to die from cancer
and other serious diseases be-
cause of late diagnoses and defi-
cient care.^"" Perhaps the most
basic question is wliether health
disadvantages among minority
Americans are the direct and
almost complete resuit of pov-
erty and its correlates. Well-
documented correlates include
low educationai levels, labor
force disadvantages, and resi-
dential segregation iii ghettos
and barrios, where individuals
are exposed to environmental
and social health risks such as
drugs. \'io!ence. and fainily
disruption.'"^" ̂ ''
Radal/ethnic disparities in mor-
bidity and mortality are so glaring
that the federal govemment has
been forced to respond, and a
large body of research has exam-
ined tlie role socioeconomic status
(SES) and ailture play in these
disparities.'̂ The ultimate goal Ls
to identiiy the sodal stuictural
causes of inequities in health so
that genera] population health can
be impn)ved. We will present ap-
proaches to studying radal/etlinic
health disparities hy (1) reviewing
operational definitions of race and
ethnicity and tlie research tools
tliat estimate difierential disease
burdens and health au'e use,
(2) assessing jast how far the field
has come in understanding healtli.
and (3) |iro]X)sing a future re-
search agenda that examines the
soda ...
ReTopic 2 DQ 1 Reeves et al. (2013), focus their study on a .docxronak56
Re:Topic 2 DQ 1
Reeves et al. (2013), focus their study on a Hispanic immigrant community in Albuquerque, New Mexico to establish whether there was a correlation between fear and health as they claimed. Diabetes is reported to be more prevalent in Albuquerque being the sixth cause of mortality(New Mexico Health Policy Commission 2009).The authors identified three core elements that determined the connection between health and fear(cost, language, discrimination and immigration status, and cultural differences).
The cost of health care being too high causes a level of stress that leads to fear as identified by the participants. Reeves et al. (2013) further explain that this fear is perpetuated not by diabetes but by the structural economic obstacles faced the low-income immigrant community. Most immigrants face language barriers and claim to be discriminated against when they go to health care institutions. They feel that they cannot clearly communicate their health needs. Even though some institutions have translators others report that they are not effective. Immigrants feel that being in a foreign country makes their immigration status conspicuous thus creating fear of being deported.
Reeves et al. (2013) report that according to Walton(2009),cultural disconnection arises from the perceptions health care providers have about alternative medicines which patients use to treat their health issues even diabetes. Patients are reluctant to tell their doctors that they use alternative medicine for fear of being criticized. This limits open communication between them thus degrading the quality of healthcare services given to the patients.
Structural violence does accelerate health disparities because it is embedded in social structures that expose individual to dangers. Individuals feel the lack of support from economic and political constructs in the social arrangements and this limits their access to health care services. Farmer et al. (2006), report that medical and public health programs will fail if healthcare providers do not understand the social factors of disease regarding structural violence. Montesdeoca (2013) further
supports this argument that health disparities are related to past and present inequalities in social, economic, political and environmental resources elements of structural violence.
References
Farmer, P.E., Nizeye, B., Stulac, S. & Keshavjee, S. (2006).Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 3(10), 449. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449
Montesdeoca, C. (2013).Inadequate Access to Healthy Opportunities and Structural Violence: A Case Study of Health Disparities among Hispanics in McLean County. Senior Theses-Antropology. Paper 5
Page-Reeves,J.,Niforatos,J.,Mishra,S.,Regino,L.,Gingrich,A., & Bulten,R.(2013).Health Disparity and Structural Violence: How Fear Undermines Health Among Immigrants at Risk for Diabetes. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 6(2), 30-47
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OUR STORY IN BRIEF: THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
1. Page |1
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Institute for Minority Physicians of the Future (IMPF)
Health disparities across racial and ethnic groups in the United States have been well
documented for over a century .These disparities have remained remarkably persistent in
spite of the changes in many facets of the society over that period. Despite dramatic
improvements in overall health status for the U.S. population in the 20th century, members of
many African- American populations experience worse health along many dimensions
compared with the majority white population (1). Because many minority neighborhoods
have a shortage of physicians (2) and less access to medical care, increasing the supply of
minority physicians has been proposed as an intervention that may help to ameliorate
differences in health status.
Medical training for African-Americans first became a topic of policy debate in the United
States in the context of the post-Civil War south as a way to address the health needs of the
African-American community. Disparities between the health status of Whites and African-
Americans have been observed throughout American history. In the antebellum South, slave
owners documented health problems that threatened productivity, and pointed out health
disparities between African-Americans and Whites to reinforce beliefs that “biogenetic
inferiority of blacks” justified slavery (3). Conditions in the South after the Civil War were not
dissimilar to other post war periods, with many blacks left homeless – refugees in search of a
place to live and a way to make a living (4). Lack of food, water and sanitation exacerbated
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
2. Page |2
what had already been extremely poor living conditions. The result was major outbreaks of
pneumonia, cholera, diphtheria, small pox, yellow fever and tuberculosis. Yet, very few white
physicians were willing to see black patients, and very few African-Americans could afford
their fees. The education of African-American physicians and other health professionals was
seen as a necessary step to improve the health of Blacks and to protect the public health of
the communities where African-Americans lived, primarily in the South. African-American
medical schools were founded to address this need. Against the backdrop of sociostructural
and institutional racism and legal segregation, Flexnor (5) echoed both social justice and
public health arguments for training black physicians in his famous report, with the underlying
assumption that the best way to meet the great health needs of black communities in the
United States was by providing more black physicians. His recommendation was to
concentrate resources on two black medicals schools (out of seven) that he believed had the
best chance of meeting the standards being set for modern medical training programs,
Howard and Meharry. The preface to his recommendation reflects the tension between the
societal goals for improving access to care by training more black physicians, while
simultaneously maintaining an unstated goal and trend of restricting entry of blacks into the
profession (6). As recently as 1965, only 2% of all medical students were black, and three-
fourths of these students attended Howard or Meharry. The human rights and civil rights
movements, the assassination of Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., , and a rash of
urban riots and uprisings woke many White Americans up. And academic medicine
was one the first to respond to the wake-up call. Dr Jordan Cohn, AAMC President, in his
“Bridging the Gap” address, explains the consequences of these sociopolitical events most
eloquently. “This brought about a significant rise in admissions of minorities to medical
schools. This wasn’t because of scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test, grade-point
averages and Medical College Admission Test scores of minorities suddenly skyrocketing.
Rather, academic medicine began to take affirmative action to increase racial, ethnic and
gender diversity in medical school classes. Enrollment of underrepresented minorities in U.S.
medical schools rose rapidly to about 8% of all matriculants by early 1970. Then progress
stalled in the mid 1970s, with admissions remaining flat for the next 15 years. To make
matters worse, the fraction of individuals from the same groups in the U.S. population that
were underrepresented in medicine continued to grow during this periodminority
populations increasing from 16% in 1975 to 19% in 1990.”(Source: www.AAMC.org Dr
Jordan Cohn’s AAMC President / Bridging the Gap)
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
3. Page |3
Increasing diversity of physicians might decrease disparities in health by three separate
pathways. The first pathway is through the practice choices of minority physicians, which
may lead to increased access to care in underserved communities. Since the 1970s and
1980s, when minority students were first admitted to medical schools in large numbers, a
number of studies have examined the practice patterns of minority physicians compared with
white physicians. Despite their differences, empirical analyses regarding the practice
location and patient population of minority physicians have been remarkable consistent.
Minority physicians tend to be more likely to practice in underserved areas and to have
patient population with a higher percentage of minorities then their white colleague (7-9).
Evidence also suggest that minority physicians tend to have a higher percentage of patient
populations with lower incomes and worse health status and who are more likely to be
covered by Medicaid (10-13). The second pathway is through improvement in the quality of
health care due to better physician – patient communication and greater cultural competency.
The foundation of this hypothesis is that for many minority patients, having a minority
physician my lead to better health care because minority physicians may communicate better
and provide more culturally appropriate care to minority patients. If minority physicians
provide high-quality care to minority patients along the interpersonal dimensions of care,
including doctor-patient communications and cultural competence, this could result in higher
patient trust and satisfaction. This may in turn facilitate better health outcomes (14-21). The
third pathway by which increasing diversity in the health professions might serve to decrease
health disparities is through improvements in the quality of medical education that may
accrue to medial students as a result of increasing diversity in medical training. This would
expose physicians-in-training to a wide range of different perspectives and cultural
backgrounds among their colleagues in medical school, residency and in practice. Such
exposure may provide physicians with experiences and interactions that will broaden their
interpersonal skills and help in their interactions with patients (22).At the same time minority
populations are increasing, data from the American Association of Medical Colleges show a
marked decline in the number of African-Americans and Hispanics admitted to medical
schools (23). These declines coincided with two significant events. First, in 1995, the United
States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Hopwood v. Texas, struck down as
unconstitutional an affirmative action program that had been placed in the University of Texas
law school. In doing so, the court effectively precluded higher education institutions as well
as other entities in the Fifth Circuit, which cover Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, from
taking race or ethnicity into account in the admissions process. Secondly, the Regents of the
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
4. Page |4
University of California banned the use of race as a factor in admissions. With the passage
of Proposition 209, public higher education institutions in California are no longer free to
consider race, ethnicity or gender in admissions decisions, in recruiting programs, or even in
planning and implementing minority-targeted outreach activities, such as tutoring programs
and educational enrichment courses. California, Texas, Mississippi and Louisiana, these four
states alone contain 35% of the minority population that remain underrepresented among
medical students, and 75% of those from the Mexican-American community.
REFERENCES
1. Kington, R.S., & Nickens, H.W. (2001) Racial and ethnic differences in health: Recent
trends, current patterns, and future directions. In America becoming: Racial trends
and their consequences, NJ Smelser, WJ Wilson, and F Mitchell. (Eds). Washington,
DC, National Academy Press.
2. Komaromy, M.; Grumbach, K., et al. (1996). The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing
health care for underserved populations. New England Journal of Medicine; 334, pp. 1305-1310.
3. Savitt, L. (1985). Black health on the plantation: masters, slaves and physicians. In
Sickness and health in America, J. Leavitt & R. Numbers (Eds.) University of
Wisconsin Press.
4. Summerville, J. Educating Black Doctors: a History of Meharry Medical College.
University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1983.
5. Flexnor, A. (1910). Medical Education in the United States and Canada. Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Merrymount Press: Boston, MA.
6. Starr, P. The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books,
1982.
7. Rocheleau, B. (1978). Black physicians an ambulatory care. Public Health Reports;
93(3):278282.
8. Lloyd, S.M., & Johnson, D.G. (1982). Practice patterns of black physicians: Results
of a survey of Howard University College of Medicine Alumni. Journal of the National
Medical Association; 74(2), pp. 129-141.
9. Keith, S.N.; Bell, R.M., et al. (1985). Effects of affirmative action in medical schools:
A study of the class of 1975. New England Journal of Medicine; 313, pp. 1519-1525.
10. Davidson, R.C., & Lewis E.L. (1997). Affirmative action and other special
consideration admissions at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine.
JAMA; 278(14), pp. 1153-1158.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
5. Page |5
11. Moy, E.; Bartman, B.A.; & Weir, M.R. (1995). Access to hypertensive care. Effects of
income, insurance, and source of care. Archives of Internal Medicine; 155(14), pp.
1497-1502.
12. Cantor, J.C.; Miles, E.L., et al. (1996). Physician service to the underserved:
Implications for affirmative action in medical education. Inquiry, summer; 33, pp. 167-
180.
13. Gray, B. Stoddard, J.J. (1997). Patient-physician pairing: Does racial and ethnic
congruity influence the selection of a regular physician? Journal of Community
Health; 22(4), pp. 247-259.
14. Department of Health and Human Services OOMH. (2000). Office of Minority Health
national standards on culturally and linguistically appropriate services (CLAS) in
health care. Federal Register; 65(247).
15. Lavizzo-Mourey, R., & Mackenzie, E.R. (1996). Cultural competence: Essential
measurements of quality for managed care organizations. Annals of Internal
Medicine; 124, pp. 919-921.
16. Coleman, M.T., Lott, J.A., & Sharma, S. (2000). Use of continuous quality
improvement to identify barriers in the management of hypertension. American
Journal of Medical Quality; 15(2) pp. 72-77.
17. Chinman, M.J.; Rosencheck, R.A.; & Lam, J.A. (2000). Client-case manager racial
matching in program for homeless persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric
Services; 51(10):1265-1272.
18. Rosenbeck, R., Fontana, A., & Cottrol, C. (1995). Effect of clinician-veteran racial
pairing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of
Psychiatry; 152(4), pp. 5550-5563.
19. Thom, D.H., Ribisl, K.M., Stewart, A.L., et al. Further validation and reliability testing
of the trust in physician scale. Medical Care; 37(5), pp. 510-517.
20. Saha, S., Komaromy, M. et al. (1999). Patient-physician racial concordance and the
perceived quality and use of health care. Archives of Internal Medicine; 159, pp. 997-
1004.
21. Morales, L.S., Cunningham, W.E., & Brown, J.A. et al. (1999). Are Latinos less
satisfied with communication by health care providers? Journal of General Internal
Medicine; 14, pp. 409-417.
22. Rathore, S.S.; Lenert, L.A. et al. (2000). The effects of patient sex and race on
medical students’ ratings of quality life. American Journal of Medicine, 108(7), pp.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
6. Page |6
561.566.
23. See www.AAMC.org.
Further Study:
IVMS Race Trust and Tuskegee-Medical Ethics Broken Trust and Health Disparities/Ppt
Black and White: Health Disparities in America / Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D./Doc
American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
7. Page |7
Medical ethicist Harriet A. Washington Random House "The fear of medicine is based on real
events. And real events go way beyond -- way before and way after -- Tuskegee," says
Harriet Washington. "There are things that are happening now that will keep [African
Americans] from going to the hospital."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcOTMSZTLSs
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
8. Page |8
ABOUT The Institute for Minority Physicians of the Future
Mission Statement
THE INSTITUTE FOR MINORITY PHYSICIANS OF THE FUTURE is a
collective voice of African American, Native American, Hispanic
American and progressive European American physicians and medical
scientists. IMPF believes that the root cause of minority under-
representation in United States medical schools is academic
disadvantage borne by lack of access to high-quality high school and
college preparation. Consequently, IMPF mission is to become a leading
organizational force for parity in medical education by helping minority
students develop the skills that will enable them to compete on a more equal footing in the medical
school admission process, and once in medical school, provide them with learning aids from the best
medical education communities around the world . The Institute for Minority Physicians of the Future
elucidates, distills and fuses educational psychology, information technology and undergraduate
medical education data; and then develops programs, projects and products that serve to increase
recruitment, admission and retention (RAR) of underrepresented minorities (URM) in major United
States medical schools. The ultimate goal being for these students to defend, define and develop
medical careers that will be committed to the elimination of health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities
and the poor.
Vision Statement
THE INSTITUTE FOR MINORITY PHYSICIANS OF THE FUTURE is a national professional
educational organization representing the interest of minority high school and college students with the
aptitude and desire to become physicians and medical scientists. Established in 1999, the collective
body is committed to the vision of improving the health and well-being of future U.S. generations by
increasing the minority physician/medical scientist workforce in such a way that the professions of
medicine and biomedical research are reflective of the racial/ethnic profiles of the people physicians
and medical scientists will serve. IMPF’s vision is directly linked to the AAMC data minority physicians
are four times more likely than are others to practice in undeserved communities. Such communities
are more frequently than not overwhelmingly populated by racial/ethnic minorities.
Core Strategy
THE INSTITUTE FOR MINORITY PHYSICIANS OF THE FUTURE’S core strategy is to identify,
inform, recruit, assist, advise and educate promising African-American, Native-American, and
Hispanic-American, high school and college students in order to increase the number of minority
medical students and PhD candidates in United States medical schools.
“Come on and chill wit us on the Atlantic Ocean during our annual retreat and at the same TIME
LEARN what it means to become a Healer and Medical Scholar in the 21st century”.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
9. Page |9
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
drcray@imhotepvirtualmedsch.com
Visit Our Online Classroom Environment
The e-Teaching Community on WiZiQ
http://www.wiziq.com/drimhotep
Founding Director: Office of Medical Education
Institute for Minority Physicians of the Future (IMPF)
OUR PRODUCT IS IMHOTEP VIRTUAL MEDICAL SCHOOL
ABOUT IMHOTEP VIRTUAL MEDICAL SCHOOL:
IVMS is the ultimate medical student Web 2.0 companion. This SDL-Face to Face hybrid
courseware is a digitally tagged and content enhanced replication of the United States
Medical Licensing Examination's Cognitive Learning Objectives (Steps 1, 2 or 3). Including
authoritative reusable learning object (RLO) integration and scholarly Web Interactive
PowerPoint-driven multimedia shows/PDFs. Comprehensive hypermedia BMS learning
outcomes and detailed, content enriched learning objectives.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
10. P a g e | 10
Dr. Marc Imhotep Cray is originally from Newark, New
Jersey. He is a physician and medical teacher,
independent undergraduate medical education consultant
and USMLE tutor. From 1999-2004 Dr. Cray served as
director of the Office of Medical Education at American
International School of Medicine in Georgetown, Guyana,
and associate professor of basic medical sciences and
campus curriculum coordinator at International University
of Health Sciences-School of Medicine in Saint Kitts,
West Indies. Dr. Cray earned a Bachelor of Science in
pharmacy at Massachusetts College of Pharmacy in
1980. Next he received his medical doctor degree from
New Jersey Medical School in Newark, NJ in 1984. Later, he completed training as a
post graduate intern at Columbia Presbyterian College of Physicians and Surgeons at
Harlem Hospital Medical Center in 1985, worked in private general practice at Harlem
Community Medical Clinic. Dr. Cray served on the NYC Committee of Interns and
Residents in New York from 1986-1989 where he planned, developed, implemented and
coordinated the medical license review course, was an educational coordinator &
lecturer in pharm & medical therapeutics. From 1990-1991 he worked at Morehouse
School of Medicine in the department of community health and prevention as a research
associate/ programs coordinator for community health and awareness programs. From
6/1991‑4/1992 Dr. Cray studied at Morehouse School of Medicine as a PGY‑2 resident
in Psychiatry. From 1993-1996 he worked as a medical emergency house physician at
Georgia Regional Hospital of Atlanta and Royce Occupational Health Group, returned to
Morehouse School of Medicine as a senior research associate under a NASA
commission grant from 1997-1998, and was director of clinical diagnosis at The Primary
Care Center in Decatur, Ga 1999-2002. Dr Cray is an expert in case-based learning with
experience as a facilitator of USMLE Step 1 level proficiency in the “4 P’s”-Physiology,
Patho-physiology. He is an experienced web developer, e-Professor / Online Lecturer
and author of several e-articles, e-books, and e-magazines. He has designed USMLE
tagged virtual medical school course ware. He is currently working on a project in
medical pharmacology and therapeutics with specialty in autonomic and cardiovascular
and introduction to clinical Medicine.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011