The document discusses the Ottoman Empire and the Muslim world after its collapse following World War 1. It describes the territories controlled by the Ottoman Empire, the reasons Turkey joined WW1, and the interests of major powers like Britain and Russia in the empire's dissolution. After the war, the Ottoman lands were divided among the Allied powers. New Muslim-majority states faced restrictions and instability without the empire's backing, while Turkey underwent secularization and financial sanctions under the Treaty of Lausanne. Recent initiatives by Turkey and Pakistan aim to promote Muslim unity and counter Islamophobia through joint media projects, military cooperation, and international advocacy.

1. OTTOMAN EMPIRE
NAME: MUHAMMAD SAQIB ASKARI
REG NO: 18-NTU-TE-0082
SECTION: GM-05
SUBMITTED TO: MAM SADIA SALEEM

2. Table Of Content:
 Area & States Under The Ottoman Empire
 Why Turkey Joined WW1 ?
 Major Interest of Big Powers in Collapse of Ottoman Empire
 What Muslim States Face After The Break Down of Ottoman Empire ?
 Sanctions Imposed on Turkey by Big Power
 Initiatives Taken by Turkey and Pakistan to Unite Muslims

3. Area & States Under The Ottoman
Empire
 Areas and States under the Ottoman
Empire were Southeastern Europe to the
Gates of Vienna, including present day
Hungry. The Balkan Region, Greece and
parts of Ukraine. Portions of Middle East
now occupied by Iraq, Syria, Israel and
Egypt. North Africa as far west as Algeria
and also larger parts of Arabian Peninsula.
 These all Regions are Highlighted in the
map in picture.

4. Why Turkey
Joined WW1 ?
The Ottoman Empire came
into World War I as one of
the Central Powers. The
Ottoman Empire entered
the war by carrying out a
surprise attack on Russia's
Black Sea coast on 29
October 1914, with Russia
responding by declaring war
on 5 November 1914.
The reasons are discussed in
coming slides.

5. Why Turkey Joined WW1 ?
(Reasons)
 Balkan Wars (1912-13)
Its main and basic reason lies two
years before the War i.e. in 1912-13.
When first and second Balkan Wars
were fought respectively. In these
battles Ottoman Empire lost all his
European lands expect for Istanbul. It
was only two years happened this, the
Ottoman Officials started thinking that
if they fought in this World War, they
would be able to get back those lands.
This picture is captured during second
Balkan War.

6. Why Turkey Joined WW1 ?
(Reasons)
 Wilhelm Souchon (Ottoman Navy Commander in
Chief):
Surprisingly Ottoman Navy Commander in Chief was a German.
He had also a keen desire of Ottoman Empire participate in
World War 1 in favor of Germany. He also played an important
role of putting Ottoman Empire in World War 1.

7. Why Turkey Joined WW1 ?
(Reasons)
 Role of Enver Pasha:
The leader of these Ottoman officials was Enver Pasha (The
Ottoman War Minister). Enver Pasha was very closely bonded
to Germany. Germany also wanted that Ottomans join their
side as they didn’t want to fight this War alone. For this Enver
pasha planned with Germans on how to get Ottoman Caliph to
declare War against allies. Caliph was not ready at that stage.
So, for this purpose Enver Pasha played a big gamble. Enver
Pasha sent two German Warships 29 October displaying
Ottoman flag to the Sevastopol (Russian Port). Because of this
bombardment Russia thought that Ottomans had might
declared War against them. Then Russia in return also declared
War on 5 November 1914 against Ottoman Empire.
In this way to protect their life and territory Ottomans joined
World War 1.

8. Major Interest of Big Powers in Collapse
of Ottoman Empire
 The main thing that was pinching to Allies was Ottoman Empire stood against them
in favor of Germany, even it was not Ottomans matter and fight.
Following are some reasons why big powers wanted to destroy Ottoman Empire:
 It Faced a Destructive Rivalry with Russia in Past:
Russia had fought several fights with Ottoman Empire before WW1. Russia and
Ottomans were the rival. Russia always wanted to destroy Ottomans as Ottomans
were the greatest threat to them. “The Russian empire was the single greatest
threat to the Ottoman empire, and it was a truly existential threat,” Reynolds says.

9. Major Interest of Big Powers in Collapse
of Ottoman Empire
 Ottomans Left British Behind in WW1:
At the start of World War 1 Ottomans had good and positive terms with
British. Ottomans were establishing their army and all of the armory, fleets,
warships were ordered in British. Having such relations with British, Ottomans
stood against them in favor of Germany. The main clashes between two states
starts from there, England basically wanted to destroy Ottoman Empire
because of this scenario.
 Jews wanted control of Jerusalem:
Jews turned the British against Muslims because Ottomans didn’t permit Jews to live
in Jerusalem although they were allowed to worship there. This was pinching to
them and they wanted to get control of Jerusalem. Later when WW1 ends and
British came in power, they allowed Jews to settle there.

10. Major Interest of Big Powers in Collapse
of Ottoman Empire
 British wanted To Occupy Oil Reservoirs:
Since British were in control of sub-continent India. They pay taxes and
even import oil from Ottomans. In order to run sub-continent smoothly
they wanted to take control of oil reservoirs. In this regard at the time of
division of Ottoman Empire to Allies, British took oil containing lands like
Baghdad etc.
 Arabs Too Destroy Ottomans (Revolt of Sheikh Hussain of Mecca):
Sheikh Hussain wanted to establish his own state of Arab territories and
for this purpose he joined enemy and stood against Ottoman Empire to
destroy it. During World War 1 Sheikh Hussain was the Governor of
Mecca and he had 50000 soldiers under his command. He killed 5000
Ottoman soldiers which were present in Mecca at that time. In this way
Ottoman Empire struck a huge blow from inside which plays a key role in
its fall.

11. Muslim States After The Break Down of
Ottoman Empire
 Massacre in Palestine:
When Jews came in power, they killed Palestine’s people. Jews captured their property,
remove them from government jobs. And they get control half of the Jerusalem. So, the
face this situation in which they lost Palestine and Jerusalem in front of their eyes.
Muslims only had a small portion of Palestine.
 Muslims Lost their Unity:
When Ottoman Empire as in power, wherever Muslims were in danger or in difficult
situation other countries and state get there to help Muslims because a Muslim Empire
was backing them. But with fall of Ottoman Empire Muslims migrated to different parts
of World and connection between Muslim World was disconnected. As a result, Non-
Muslims captured every area of Muslims which was not much strong because they knew
no one is coming to help Muslims now.

12. Muslim States After The Break Down of
Ottoman Empire
Following restrictions were imposed after WW1.
 Financial restrictions
The Allies were to control the Ottoman Empire's finances, such as approving and
supervising the national budget, implementing financial laws and regulations and totally
controlling the Ottoman Bank. The Ottoman Public Debt Administration, instituted in
1881, was redesigned to include only British, French, and Italian bondholders.
 Military restrictions
The Ottoman Army was to be restricted to 50,700 men, and the Ottoman Navy could
maintain only seven sloops and six torpedo boat. The Ottoman Empire was prohibited
from creating an air force. The treaty included an interallied commission of control and
organization to supervise the execution of the military clauses.

13. Muslim States After The Break Down of
Ottoman Empire
Following territories were distributed among allies:
 Kingdom of Hejaz
The Kingdom of Hejaz, on the Arabian Peninsula, was granted international recognition
under Sheikh Hussain and had an estimated area of 100,000 sq mi (260,000 km2) and a
population of about 750,000. The main cities were the Holy Places of Mecca, with a
population of 80,000, and Medina, with a population of 40,000. Under the Ottomans, it
had been the vilayet of Hejaz, but during the war, it became an independent kingdom
under British influence.
 British Mandate of Iraq
The details in the treaty regarding the British Mandate of Iraq were completed on 25
April 1920 at the San Remo Conference. The oil concession in the region was given to
the British-controlled Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), which had held concessionary
rights to Mosul Province. British and Iraqi negotiators held acrimonious discussions over
the new oil concession.

14. Muslim States After The Break Down of
Ottoman Empire
 French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon
Within the territory retained by Turkey under the treaty, France received Syria and
neighboring parts of southeastern Anatolia,
including Antep, Urfa and Mardin. Cilicia, including Adana, Diyarbakır and large
portions of east-central Anatolia all the way north to Sivas and Tokat, were declared
a zone of French influence. The French Mandate was settled at the San Remo
Conference and comprised the region between the Euphrates River and the Syrian
Desert on the east and the Mediterranean Sea on the west.
 Kurdistan
The Kurdistan region, including Mosul Province, was scheduled to have a
referendum to decide its fate. There was no general agreement among Kurds on
what the borders of Kurdistan should be because of the disparity between the areas
of Kurdish settlement and the political and administrative boundaries of the region

15. Muslim States After The Break Down of
Ottoman Empire
 Thrace
Eastern Thrace (up to the Chatalja line), the islands of Imbros and
Tenedos and the islands of the Sea of Marmara were ceded to
Greece.
 Zone of the Straits
A Zone of the Straits was proposed to include the Bosphorus, the
Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara. Navigation would be open
in the Dardanelles in times of peace and war alike to all vessels of
commerce and war, regardless of flag. That would effectively lead
to the Internationalization of the waters, which were not to be
subject to blockade, and no act of war could be committed there
except to enforce decisions of the League of Nations.

16. Sanctions Imposed on Turkey by Big
Power
 Turkey lost the WW1 and an agreement
was settled down between the Turkey
and Allies called as, ‘Treaty of Lausanne’.
The Treaty of Lausanne was a peace
treaty negotiated during the Lausanne
Conference of 1922–23 and signed in
the Palais de
Rumine, Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24
July 1923. The original text of the treaty
is in French.

17. Sanctions Imposed on Turkey by Big
Power
 Following 5 Sanctions were imposed on Turkey in this agreement:
1. Caliphate was abolished and Caliph at that time was deported. All members of
Caliph’s family were either murdered or sent to unknown places.
2. Rights and assets of Caliph were captured by Allies
3. Turkey was declared as Secular State and they even can’t Call for Prayers in Arabic
language. Gaon was not allowed. Muslims can’t offer their prayers in Mosques, they
were supposed to offer prayers only within their house.
4. Turkey was not allowed extract oil and other minerals from its lands. Turkey had to
import oil to meet his needs.
5. Turkey can’t charge taxes from other countries from Bosphorus Trait. This pathway is
considered as, ‘’The Backbone of Trade across the World’’. This is the way where most
of the countries do trade and Turkey can’t demand tax from using this way.

18. Sanctions Imposed on Turkey by Big
Power
 On October 15, 2019, President Trump imposes
new Sanctions on Turkey for Syria invasion.
 Russia also imposed Sanctions on Turkey when a
Turkish F-16 shot down a Russian Su-24 bomber
on Syria-Turkey border in November 2016. Russian
pilot died during this.
 Russia had banned:
1. The import of Turkish fruit and vegetables, poultry
and salt
2. The sale of charter holidays for Russians to Turkey
3. Construction projects with Turkish firms in Russia
unless a special exemption is granted

19. Initiatives
Taken by
Turkey and
Pakistan to
Unite Muslims

20. Initiatives Taken by Turkey and Pakistan to
Unite Muslims
 Launch of An English T.V. :
The three countries Pakistan, Turkey and Malaysia decided to launch a TV channel
dedicated to confronting the challenges posed by Islamophobia. "President
Erdogan, Prime Minister Mahathir and myself held a meeting today in which we
decided our three countries will jointly start an English language TV channel
dedicated to confronting challenges posed by Islamophobia and setting the record
straight on our great religion – Islam," Khan said in a series of tweets.
 Separate Muslim Nations Army:
Turkey and Pakistan together decided to make a separate Muslim countries Army
for the protection of Islamic Rights.

21. Initiatives Taken by Turkey and Pakistan to
Unite Muslims
 Speech At United Nations (On 27 September) :
In United Nations Pakistan’s Prime Minister clearly
blamed terrorism attacks on India. Imran Khan and
President Erdogan raise voice against the brutality of
Hindus in Kashmir. They further added in favor of
Palestine Muslims and protested against cruelty of
Israel. At every forum they have raised voice in favor of
Muslims across the World like in Syria, Yamen, Iraq.
 Unity Between Iran and Saudi Arab:
Both Nations tried their best to make peace between
both countries.

22. Initiatives Taken by Turkey and Pakistan to
Unite Muslims
 Launch of T.V. drama Ertrugal Ghazi:
I personally think this drama Ertrugal Ghazi has very
meaningful message. This drama shows how Ottoman
Empire was built and the challenges they had to face in
establishing the Empire. This drama scolds that what they
were and now where we are ! This drama is totally based on
continuous struggle, belief in Allah, Islamic teachings, moral
values etc. President Erdogan directed this drama personally
under his supervisory and frequently visited shooting site. He
wanted to show to positive, united and strong image of
Muslims across the World. This drama is translated in 25
different languages and is viewed more than 150+ countries.
This is record breaking data. Imran Khan also published this
drama in Pakistan with proper dubbing. In this way they show
the strong face of Muslims to the World and to show them
they have glorious history.