1 page and cite source. Thank you.
What are the implications for hospitals regarding diversity and disparity in healthcare treatment?
Solution
DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE :-
~ It is well documented that ethnic/racial minorities are disproportionately affected by many
health care conditions that impact their health in comparison to their white counterparts. Many
reasons are cited for these disparities, including socioeconomic status, health behaviors of the
minority groups , access to health care environmental factors, and direct and indirect
manifestations of discrimination. Other reasons cited for health disparities include lack of health
insurance, over dependence on publically funded facilities by minority groups, and barriers to
health care such as insufficient transportation, geographical location (not enough providers in an
area), and cost of services.
~ Focusing efforts to eliminate unequal burdens in health and health care can strengthen existing
solutions and policy formation related to this issue. Therefore, the purposes of this article are :-
(a) define disparities in health and health care,
(b) describe current health disparities impacting ethnic/racial groups,
(c) review historical factors associated with existing disparities in ethnic/racial groups
(d) present challenges and solutions to alleviate these disparities.
~ Definitions of Disparities in Health and Health Care
The four major ethnic/racial groups frequently cited in the literature and addressed in this article
include, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian Pacific Islander.
Traditionally these four groups, together with immigrants, the poor, and mentally retarded, have
experienced unequal burdens in health and health care reflected by high morbidity and mortality
rates. While much has been written about health disparities between the four groups cited above
and their white counterparts, African Americans represent the largest minority group and have
experienced much discrimination in this country. As a result, more citations can be found in the
literature about disparities and discrimination in this population group than for other ethnic/racial
groups.
Disparities in health are defined as unequal burdens in disease morbidity and mortality rates
experienced by ethnic/racial groups as compared to the dominant group. Causes of health
disparities include poor education, health behaviors of the minority group, poverty (inadequate
financial resources), and environmental factors. Most of these factors are access related.
\"Disparities in health care are defined as racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care
that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences and appropriateness of
intervention\". Causes of disparities in health care relate to quality and include provider/patient
relationships, health providers of the future, provider bias and discrimination, and patient
variables such as mistrust of the health .
Health and health care inequalities
Name
Institution
Racial inequalities and discrimination
African Americans bear disproportionate burden in injury, disease morbidity, disability and mortality. This disadvantage is mostly related to age-related mortality. African Americans are significantly at risk for early death compared to the native community. The overall death rate of death among the African Americans in the US is equivalent to that of the natives thirty years ago (Dreyer, Brettle, & Roderick, 2020). The premature death is caused by various disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular heart disease, and hypertension. For example, the cases of death due to heart-related diseases is higher among the African Americans than any other race group in the United States. These health challenges occur in the context of increasing inequalities in the rate of disease infection.
Economic differences cannot explain the difference in health inequalities even when socioeconomic status is controlled. Differences in skin tone may be the basis of the discrimination in health status. The health disparities that negatively affect the African Americans arise from many sources including social inequalities, inherited health risks, and lifestyle patterns. Health disparities could also be caused by race-based discrimination. The concept of place or geographical location is important in explaining contribution of social injustice to health risks. Various studies shows that neighborhood is important in mediating access to social connections and opportunities, all which are factors that affect health status. When neighborhood is characterized by segregation, often linked to racial concentration, then African Americans have higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Residential segregation and discrimination that creates concentrated neighborhoods where residents are poor are social spaces with concentrated health-related problems. African Americans have higher exposure to stressful environments because of fewer resources.
African American, a poor racial minority has poorer health status. The poor community is less likely to have sufficient health and social services and this create a problem of timely access to medical services. Second, the community environment expose the African American to health hazards such as air pollution, dirt, and water contamination (Barsanti & Salmi, 2017). Moreover, concentration of social inequalities and poverty and it related characteristics such as substance abuse, anxiety, unemployment, and crime often creates social environment that lessen social connectedness. Researchers link the idea of biological responses that may be triggered by neighborhood stressors. There is correlation between residential segregation and social inequality. There are different factors that concentrate social stressors which trigger risks of heart disease, cognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation. African Americans who mostly live in unhealthy ...
Running head CULTURAL SENSITVITY1CULTURAL SENSITVITY2.docxsusanschei
Running head: CULTURAL SENSITVITY1
CULTURAL SENSITVITY2
Cultural Sensitivity
Name
Institution
Cultural Sensitivity
Introduction
Cultural sensitivity refers to the awareness as well as the sensitivity to culture and other practices. Cultural sensitivity can encompass examining different cultures and how they should be accurately approached in the health care. It also includes how to communicate according to within the health care setting. Cultural sensitivity is important area because it can impact the way people work in the health care facilities. It also encompasses valuing differences so as harassment and discrimination, either intended or not, do not happen. Culture is a fundamental and complex concept with consist of broad aspects of people in the health care setting (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). It includes the concepts of sexual orientation, gender, faith, age, disability, race, ethnicity, profession and socioeconomic status. Cultural sensitivity stems from this understanding in that; it is must encompass interpersonal skill as well as the knowledge that will allow the providers of health care, appreciate, understand, and work with individuals from different cultures other than theirs. It also consists of acceptance and awareness of the people’s cultural differences, knowledge, self-awareness of the cultures of the patient and adapting to the skills. Many cultural groups, including lesbian and gay people, individuals with disabilities, lower socio-economic groups and ethnic minorities, for example, African-Americans (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Cultural sensitivity is considered one of the reasons peoples do not access quality health care services because people are not aware as well as understand the effects attached to one’s culture and how it may be perceived by others. An individual's culture should not appear to be dominant in the place of work.
Healthcare Disparities and How they Relate to Cultural Sensitivity in the Healthcare Setting
Health care disparities, by definition, refer to the differences in health as well as healthcare between population groups. It typically involves a higher burden of illness, mortality experienced in the health care setting, disabilities, and injury by one population group about another. Moreover, it refers to the differences between groups in the health care facilities regarding provision of care services, its access, and quality given. This issue are related to the people’s cultural sensitivity in that the issue surrounds this concept are based on socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability status. Similarly, cultural insensitivity arises from disparities that in return causes care limit as well as continued improvement in overall quality of cares (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Health care disparities can be exacerbated by looking at some things that comprise specific health conditions, provider biases, differences in access to care, poor patient-provider comm ...
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
Health and health care inequalities
Name
Institution
Racial inequalities and discrimination
African Americans bear disproportionate burden in injury, disease morbidity, disability and mortality. This disadvantage is mostly related to age-related mortality. African Americans are significantly at risk for early death compared to the native community. The overall death rate of death among the African Americans in the US is equivalent to that of the natives thirty years ago (Dreyer, Brettle, & Roderick, 2020). The premature death is caused by various disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular heart disease, and hypertension. For example, the cases of death due to heart-related diseases is higher among the African Americans than any other race group in the United States. These health challenges occur in the context of increasing inequalities in the rate of disease infection.
Economic differences cannot explain the difference in health inequalities even when socioeconomic status is controlled. Differences in skin tone may be the basis of the discrimination in health status. The health disparities that negatively affect the African Americans arise from many sources including social inequalities, inherited health risks, and lifestyle patterns. Health disparities could also be caused by race-based discrimination. The concept of place or geographical location is important in explaining contribution of social injustice to health risks. Various studies shows that neighborhood is important in mediating access to social connections and opportunities, all which are factors that affect health status. When neighborhood is characterized by segregation, often linked to racial concentration, then African Americans have higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Residential segregation and discrimination that creates concentrated neighborhoods where residents are poor are social spaces with concentrated health-related problems. African Americans have higher exposure to stressful environments because of fewer resources.
African American, a poor racial minority has poorer health status. The poor community is less likely to have sufficient health and social services and this create a problem of timely access to medical services. Second, the community environment expose the African American to health hazards such as air pollution, dirt, and water contamination (Barsanti & Salmi, 2017). Moreover, concentration of social inequalities and poverty and it related characteristics such as substance abuse, anxiety, unemployment, and crime often creates social environment that lessen social connectedness. Researchers link the idea of biological responses that may be triggered by neighborhood stressors. There is correlation between residential segregation and social inequality. There are different factors that concentrate social stressors which trigger risks of heart disease, cognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation. African Americans who mostly live in unhealthy ...
Running head CULTURAL SENSITVITY1CULTURAL SENSITVITY2.docxsusanschei
Running head: CULTURAL SENSITVITY1
CULTURAL SENSITVITY2
Cultural Sensitivity
Name
Institution
Cultural Sensitivity
Introduction
Cultural sensitivity refers to the awareness as well as the sensitivity to culture and other practices. Cultural sensitivity can encompass examining different cultures and how they should be accurately approached in the health care. It also includes how to communicate according to within the health care setting. Cultural sensitivity is important area because it can impact the way people work in the health care facilities. It also encompasses valuing differences so as harassment and discrimination, either intended or not, do not happen. Culture is a fundamental and complex concept with consist of broad aspects of people in the health care setting (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). It includes the concepts of sexual orientation, gender, faith, age, disability, race, ethnicity, profession and socioeconomic status. Cultural sensitivity stems from this understanding in that; it is must encompass interpersonal skill as well as the knowledge that will allow the providers of health care, appreciate, understand, and work with individuals from different cultures other than theirs. It also consists of acceptance and awareness of the people’s cultural differences, knowledge, self-awareness of the cultures of the patient and adapting to the skills. Many cultural groups, including lesbian and gay people, individuals with disabilities, lower socio-economic groups and ethnic minorities, for example, African-Americans (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Cultural sensitivity is considered one of the reasons peoples do not access quality health care services because people are not aware as well as understand the effects attached to one’s culture and how it may be perceived by others. An individual's culture should not appear to be dominant in the place of work.
Healthcare Disparities and How they Relate to Cultural Sensitivity in the Healthcare Setting
Health care disparities, by definition, refer to the differences in health as well as healthcare between population groups. It typically involves a higher burden of illness, mortality experienced in the health care setting, disabilities, and injury by one population group about another. Moreover, it refers to the differences between groups in the health care facilities regarding provision of care services, its access, and quality given. This issue are related to the people’s cultural sensitivity in that the issue surrounds this concept are based on socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability status. Similarly, cultural insensitivity arises from disparities that in return causes care limit as well as continued improvement in overall quality of cares (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Health care disparities can be exacerbated by looking at some things that comprise specific health conditions, provider biases, differences in access to care, poor patient-provider comm ...
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
1Health Disparity among LatinoIntroductionHealthcare.docxdrennanmicah
1
Health Disparity among Latino
Introduction
Healthcare is one of the basic needs that a normal human being must be granted. Not only should healthcare be granted but it should be of high quality that is beneficial to all who need it. In the recent past the Latinos have experienced disparities with health care being affected. However, there are different temperaments of these disparities. This is because of the many differences that they have being foreigners these include external and internal factors such as the language barrier, limited health insurance they also seem to lack trust from the rest. However, this is not the case as the quality of healthcare differs based on very many factors some of which include external factors that goes under xenophobia such as race, geography, disability, ethnicity, sex or gender, income, immigrant status, and sexual orientation. This difference in the quality of healthcare brings in the concept of healthcare disparity among a population. In the case of Latino, these disparities are greatly influence by internal factors such as language and cultural barriers, poor healthcare literacy, limited health workers, insufficient health insurance, and distrust health providers among others.
Definably, healthcare disparity can be described as the moral standing or disability as well as elevated burden of harm which are normally felt by the majority social group. This group usually has a common location, gender, ethnicity or status. Healthcare disparity is an important factor when it comes to the discussion on the health status of a nation; this is because the variations in healthcare provided waters down the overall quality of health and also has drastic effects on the given population. The disparities that are experienced in the health sector are majorly seen by the African American, Hispanic/Latino, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans as compared to the white population of the country.
These subgroups of the populations face health disparity majorly because of social factors such as their lower literacy levels, their low economic status, poor housing that is unsafe for all human habitation, and their habitation areas are near environmental hazards. With all these contributing factors the effects of healthcare disparity are visible due to the low numbers of the population in this subgroup being able to acquire health insurance and also the high financial burden that this population experiences when disaster strikes them.
Healthcare disparity is an area where not only the government should get involved in, but also non-governmental organizations that have the will and the resources should take part in so that this situation can be rectified for it has a high impact on the finances of the individuals affected and consequently on the economy of the country. This paper, therefore, gives insight on healthcare disparity among the Latino community who have for years been on the receiving end of this situation. T.
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COMMENTARYMinority Group Status and Healthful AgingSociLynellBull52
COMMENTARY
Minority Group Status and Healthful Aging:
Social Structure Still Matters
During the last 4 decades,
a rapid increase has oc-
curred in the number of sur-
vey-based and epidemio-
logical studies of the health
profiles of adults in general
and of the causes of dispar-
ities between majority and
minority Americans in par-
ticular. According to these
studies, healthful aging con-
sists of the absence of dis-
ease, or at least of the most
serious preventable diseases
and their consequences, and
findings consistently reveal
serious African American
and Hispanic disadvantages
in terms of healthful aging.
We (1) briefly review con-
ceptual and operational def-
initions of race and Hispanic
ethnicity, (2) summarize how
ethnicity-based differentials
in health are related to social
structures, and (3) empha-
size the importance of atten-
tion to the economic, politi-
cal, and institutional factors
that perpetuate poverty and
undermine healthful aging
among certain groups. {Am
J Public Health. 2006;96:
1152-1159. doi:10.2105/AJPH.
2006.085530)
Jacqueline L Angel, PhD, and Ronald J. Angel. PhD
ALTHOUGH THE SUPREME
Courl outlawed the principle of
sepajate but equal in 1954 with
its famous Brown versus Bom-d
of Education decision, many mi-
nority y^mericans luul that they
are still separate and unequal.
Despite a century of impressive
innovations in medical science
and improvements in public
health, poverty continues to un-
dermine the pliysical and emo-
tional health of a large number
of Americans, and serious ra-
cial/ethnic health disparities
persist'"^ Low-income families
have inadequate healtli care
coverage,"'^ and individuals who
lack adequate insurance are
more likely to die from cancer
and other serious diseases be-
cause of late diagnoses and defi-
cient care.^"" Perhaps the most
basic question is wliether health
disadvantages among minority
Americans are the direct and
almost complete resuit of pov-
erty and its correlates. Well-
documented correlates include
low educationai levels, labor
force disadvantages, and resi-
dential segregation iii ghettos
and barrios, where individuals
are exposed to environmental
and social health risks such as
drugs. \'io!ence. and fainily
disruption.'"^" ̂ ''
Radal/ethnic disparities in mor-
bidity and mortality are so glaring
that the federal govemment has
been forced to respond, and a
large body of research has exam-
ined tlie role socioeconomic status
(SES) and ailture play in these
disparities.'̂ The ultimate goal Ls
to identiiy the sodal stuictural
causes of inequities in health so
that genera] population health can
be impn)ved. We will present ap-
proaches to studying radal/etlinic
health disparities hy (1) reviewing
operational definitions of race and
ethnicity and tlie research tools
tliat estimate difierential disease
burdens and health au'e use,
(2) assessing jast how far the field
has come in understanding healtli.
and (3) |iro]X)sing a future re-
search agenda that examines the
soda ...
1Health Care DisparityBlack AmericansHispanicsLatinos.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Health Care Disparity
Black Americans
Hispanics/Latinos
Demographics
45.7 million, which is 14.3% of USA population.
15% of the USA population
Cultural Norms
Strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, strong religious orientation, take care of their own, seniors are highly respected, don’t like to admit they need help, poverty impacts education, self-esteem, quality of life and life style across.
Strong family ties, strong church and community orientation, male dominance, age dominance, negative view on asking for help, take care of their own majority are roman catholic, distrust of government, modesty is important and very proud of heritage
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
Have strong religious affiliation with Christian denominations and also Islam.
Have strong belief in the spirit world. Majority are roman CatholicsS
Primary Insurance Coverage
Most of them are not insured, but the affordable care act provision target at improving provisions that will highly improve their lives.
Six in ten Hispanic adults in USA lack health insurance.
Education
17% have attained bachelor’s degree
11% have attained bachelor’s degree
Medical Conditions
They reside at disadvantaged neighborhoods with increased risks for health disparities. Obesity in children is enormous
More than a quarter of its population lack usual health care provider. Hispanic adults have a low prevalence for many chronic diseases and a high prevalence for diabetes.
Outreach
Foundation of African American outreach program to provide assistance to Africa-Americans
Action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities
Introduction
The health of a population is influenced by both its social and its economic circumstances and health care services it receives. The health care services provided to Hispanics and black in United States of America is low. Throughout the years we have seen advancements in the health care quality received by ethnic minorities groups. But there is still a large gap when comparing minorities with their white counterparts (Vicini, 2015). This has affected the two groups which have low income families and experience poor quality care. Hispanic and blacks are less likely to have a high school education. Disparities in quality of care are common among the blacks and Hispanics in USA. For instance adults of 65 years and above receive worse care than adults with 18-44 years. Poor people have worse access to care than the high income people (Lee et al., 2003).
Healthcare Disparities between the Blacks and the Latinos in USA
The healthcare insurance status for the blacks and Latinos is low and as a result it forms barriers to access to quality health care utilization. Language barriers in health care are associated with decrease in quality of care, safety, patient and clinical satisfaction and contribute to health disparities even among people with insurance. Statistics have shown when comparing blacks and Latinos to their whi ...
Velasco-Mondragon et al. Public Health Reviews (2016) 3731 .docxjessiehampson
Velasco-Mondragon et al. Public Health Reviews (2016) 37:31
DOI 10.1186/s40985-016-0043-2
REVIEW Open Access
Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping
review of the literature
Eduardo Velasco-Mondragon1* , Angela Jimenez2, Anna G. Palladino-Davis3, Dawn Davis4
and Jose A. Escamilla-Cejudo5
* Correspondence:
[email protected]
1College of Osteopathic Medicine,
Touro University California, 1310
Johnson Lane; H-82, Rm. 213,
Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
Full list of author information is
available at the end of the article
Abstract
Hispanics are the largest minority group in the USA. They contribute to the economy,
cultural diversity, and health of the nation. Assessing their health status and health needs
is key to inform health policy formulation and program implementation. To this end, we
conducted a scoping review of the literature and national statistics on Hispanic health in
the USA using a modified social-ecological framework that includes social determinants
of health, health disparities, risk factors, and health services, as they shape the leading
causes of morbidity and mortality. These social, environmental, and biological forces have
modified the epidemiologic profile of Hispanics in the USA, with cancer being the
leading cause of mortality, followed by cardiovascular diseases and unintentional injuries.
Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has resulted in improved access to health
services for Hispanics, but challenges remain due to limited cultural sensitivity, health
literacy, and a shortage of Hispanic health care providers. Acculturation barriers and
underinsured or uninsured status remain as major obstacles to health care access.
Advantageous health outcomes from the “Hispanic Mortality Paradox” and the “Latina
Birth Outcomes Paradox” persist, but health gains may be offset in the future by
increasing rates of obesity and diabetes. Recommendations focus on the adoption of the
Health in All Policies framework, expanding access to health care, developing cultural
sensitivity in the health care workforce, and generating and disseminating research
findings on Hispanic health.
Keywords: Hispanics, Latinos, Scoping study, Social determinants of health, Health care
inequalities, Health care access
Background
Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the USA; in 2014, Hispanics comprised
17.4% of the US population (55.4 million), and this percentage is expected to increase
to 28.6% (119 million) by 2060. Hispanics in the USA include native-born and foreign-
born individuals immigrating from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Spain [1].
Hispanics are disproportionately affected by poor conditions of daily life, shaped by struc-
tural and social position factors (such as macroeconomics, cultural values, income, educa-
tion, occupation, and social support systems, including health services), known as social
determinants of health (SDH). SDH exert health effects on individuals through allostatic
load [2], a phenomenon purported t ...
Achieving Health Justice Addressing Disparities in Healthcare.pdfSayed Quraishi
Achieving Health Justice: Addressing Disparities in Healthcare is a phrase that
refers to the idea that all individuals should have access to high-quality and
equitable healthcare, regardless of their background. Health justice is a concept
that encompasses the idea that healthcare is a basic human right and that all
individuals should have access to the resources and opportunities they need to
maintain good health. This phrase highlights the importance of addressing
How the Pandemic Has Highlighted Systemic Injustice.pdfEvanGilbertkatz
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on people around the world, but it has also highlighted systemic injustices that have been in existence for years
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
On August 10, I had the wonderful opportunity to work with a group of amazing individuals to assess the biases present in our current healthcare system. This project was a part of a summer intensive program through MedSTEMPowered.
How abundant are microbes on Earth How abundant are microbes inon .pdfzakashjain
How abundant are microbes on Earth? How abundant are microbes in/on our body? What are
the domains of life? Viruses? What is LUCA? How did evolution shape our planet? Major
components of cells from different domains. Know and understand the contributions of Hooke,
van Leeuwenhoek, Cohn, Pasteur, Koch, Beijerinck, Winogradsky, and the Hesses to science and
microbiology What did they want to do? How did they accomplish them? e.g. Koch\'s postulate,
enrichment culture technique, etc.
Solution
3. Life domains are 3 types: Those are 1. Eubacteria, 2. Archaea, 3. Eukarya; Viruses are
semiliving organisms, in which, if host is absent, then virus is in non living, and host is present,
virus are living
2. Human micro biota is aggrigates of micro organisms reside in the body. In human body the
microbes and human cell ratios are in 3:1
4. LUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor. From this LUCA three domains formed. Those
are Eubacteria: Developed all modern bacteria, Archaea: Inxlude extremophiles and Eukarya: All
eukaryotes origin. All three domain organisms form producers, consumers and decomposers that
leads to ecological cycle
5. Eubacteria and archaea are prokaryotic in nature and lack nuclei, and membrane bound
organelles. Present 70s ribosomes. Eukarya contain all nucleated organisms. They contain
membrane bound organelles. Possess 80s ribosomes.
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page.pdfzakashjain
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page fault is p, the mainmemory
access time is tm and the time required to move a secondary page into the main memory is ts ,
derive an expression for the average access time ta.
Solution
Expression:
average access time =hit* main memory access time + miss*secondary memory access time
So,
ta = (1-p) * tm + p * ts is the desired expression.
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1Health Disparity among LatinoIntroductionHealthcare.docxdrennanmicah
1
Health Disparity among Latino
Introduction
Healthcare is one of the basic needs that a normal human being must be granted. Not only should healthcare be granted but it should be of high quality that is beneficial to all who need it. In the recent past the Latinos have experienced disparities with health care being affected. However, there are different temperaments of these disparities. This is because of the many differences that they have being foreigners these include external and internal factors such as the language barrier, limited health insurance they also seem to lack trust from the rest. However, this is not the case as the quality of healthcare differs based on very many factors some of which include external factors that goes under xenophobia such as race, geography, disability, ethnicity, sex or gender, income, immigrant status, and sexual orientation. This difference in the quality of healthcare brings in the concept of healthcare disparity among a population. In the case of Latino, these disparities are greatly influence by internal factors such as language and cultural barriers, poor healthcare literacy, limited health workers, insufficient health insurance, and distrust health providers among others.
Definably, healthcare disparity can be described as the moral standing or disability as well as elevated burden of harm which are normally felt by the majority social group. This group usually has a common location, gender, ethnicity or status. Healthcare disparity is an important factor when it comes to the discussion on the health status of a nation; this is because the variations in healthcare provided waters down the overall quality of health and also has drastic effects on the given population. The disparities that are experienced in the health sector are majorly seen by the African American, Hispanic/Latino, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans as compared to the white population of the country.
These subgroups of the populations face health disparity majorly because of social factors such as their lower literacy levels, their low economic status, poor housing that is unsafe for all human habitation, and their habitation areas are near environmental hazards. With all these contributing factors the effects of healthcare disparity are visible due to the low numbers of the population in this subgroup being able to acquire health insurance and also the high financial burden that this population experiences when disaster strikes them.
Healthcare disparity is an area where not only the government should get involved in, but also non-governmental organizations that have the will and the resources should take part in so that this situation can be rectified for it has a high impact on the finances of the individuals affected and consequently on the economy of the country. This paper, therefore, gives insight on healthcare disparity among the Latino community who have for years been on the receiving end of this situation. T.
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COMMENTARYMinority Group Status and Healthful AgingSociLynellBull52
COMMENTARY
Minority Group Status and Healthful Aging:
Social Structure Still Matters
During the last 4 decades,
a rapid increase has oc-
curred in the number of sur-
vey-based and epidemio-
logical studies of the health
profiles of adults in general
and of the causes of dispar-
ities between majority and
minority Americans in par-
ticular. According to these
studies, healthful aging con-
sists of the absence of dis-
ease, or at least of the most
serious preventable diseases
and their consequences, and
findings consistently reveal
serious African American
and Hispanic disadvantages
in terms of healthful aging.
We (1) briefly review con-
ceptual and operational def-
initions of race and Hispanic
ethnicity, (2) summarize how
ethnicity-based differentials
in health are related to social
structures, and (3) empha-
size the importance of atten-
tion to the economic, politi-
cal, and institutional factors
that perpetuate poverty and
undermine healthful aging
among certain groups. {Am
J Public Health. 2006;96:
1152-1159. doi:10.2105/AJPH.
2006.085530)
Jacqueline L Angel, PhD, and Ronald J. Angel. PhD
ALTHOUGH THE SUPREME
Courl outlawed the principle of
sepajate but equal in 1954 with
its famous Brown versus Bom-d
of Education decision, many mi-
nority y^mericans luul that they
are still separate and unequal.
Despite a century of impressive
innovations in medical science
and improvements in public
health, poverty continues to un-
dermine the pliysical and emo-
tional health of a large number
of Americans, and serious ra-
cial/ethnic health disparities
persist'"^ Low-income families
have inadequate healtli care
coverage,"'^ and individuals who
lack adequate insurance are
more likely to die from cancer
and other serious diseases be-
cause of late diagnoses and defi-
cient care.^"" Perhaps the most
basic question is wliether health
disadvantages among minority
Americans are the direct and
almost complete resuit of pov-
erty and its correlates. Well-
documented correlates include
low educationai levels, labor
force disadvantages, and resi-
dential segregation iii ghettos
and barrios, where individuals
are exposed to environmental
and social health risks such as
drugs. \'io!ence. and fainily
disruption.'"^" ̂ ''
Radal/ethnic disparities in mor-
bidity and mortality are so glaring
that the federal govemment has
been forced to respond, and a
large body of research has exam-
ined tlie role socioeconomic status
(SES) and ailture play in these
disparities.'̂ The ultimate goal Ls
to identiiy the sodal stuictural
causes of inequities in health so
that genera] population health can
be impn)ved. We will present ap-
proaches to studying radal/etlinic
health disparities hy (1) reviewing
operational definitions of race and
ethnicity and tlie research tools
tliat estimate difierential disease
burdens and health au'e use,
(2) assessing jast how far the field
has come in understanding healtli.
and (3) |iro]X)sing a future re-
search agenda that examines the
soda ...
1Health Care DisparityBlack AmericansHispanicsLatinos.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Health Care Disparity
Black Americans
Hispanics/Latinos
Demographics
45.7 million, which is 14.3% of USA population.
15% of the USA population
Cultural Norms
Strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, strong religious orientation, take care of their own, seniors are highly respected, don’t like to admit they need help, poverty impacts education, self-esteem, quality of life and life style across.
Strong family ties, strong church and community orientation, male dominance, age dominance, negative view on asking for help, take care of their own majority are roman catholic, distrust of government, modesty is important and very proud of heritage
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
Have strong religious affiliation with Christian denominations and also Islam.
Have strong belief in the spirit world. Majority are roman CatholicsS
Primary Insurance Coverage
Most of them are not insured, but the affordable care act provision target at improving provisions that will highly improve their lives.
Six in ten Hispanic adults in USA lack health insurance.
Education
17% have attained bachelor’s degree
11% have attained bachelor’s degree
Medical Conditions
They reside at disadvantaged neighborhoods with increased risks for health disparities. Obesity in children is enormous
More than a quarter of its population lack usual health care provider. Hispanic adults have a low prevalence for many chronic diseases and a high prevalence for diabetes.
Outreach
Foundation of African American outreach program to provide assistance to Africa-Americans
Action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities
Introduction
The health of a population is influenced by both its social and its economic circumstances and health care services it receives. The health care services provided to Hispanics and black in United States of America is low. Throughout the years we have seen advancements in the health care quality received by ethnic minorities groups. But there is still a large gap when comparing minorities with their white counterparts (Vicini, 2015). This has affected the two groups which have low income families and experience poor quality care. Hispanic and blacks are less likely to have a high school education. Disparities in quality of care are common among the blacks and Hispanics in USA. For instance adults of 65 years and above receive worse care than adults with 18-44 years. Poor people have worse access to care than the high income people (Lee et al., 2003).
Healthcare Disparities between the Blacks and the Latinos in USA
The healthcare insurance status for the blacks and Latinos is low and as a result it forms barriers to access to quality health care utilization. Language barriers in health care are associated with decrease in quality of care, safety, patient and clinical satisfaction and contribute to health disparities even among people with insurance. Statistics have shown when comparing blacks and Latinos to their whi ...
Velasco-Mondragon et al. Public Health Reviews (2016) 3731 .docxjessiehampson
Velasco-Mondragon et al. Public Health Reviews (2016) 37:31
DOI 10.1186/s40985-016-0043-2
REVIEW Open Access
Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping
review of the literature
Eduardo Velasco-Mondragon1* , Angela Jimenez2, Anna G. Palladino-Davis3, Dawn Davis4
and Jose A. Escamilla-Cejudo5
* Correspondence:
[email protected]
1College of Osteopathic Medicine,
Touro University California, 1310
Johnson Lane; H-82, Rm. 213,
Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
Full list of author information is
available at the end of the article
Abstract
Hispanics are the largest minority group in the USA. They contribute to the economy,
cultural diversity, and health of the nation. Assessing their health status and health needs
is key to inform health policy formulation and program implementation. To this end, we
conducted a scoping review of the literature and national statistics on Hispanic health in
the USA using a modified social-ecological framework that includes social determinants
of health, health disparities, risk factors, and health services, as they shape the leading
causes of morbidity and mortality. These social, environmental, and biological forces have
modified the epidemiologic profile of Hispanics in the USA, with cancer being the
leading cause of mortality, followed by cardiovascular diseases and unintentional injuries.
Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has resulted in improved access to health
services for Hispanics, but challenges remain due to limited cultural sensitivity, health
literacy, and a shortage of Hispanic health care providers. Acculturation barriers and
underinsured or uninsured status remain as major obstacles to health care access.
Advantageous health outcomes from the “Hispanic Mortality Paradox” and the “Latina
Birth Outcomes Paradox” persist, but health gains may be offset in the future by
increasing rates of obesity and diabetes. Recommendations focus on the adoption of the
Health in All Policies framework, expanding access to health care, developing cultural
sensitivity in the health care workforce, and generating and disseminating research
findings on Hispanic health.
Keywords: Hispanics, Latinos, Scoping study, Social determinants of health, Health care
inequalities, Health care access
Background
Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the USA; in 2014, Hispanics comprised
17.4% of the US population (55.4 million), and this percentage is expected to increase
to 28.6% (119 million) by 2060. Hispanics in the USA include native-born and foreign-
born individuals immigrating from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Spain [1].
Hispanics are disproportionately affected by poor conditions of daily life, shaped by struc-
tural and social position factors (such as macroeconomics, cultural values, income, educa-
tion, occupation, and social support systems, including health services), known as social
determinants of health (SDH). SDH exert health effects on individuals through allostatic
load [2], a phenomenon purported t ...
Achieving Health Justice Addressing Disparities in Healthcare.pdfSayed Quraishi
Achieving Health Justice: Addressing Disparities in Healthcare is a phrase that
refers to the idea that all individuals should have access to high-quality and
equitable healthcare, regardless of their background. Health justice is a concept
that encompasses the idea that healthcare is a basic human right and that all
individuals should have access to the resources and opportunities they need to
maintain good health. This phrase highlights the importance of addressing
How the Pandemic Has Highlighted Systemic Injustice.pdfEvanGilbertkatz
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on people around the world, but it has also highlighted systemic injustices that have been in existence for years
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
On August 10, I had the wonderful opportunity to work with a group of amazing individuals to assess the biases present in our current healthcare system. This project was a part of a summer intensive program through MedSTEMPowered.
How abundant are microbes on Earth How abundant are microbes inon .pdfzakashjain
How abundant are microbes on Earth? How abundant are microbes in/on our body? What are
the domains of life? Viruses? What is LUCA? How did evolution shape our planet? Major
components of cells from different domains. Know and understand the contributions of Hooke,
van Leeuwenhoek, Cohn, Pasteur, Koch, Beijerinck, Winogradsky, and the Hesses to science and
microbiology What did they want to do? How did they accomplish them? e.g. Koch\'s postulate,
enrichment culture technique, etc.
Solution
3. Life domains are 3 types: Those are 1. Eubacteria, 2. Archaea, 3. Eukarya; Viruses are
semiliving organisms, in which, if host is absent, then virus is in non living, and host is present,
virus are living
2. Human micro biota is aggrigates of micro organisms reside in the body. In human body the
microbes and human cell ratios are in 3:1
4. LUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor. From this LUCA three domains formed. Those
are Eubacteria: Developed all modern bacteria, Archaea: Inxlude extremophiles and Eukarya: All
eukaryotes origin. All three domain organisms form producers, consumers and decomposers that
leads to ecological cycle
5. Eubacteria and archaea are prokaryotic in nature and lack nuclei, and membrane bound
organelles. Present 70s ribosomes. Eukarya contain all nucleated organisms. They contain
membrane bound organelles. Possess 80s ribosomes.
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page.pdfzakashjain
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page fault is p, the mainmemory
access time is tm and the time required to move a secondary page into the main memory is ts ,
derive an expression for the average access time ta.
Solution
Expression:
average access time =hit* main memory access time + miss*secondary memory access time
So,
ta = (1-p) * tm + p * ts is the desired expression.
Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the curve about the.pdfzakashjain
Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the curve about the specified axis.
Please list out the whole process in detail. I am getting frustrated with half answers and and
answers without explanations. Please list out the process in detail so I can learn. Thank you. To
help, here is the answer from the answer key:
Solution
it forms sphere of radius 1 4*3.14*1^2=12.56.
Explain how Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn have resulted in the d.pdfzakashjain
\"Explain how Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn have resulted in the development of new laws
and precedent.\"
Solution
Social Medias like T, F, and L have their own platforms for their users. There are so many users.
Each one has different mentality, temperament, and motive. Online people use these sites for
their post, information, comment, chatting, etc. But these should not be provocative, misleading,
or against public. Otherwise it could cause a communal war within the country.
In order to control their post, comment, etc new laws and standards are developed. Such
initiation restricts the users about their post.
Therefore, the new laws and standards have developed because of T, F, and L..
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the struct.pdfzakashjain
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the structure and functions of lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the structure and functions of lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
Solution
Non polar atom has nucleus and outer shell contain electron .They are more stable ,they are inert
and do not attract other atom that I.e they do not mix with polar substance like water so called
hydrophobic.
Polar atom have power to attract other atom thus posses electro negativity.They react with water
molecules I.e hydrophilic in nature.
Polarity in lipid play important role they make them insoluble they can be stored in the body and
act as reserve source of energy.
In membrane lipid form layer impermeable to water based molecules thus membrane is
semipermeable.
Nucleic acid are hydrophobic molecules thus genetic information remain conserved and
transmitted from one generation to another.
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or notPleas.pdfzakashjain
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or not?
Please elaborate using critical values etc if applicable.
Thank you
Solution
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or not?
Yes, that means that you have heteroscedasticity problem
critical value is 36.741 for alpha = 0.10.
Describe how the effects of directional selection can be offset by g.pdfzakashjain
Describe how the effects of directional selection can be offset by gene flow.
Solution
Lets just understand by an example:
A tribe of subterrestrial people has the ability to glow in the dark but if they keep marrying other
non-luminescent people then they will never become truly unique. So, the population undergoes
selection pressure from other population otherwise the gene from outside will impact or dilute
the impact of the origin gene this will lead to directional selection..
Car Instrument Simulator For this assignment, you will design a set .pdfzakashjain
Car Instrument Simulator For this assignment, you will design a set of classes that work
together to simulate a car\'s fuel gauge and odometer. The classes you will design arc the
following: The FuelGauge Class: This class will simulate a fuel gauge. Its responsibilities are as
follows: To know the car\'s current amount of fuel, in gallons. To report the car\'s current
amount of fuel, in gallons. To be able to increment the amount of fuel by 1 gallon. This
simulates putting fuel in the car. (The car can hold a maximum of 15 gallons.) To be able to
decrement the amount of fuel by 1 gallon, if the amount of fuel is greater than 0 gallons. This
simulates burning fuel as the car runs. The Odometer Class: This class will simulate the car\'s
odometer. Its responsibilities are as follows: To know the car\'s current mileage. To report the
car\'s current mileage. To be able to increment the current mileage by 1 mile. The maximum
mileage the odometer can store is 999, 999 miles. When this amount is exceeded, the odometer
resets the current mileage to 0. To be able to work with a FuelGauge object. It should decrease
the FuelGauge object\'s current amount of fuel by 1 gallon for every 24 miles traveled. (The
car\'s fuel economy is 24 miles per gallon.) Demonstrate the classes by creating instances of
each. Simulate filling the car up with fuel, and then run a loop that increments the odometer until
the car runs out of fuel. During each loop iteration, print the car\'s current mileage and amount of
fuel.
Solution
//FuelGauge class
class FuelGauge
{
private int fuel;
public static int max_capacity = 15;
public FuelGauge()
{
fuel = 0;
}
// parameterized constructor
public FuelGauge(int oil)
{
if (oil <= max_capacity)
{
fuel = oil;
}
else
{
fuel = max_capacity;
}
}
// return amount of fuel
public int getfuel()
{
return fuel;
}
// add fuel till max capacity is reached
public void addfuel()
{
if (fuel < max_capacity)
{
fuel++;
}
else
{
System.out.println(\"Maximum capacity reached, Burn some fuel\ \");
}
}
// burn the fuel
public void burnFuel()
{
if (fuel > 0)
{
fuel--;
}
else
{
System.out.println(\"No fuel left, Add some fuel\ \");
}
}
}
//Odometer class
class Odometer
{
// maximum mileage
public int max_mileage = 999999;
// miles per gallon
public int fuel_economy = 22;
private int startmileage;
private int mileage;
// FuelGauge object
private FuelGauge fuelgauge;
public Odometer(int mlg, FuelGauge fg) {
startmileage = mlg;
mileage = mlg;
fuelgauge = fg;
}
public int getMileage()
{
return mileage;
}
public void addMileage()
{
if (mileage < max_mileage)
{
mileage++;
}
else
{
mileage = 0;
}
int d = startmileage - mileage;
if (d % fuel_economy == 0)
{
fuelgauge.burnFuel();
}
}
}
//Test class
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
FuelGauge f = new FuelGauge();
Odometer o = new Odometer(0, f);
for (int i = 0; i < FuelGauge.max_capacity; i++)
{
f.addfuel();
}
while (f.getfuel() > 0)
{
o.addMileage();
System.out.println(\"Mileage: \" + o.get.
Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthes.pdfzakashjain
Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthesis in simpler terms? I am
most confused about the steps of viral synthesis within the host’s cell. How does it differ
between viruses that contain different types of RNA and DNA (ex. ss-, ss+ or ds).
Solution
In virology, mRNA is said to be plus (+) configuration and its complement is said to be minus (-)
configuration. Positive strand viruses begin with translation to produce replicase. However they
only make more positive than negative strand so it can\'t act as template (primer-like Ad) eg
poliovirus
Difference between ss (single stranded) and ds (double stranded) virus is that in ds RNA cell has
no enzyme to transcribe RNA into mRNA. Virus carries its own polymerase. eg. Picornaviridae,
Caliciviridae. In ss RNA (having +polarity) cell carries RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
dsRNA is transcribed to mRNA by host cell polymerase. eg. retrovirus
-ssRNA using viral RdRP (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) makes +ssRNA. This ssRNA
makes viral proteins using host ribosomes. On other hand +ssRNA using this viral RdRP makes -
ssRNA and also viral proteins.
Virus synthesis in host cells can be described in following steps:
1. attachment and adsorption of virus to its host cell
2. penetration and uncoating of virus cover in the host cell
3. early viral mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis like polymerase enzyme
4. replication of viral genome
5. late viral mRNA and protein synthesis (maturation)
6. self-assembly and release of newly formed virus from the host cell as infectious particle.
B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc. Do We Have Gender DifferencesWil.pdfzakashjain
B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc.: Do We Have Gender Differences?
Wildcat Plumbing Supply has served the plumbing needs of Southwest Arizona for more than 40
years. The company was founded by Mr. Terrence St. Julian and is run today by his son Cory.
The company has grown from a handful of employees to more than 500 today. Cory is concerned
about several positions within the company where he has men and women doing essentially the
same job but at different pay. To investigate, he collected the information below. Suppose you
are a student intern in the Accounting Department and have been given the task to write a report
summarizing the situation.
To kick off the project, Mr. Cory St. Julian held a meeting with his staff and you were invited. At
this meeting, it was suggested that you calculate several measures of location, create charts or
draw graphs such as a cumulative frequency distribution, and determine the quartiles for both
men and women. Develop the charts and write the report summarizing the yearly salaries of
employees at Wildcat Plumbing Supply. Does it appear that there are pay differences based on
gender?
Use the data from the case:
Write a report to Mr. Cory St. Julian addressing the case issues. Include in your report whether
you think there is a problem and any suggestions you might have.
40 pts - correct and thorough analysis including calculated measures, charts and distributions.
Solution.
Answer and explain.•In an organism with a diploid chromosome numbe.pdfzakashjain
Answer and explain.
•In an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 2n=4 , assuming no crossing over, after
meiosis:
1)How many genetically different gametes could be formed?
2)How many genetically different zygotes could be formed following the fertilization?
3)Answer 1) and 2) if 2n=6.
Solution
1). If no crossing over occurs, all the gametes produced are similar to the parent.
2). Assuming no crossing over occurs after meiosis, all the zygotes formed are genetically
identical..
2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strai.pdfzakashjain
2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strain that lacks two non-
essential genes: 1) DNAide and Timolase. replaced each endogenous gene with recombinant
forms that encode modified localization signals. A) DNAide is critical for DNA repair following
damage by UV light. The encoded amino acid sequence of each localization signal within the
modified DNAide gene is indicated in MMS FVSLLLVGILFWTA.. the figure to the right.
Predict how expression of the modified protein will impact yeast viability following exposure to
UV light. Be sure to NA TT COOH justify your answer in the context of where the modified
protein will NH localize within the cell. (4 points) KKKRK. B) Timolase is normally localized
inside the mitochondria where it helps to maintain proper H balance. This enables sufficient
energy production for cell growth when yeast are exposed to acidic environments. The
localization signals for the MLSLROSIRFFKPATRTLCSSRYLL.... modified Timolase gene
indicated in the figure to the right. Predict L COOH how yeast growth will be impacted when
cultures are grown NH Timolase media. Be sure to justify your answer in the i pH 3 modified
context of where the KDEL (4 points protein will localize within the cell. (4 points)
Solution
Answer:
2. (A) KKKRK is a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and proteins containing this sequence are
imported into the cell nucleus through nuclear transport.
Thus, the modified DNAide containing the KKKRK sequence will be localized in the nucleus.
So, it can act as a DNA repair protein upon DNA damage following UV exposure and help the
cell to survive.
(B) KDEL sequence when present prevents the secretion of proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER). It can also target proteins from other sites to the ER and can leave the ER only
when the sequence is removed.
The protein timolase is present inside the mitochondria and help maintain H+ balance. The
modified protein contains the KDEL sequence which targets and limits the modified timolase to
the ER. Thus, the protein can no longer maintain the H+ balance in the cell.
At acidic pH of 3, most of the proteins and enzymes inside the cell gets denatured. This may lead
to intracellular acidification and ultimately death of the cells by the ROS pathway..
42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are par.pdfzakashjain
42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are part of the sympathetic
system C) usually synapse at collateral ganglia D) all of the above E) B and C only
Solution
The answer is
D. All of the above.
The splanchnic nerves are paired visceral nerves (nerves that contribute to the innervation of
internal organs). They carry fibres of the Autonomic Nervous System - most of them carry
Sympathetic fibres except the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves which carry the parasympathetic fibres.
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerves provide the sympathetic innervation to the adrenal
medulla, stimulating catecholamine release.
These thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse in collateral ganglia as the CELIAC AND SUPERIOR
MESENTERIC GANGLIA..
________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eat.pdfzakashjain
________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eating late at night
Substance abuse Psychological disorder RLS is characterized by differences in functioning.
endorphin GAQA serotonin dopamine Muscle paralysis with lingers with narcolepsy once the
person awakes can be resolved by. feeding the person touching the person letting The person
smell the scent of lavender whispering to the person After a period of most coma patients
recover, move to a vegetative state, or die. 2 to 3 days 5 days 1 week 2 to 4 weeks
Solution
13) Is not a common cause for maintenance insomnia
B)eating late at night
Insomnia is a sleep disorder, people have trouble sleeping. Psychological stress, chronic pain,
heart failure, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, hyperthyroidism, menopause, drugs such as
caffeine, alcohol and nicotine etc are responsible for insomnia. So, eating late at night cannot
cause insomnia.
14) Muscle paralysis that lingers with narcolepsy once the person awakes can be resolved by
B) Touching the person
Patients with narcolepsy will experience sleep paralysis or muscle paralysis, when the person is
awakens, just touch them to end the paralysis.
17) RLS is characterized by differences in functioning
D) Dopamine
Here the person will have uncomfortable sensations deep in the legs developing at rest. He
cannot move and is worst at night with sleep disturbance. It is believed that RLS is due to
functional disturbance of dopamine neurotransmission in case of subcortical areas of the brain.
18)After a period of------most coma patients recover, move to a vegetative state or die
D)2 to 4 weeks
It has been observed that coma rarely lasts more than 4 weeks. During this period some patients
move from coma to the vegetative state or some may regain partial consciousness or some may
die..
Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices .pdfzakashjain
Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices from some of the following:
checkboxes, radiobuttons, pushbuttons, selections lists, and then the user clicks a submit button,
which then prints the choices that the use selected. Very simple JavaScript.
Solution
Male
Female
Other
Javascript -
function validate()
{
var val=document.getElementByName(\"gender\");
alert(\"you selected\"+val);
}.
Write code to open and read from a file called numbers this file c.pdfzakashjain
Write code to: open and read from a file called numbers this file contains a comma-separated
list of numbers (example: 4, 5, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7) count the number of \"Os\" in the file print the
result to a file called output (example: the file contained 2 zeros) Use exception handling to
handle the lO Exceptions. (Do not use \"throws lO Exception\")
Solution
import java.util.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ReadFile
{
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException
{
Scanner textfile = new Scanner(new File(\"Some_Numbers.txt\"));
filereader(textfile);
}
static void filereader(Scanner textfile)
{
int i = 0;
int sum = 0;
while(i <= 19)
{
System.out.println(textfile.nextInt());
sum = sum + textfile.nextInt();
i++;
}
}
}.
Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Pe.pdfzakashjain
Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Peon Barnum even
though most people have higher numbers of the Lauer? Are most agar plates incubated
aerobically or anaerobically? Prepare a flowchart that would help you identify your skin biota
isolates.
Solution
The Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium are part of normal microflora of the human skin.
Staphylococcus colonizes at various part of the skin as skin comensal, but it can act as
opportunistic pathogen when it breaches skin surface and enters the bloodstream. Both
organisms are related and can be isolated from the infected part of the skin. Propionibacterium
causes mild infections related with skin, but post infectious stage becomes complicated due to
the contamination with Staphylococcus. The Propionibacterium is an anaerobic aerotolerent
which colonizes mainly on pilosebaceous follicles of the skin. The cellular damages and
metabolic byproducts due to the rapid growth of Propionibacterium in the follicle induces the
inflammatory reactions in the skin. Later this inflammation makes the affected tissues or cells
more susceptible for the colonization of Staphylococcus. It can leads to more complicated
chronic stages of infections.
The Propionibacterium can rolerate exposure to oxygen for several hours and is capable to
survive invitro under anaerobic conditions up to 8 months. Due to the oxygen tolerant
charecteristic, Propionibacterium is not reliably detected by aerobic culture because of slow
growth. To increase the detection in cultures, it is necessary to make a prolonged aerobic and
anaerobic incubation to 14 days in thioglycolate medium and routinely subcultured to agar
plates..
Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage RatioQuestion .pdfzakashjain
Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage Ratio?
Question 13 options:
Net income / Interest expense
Interest income / Interest expense
Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense
Earnings before taxes / Interest expense
Net income / Interest expense
Interest income / Interest expense
Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense
Earnings before taxes / Interest expense
Solution
Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense
Earnings before Interest and Tax =Sales – Cost of goods sold –Administrative expense –
Depreciation
Or Earnings before Interest and Tax = Net Income + Taxes + Interest Expense
Example: Suppose Earnings before interest and tax is 50000 and Interest expense is 10000, Then
Interest coverage ratio will be 5. [Calculation shown below]
Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense
= 50000 / 10000 = 5.
Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has a.pdfzakashjain
Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has an alternation of
generations life cycle:Diploid adults directly produce sexual cells that fuse during the process of
fertilization.
Solution
The correct answer is :There are two different forms of fully mature adults, and the two forms
cannot mate with one another.
Reason: The two different forms of fully matured adults are the sporophyte(2n) and the
gametophyte(n) that do not mate with one another..
what is a trans isomerSolutiontrans isomer is a form of geomet.pdfzakashjain
what is a trans isomer
Solution
trans isomer is a form of geometric isomer. in trans isomer the functional group apper on the
opposite side of carbon carbon double bond.
trans isomer form when there is restricted rotation somewhere in the molecule due to the
presence of carbon carbon double bond. example trans 1,2-dichloroethane..
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
1 page and cite source. Thank you.What are the implications for ho.pdf
1. 1 page and cite source. Thank you.
What are the implications for hospitals regarding diversity and disparity in healthcare treatment?
Solution
DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE :-
~ It is well documented that ethnic/racial minorities are disproportionately affected by many
health care conditions that impact their health in comparison to their white counterparts. Many
reasons are cited for these disparities, including socioeconomic status, health behaviors of the
minority groups , access to health care environmental factors, and direct and indirect
manifestations of discrimination. Other reasons cited for health disparities include lack of health
insurance, over dependence on publically funded facilities by minority groups, and barriers to
health care such as insufficient transportation, geographical location (not enough providers in an
area), and cost of services.
~ Focusing efforts to eliminate unequal burdens in health and health care can strengthen existing
solutions and policy formation related to this issue. Therefore, the purposes of this article are :-
(a) define disparities in health and health care,
(b) describe current health disparities impacting ethnic/racial groups,
(c) review historical factors associated with existing disparities in ethnic/racial groups
(d) present challenges and solutions to alleviate these disparities.
~ Definitions of Disparities in Health and Health Care
The four major ethnic/racial groups frequently cited in the literature and addressed in this article
include, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian Pacific Islander.
Traditionally these four groups, together with immigrants, the poor, and mentally retarded, have
experienced unequal burdens in health and health care reflected by high morbidity and mortality
rates. While much has been written about health disparities between the four groups cited above
and their white counterparts, African Americans represent the largest minority group and have
experienced much discrimination in this country. As a result, more citations can be found in the
literature about disparities and discrimination in this population group than for other ethnic/racial
groups.
Disparities in health are defined as unequal burdens in disease morbidity and mortality rates
experienced by ethnic/racial groups as compared to the dominant group. Causes of health
disparities include poor education, health behaviors of the minority group, poverty (inadequate
financial resources), and environmental factors. Most of these factors are access related.
"Disparities in health care are defined as racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care
2. that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences and appropriateness of
intervention". Causes of disparities in health care relate to quality and include provider/patient
relationships, health providers of the future, provider bias and discrimination, and patient
variables such as mistrust of the health care system and refusal of treatment. While disparities in
health and health care can be inextricably tied to one another, distinguishing between these two
definitions can help to focus the discussions and develop appropriate interventions.
~ Current Health Disparities in Ethnic and Racial Groups
The most commonly reported health disparities are seen in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and
diabetes.
Other illnesses include cerebrovascular diseases, unintentional injuries, and HIV/AIDS.mortality
rates in heart disease are more than 40% higher in African Americans than for whites. The death
rate for all cancers is 30% higher for African Americans in comparison to whites, with African
American women experiencing higher mortality rates from breast cancer despite increased
screening rates seen in this group. Prostate cancer is more than double in African American men
compared with whites. HIV/AIDs for African Americans is more than seven times that for
whites; and the rate of homicide is six times higher in African Americans than for whites.
Other minorities experience similar results. For example, Hispanics in this country experience
higher mortality rates in diabetes and are twice as likely to die from this disease than non-
Hispanic whites. Hispanics also have higher rates of hypertension and obesity in comparison to
their white counterparts. American Indians and Alaska Natives also have a higher rate of
diabetes, a rate that is more than twice that for whites. Further, it is reported that American
Indians have a life expectancy that is five years less than the national average. Asian and Pacific
Islanders, while viewed as one of the healthiest population groups, have great diversity within
their population with regard to health outcomes. For example, the mortality rate for Vietnamese
women with cervical cancer is five times than that for white women, and new cases of hepatitis
and tuberculosis are higher in Asians and Pacific Islanders.
~ Historical Overview
Clearly, society’s view of minority groups, enactment of civil rights’ legislation, and health
financing movements have played major roles.
During the late 19th and at the turn of the 20th century, "middle-class White Americans, imbued
with the spirit of social Darwinism, tended to regard the lower classes, particularly recently
arrived immigrants, as the "losers" in the struggle for survival. Poverty, sickness, disease,
drunkenness, laziness and immorality were all identified at one time or another with different
immigrants and ethnic/racial groups". Poor people regardless of their race were seen as always
having poor health outcomes and suffering from a disproportionate number of illnesses and
deaths. However, for African Americans, they were viewed as having earned their illness as just
3. cause for their immoral lifestyle. By defining the health problem in racial terms, physicians
absolved themselves of responsibility for what they saw as the "Negro’s deterioration".In
addition to blaming ethnic/racial groups for their poor health, many of the health care facilities
during the earlier centuries were separate, yet unequal.
At the beginning of the 20th century two major social transformations emerged that created
unequal health care delivery systems: (a) development of facilities that provided advancements
in medical and surgical services and payment of these services by middle and upper class
citizens, and (b) enactment of Jim Crow laws that legally separated facilities for black and white
communities. Many of these facilities also excluded minority physicians and nurses from
practicing in these institutions, which led to the creation of all-black-operated institutions.
Nevertheless, from these movements, ideologies and theories that predict and explain the
inferiority of certain groups, such as immigrants, the poor, African Americans, and the mentally
retarded emerged and became a way of life.
~ The Challenges and