Other than hydrogen bonding, what else contributes to the stability .pdf

•

0 likes•2 views

Other than hydrogen bonding, what else contributes to the stability of the double helix? Solution Apart from the hydrogen bonds between purines and pyramidines, the base stacking interactions with the nucleotides play a very important role in stability of the DNA double helix. Two to three nucleotide rings stack on each other parallelly lije stack of coins to prevent contact with water. stacking also involves a combination of van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions between the bases..

Education

More from ramasamyarm

While federal funding of primary and secondary education and federal influence on local schools have both grown considerably in recent years, K–12 education is still largely under the control of state and local governments. How might U.S. public schools be different if, like France, the United States had a unitary system of government? Solution First of all defining Unitary Government is that Unitary governments draw praise for creating uniform laws, policies and administrative procedures, and for fostering a national sense of unity and stability. Unitary governments are essentially those that operate under a central system of power. In these government systems, all powers vested in the government are held by a single, central controlling agency. It has has the highest degree of centralization. In a unitary state, the central government holds all the power. Lower-level governments, if they exist at all, do nothing but implement the policies of the national government. In a purely unitary state, the same set of laws applies throughout the nation, without variation. Unitary states create national policy, which is then applied uniformly. This uniformity sometimes serves as an advantage because people and businesses know exactly what to expect from the laws, regardless of geographical location. At the same time, to maintain its uniformity, a unitary government must overlook local differences that might call for different rules or policies. They are characterized by the existence of a single controlling entity, such as a parliament, which assumes control of all governmental operations. Under unitary governments, local governments (such as town and state governments) exist, but have little functional purpose. Local governments, under this system of rule, have the power to step in to perform administrative tasks and relieve the central body of administrative burdens only when absolutely necessary. The US Public schools will be having centralised command if the United States had a unitary system of government. In this the single and the central authority will makes all of the decisions. In schools, by creating uniform laws and policies, the government reduces duplicative efforts, leading to reduced costs for carrying out government tasks, and less risk of tensions and conflicts between operations at federal and local levels in the Public Schools. Unitary governments are also praised for creating a sense of unity and offering a stable structure of governance. The unitary system of government in US Public Schools will have the following benefits/advantages :- 1. They Are Simple Unitary government is simple. Fewer people are involved in the decision making process so that decisions are made faster and more efficiently. 2. No Money Go Round There is no money-go-round. Financial decision making power is held by a small number of people or an individual. The level of corruption can be less because fewer people with self motivated interests have direct acce.

While federal funding of primary and secondary education and federal.pdf

ramasamyarm

Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early form of targeted cell-cell communication was present before the evolution of complex multicellular organisms? Question 7 options: Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma membrane of other amoebae Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi Save Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma membrane of other amoebae Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi Solution Mechanisms enabling cell-cell communications are well documented in various eukaryotes of higher orders. These cells typically use tight junctions and gap junctions to secrete and exchanging chemicals as a form of sharing information.Mechanisms enabling one cell to influence the behavior of another almost certainly existed in the world of unicellular organisms long before multicellular organisms appeared on Earth. In order to solve the above problem, we need to look at the most simplest organism possessing traits of cell communication. The first option related to the discovery of trasnmembrane proteins in bacteria. Although bacteria are prokaryotes, the presence of transmembrane proteins have more to do with signal transduction, as compared to cell-cell communication between two independent cells. The second option can clearly be negated since it deals with plants. The third and fourth option deals with the presence of cell adhesion molecules found in amoeba and fungi. Now both these organisms are simple unicellular organisms, and the presence of cell adhesion apparatus would validate our theory, However, for all practical purposes, one can choose option 4 above 3, for the singular reason that fungii are more simple and less developed than amoeboid cells. Moreover, there is evidence to prove that fungi can communicate and influence one another\'s behavior in preparation for sexual mating. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for example, when a haploid individual is ready to mate, it secretes a peptide mating factor that signals cells of the opposite mating type to stop proliferating and prepare to mate. Therefore, the correct option is Option 4..

Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early.pdf

ramasamyarm

Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common? Choose all that apply. Remember the general plant life cycle and it\'s stages. pollen fruit sporophyte zygote endosperm seed cover Solution The basic part of seed contain 1. Embryo 2. Food storage 3. Seed covering 1. Embryo- it is form from fertilized egg also called as zygote and produced due to fusion of sperm from germinated pollen and female egg. It consist of 4 parts epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and cotyledon. 2. Food storage- it is used for the germination of embryo. 3. Seed covering - it is the outermost covering of seed which protect seed from external environment and impermeable to water. Endosperm also the part of seed and have triploid chromosome component part and mainly occupy large part of seed. Zygote is the cell and form due to combination of genome and considered as initial stage of formation of seed. Sporophyte is the alteration of generation and responsible for production of gametophytes and sporophyte which is responsibleso for the production of sperm. Pollen is also regarded as pollen grains and carry male gametophytes fir further fusion. Fruit it is outermost part and covering of seed. Hence pollen , sporophyte and zygote is the initial stage of development whereas seed cover and endosperm are the parts of seed and fruit is last one for formation after seed..

Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common Choose .pdf

ramasamyarm

Where can the medians of a triangle intersect I. inside the tri.pdf

ramasamyarm

What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in mapping a current state of \"push\" control from a Factory Physics viewpoint? How does VMS+ \"Learning to see better\" improve this situation? Solution Unlike traditional process mapping tools, VSM is a mapping tool that maps not only material flows but also information flows that signal and control the material flows. This visual representation facilitates the process of lean implementation by helping to identify the value- adding steps in a value stream and eliminating the non-value adding steps, or wastes (muda). Using a VSM process requires development of maps: a Current State Map and a Future State Map. In the Current State Map, one would normally start by mapping a large-quantity and high- revenue product family. The material flow will then be mapped using appropriate icons in the VSM template. The (material) flow path of the product will be traced back from the final operation in its routing to the storage location for raw material. Relevant data for each operation, such as the current schedule (push, pull, and order dispatching rules in effect at any process ex. FIFO) and the amount of inventory in various queues, will be recorded. The information flow is also incorporated to provide demand information, which is an essential parameter for determining the “pacemaker” process in the production system. After both material and information flows have been mapped, a time-line is displayed at the bottom of the map showing the processing time for each operation and the transfer delays between operations. The time-line is used to identify the value-adding steps, as well as wastes, in the current system. The comparison between the processing times and the takt time (calculated as Available Capacity/Customer Demand) is a preliminary measure of the value and wastes in a stream. This takt time is mostly used as an ideal production rate for each operation to achieve. Ideally, the cycle time for each operation should be less than or equal to the takt time. Based on the analysis of the Current State Map, one then develops a Future State Map by improving the value-adding steps and eliminating the non-value adding steps (waste). According to Rother & Shook, there are seven guidelines, adapted and modified based on the concepts of Lean Thinking, that can be followed when generating the Future State Map for a lean value stream: 1) Produce to takt time 2) Develop continuous flow 3) Use supermarkets to control production where continuous flow does not extend upstream 4) Schedule based on the pacemaker operation 5) Produce different products at a uniform rate (Level the production mix) 6) Level the production load on the pacemaker process (Level the production volume) 7) Develop the capability to make “every part every (EPE) Advantages of VSM > Relates the manufacturing process to supply chains, distribution channels and information flows. > Integrates material and information flows.

What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (V.pdf

ramasamyarm

What is the largest regular number less than 100 (See problem study.pdf

ramasamyarm

What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of human anatomy? What are serous body cavities? What epithelia lines them? Name and describe each cavity. Name the organelles we discussed in lecture. Provide some characteristics/functions of each. What is the plasma membrane? What are the structural components of the plasma membrane? What are the functions of each? Anna missed a point on her biology test because she thought nucleus and nucleolus were the same word and same structure. Distinguish between the Solution 1. Position of the body in which it\'s anatomy is studied is the anatomical position. It is taken as reference while studying the anatomy. Usually the body is erect and the face forward. It is the standard condition for studying anatomy. 2..

What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of h.pdf

ramasamyarm

Solve all questions on page please Will rate, thank you Mtaich the appseniate answer from below with each of the fotlowing statements I 1 This ancient wate iS engineer studied hydrostatics, and proposed the law of the lever and the ses 1 This ancient engineer Ronne, and built a bridge across the Tiber River rensovated aqueducts and the Cloaca Maxima, built the first public bath in I 1 This engineer ancient engineer authored The Ten Books of Architecture T 1 This ancient engineer solved in beams problems of accelerated movement and began the analysis of stresses J. This ancient engineer disoverrnch aak svered the tiangle of forces, nvented to decimal system, and developed he oi A. Simon Stevin B. Galileo Galilei C. Archimedes D. John Smeaton E. Marcus Vitruvius Pollo F. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa g British Match the appropriate answer from below with each of the following statements re ] This engineer designed a steam a beam. engine for pumping water from mines using a boiler, a cylinder and I J This Scottish engineer worked as an architect and surveyor, including canal, road and bridge projects, and became the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers. I l This man was the industrialist partner of Watt, lobbied Parliament for a 25-year patent extension. and was critical support for his partners inventions. [ J This Scottish engineer was an inventor of machines, he improved the steam engine and detined horsepower A. Thomas Telford B. James Watt C. Thomas Newcomen D. Matthew Boulton 4. Circle 5 ways in which innovation impacted the social process from below: lead to wars revolved upon politics and economics natural markets system of patent and monopolies financial backing society of craftsmen and engineers Solution 2) ARCHIMEDES was the ancient engineer studied hydrostatics,founding hydrostatics and statics, including an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, such as his screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion. MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLO is the first and most famous text in the history of western landscape architecture, architecture, enginering and town planning. In Roman times the architect was, from the word’s Greek etymology, a ‘chief technician’. The Ten Books\' Contents list reveals that most aspects of engineering, including harbours, site planning, clocks, aqueducts, pumps and siege engines, come with the author\'s technical scope. Only a tiny proportion of these subjects come within the twenty-first century scope of ‘architecture’. Vitruvius Pollio’s treatise De Architectura, was written circa 27 BC and is the only book of its kind to survive from antiquity. These online extracts from Vitruvius comprise the first Book and his comments on what we would now classify as garden design. 3) THOMOS NEWCOMEN was the engineer designed a steam engine ,Newcomen\'s great achievement was his steam engine, developed around 1712; .

Solve all questions on page pleaseWill rate, thank you Mtaich the .pdf

ramasamyarm

A heterozygote has a ------for a trait being studiedSolutionA .pdf

ramasamyarm

Prove that if a is an upper bound for A, and if a is also an element .pdf

ramasamyarm

PYTHON Using the file object input, write code that read an integer.pdf

ramasamyarm

Probability - Conditional Probability for any two events the equation for that is P(E1|E2) = P(E1 and E2) / P(E2) my question is how do I know which goes first (E1) and which goes second(E2)? can anyone give me the example? Solution It depends on which is in the Denominator. For your question, E2 is in the Denominator. Be cafeful to calculate the Conditional Probability for any two events, because the numerator is always the two events happen together. (i.e. P(A and B) ).

Probability - Conditional Probability for any two eventsthe equati.pdf

ramasamyarm

Please choose the correct answer. Severity of symptoms of cystic fibrosis may vary from one patient to the next. This variation seen is representative of... a. variable expressivity b. incomplete penetrance c. codominance d. dominant alleles e. none of the above Solution Choice a is correct. Reason: The cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Patients with homozyous recessive genotype express all the features of this disease where as in heterozygous individuals, only partial expression of the symptoms of this disease are present. This is becuase the heterozygous individuals also carry a copy of healthy allele for this disease. Thus, whereas homozygous recessive individuals are exteremely suffered from this disease with high clinical relavance, the heterozygous individuals display only partial symptoms. Thus, the severity of symptoms depends upon the nature of genetic profile of an individual with respect to the disease..

Please choose the correct answer. Severity of symptoms of cystic fib.pdf

ramasamyarm

One function of the spliceosome is to: (Select all that apply.) 1) recognize the beginning and end of the exons. 2) recognize the beginning and end of the introns. 3) recognize the 5\' end of the primary transcript. 4) recognize the 3\' end of the primary transcript. Solution Answer: 2) Spiceosome recognizes the beginning and end of the introns. Small nuclear RNA or snRNA play role in RNA spicing. One kind of small nuclear protein which contain snRNA will bind to the 5\' end of the intron and differnt snRNP bind to the 3\' end of the intron. These proteins causes intron to form loop bring the two ends together and large complex of snRNP excises the intron and exons join together ans spliceosome complex releases..

One function of the spliceosome is to (Select all that apply.)1) .pdf

ramasamyarm

Now we are going to bring in the radius r and angular speed omega. A particle goes around the circle with radius 7 centered at the origin with the position at time t given by x = 7 cos(3t) y = 7 sin(3t) Mark the points where t = 0, t = pi/4, t = pi/2, t = 3 pi/4, t = pi on the graph. Next to the points, make a note of the t values. Does it go clockwise or counterclockwise? Note that t is not a part of the given graph of y vs. x. How many radians per second does the particle do? What is the speed in centimeters per second? Looking at the previous question, if x = r cos (omega t) y = r sin (omega t). What is the linear speed v in terms of the angular speed omega and the radius r? Solution t =0 , pi/4 , pi/2 , 3pi/4 , pi x = 7cos3t ; y = 7sin3t t = 0 ; x = 7 ; y =0 t = pi/4 ; x= 7cos3pi/4 = -7/sqrt2 ; y = 7sin3pi/4 = 7/sqrt2 t = pi/2 ; x= 7cos3pi/2 = 0 ; y =7sin3pi/2 = -7 t = 3pi/4 ; x = 7cos9pi/4 = 7/sqrt2 ; y = 7sin9pi/4 = 7/sqrt2 t = pi ; x= 7cos3pi =-7 ; y = 7sin3pi =0 In t = pi/4 ; angle through which particle moves =3pi/4 So, angular speed = 3pi/4 / pi/4 = 3 rad/ sec Linear speed = angular speed*radius = 3*7 = 21 cm/sec x = rcoswt ; y = rsinwt v = w*r.

Now we are going to bring in the radius r and angular speed omega. A .pdf

ramasamyarm

Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and purpose. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offspring involving events before during or after meiosis. Using the internet research the topic of mitosis and meiosis and identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis. Given a diploid chromosome number of 4. Draw below a gametophyte cell in the midst of 1) Anaphase of mitosis, ; 2) Prometaphase of mitosis Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Cells divide and multiply in number as they proceed through the cell cycle. At some point however cells need to stop multiplying and the cell cycle is halted. Given your knowledge on mitosis think of two ways (methods, mechanisms procedures) a cell might stop it self from dividing. What are the implications for an organism that can not stop mitosis. Solution Answer: Five difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of process and purpose: Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and purpose: 2. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings involving events before during or after meiosis. There are several ways with which organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings: Before meiosis random mutations cause genetic diversity and get passed on to generations (heritable mutations). During meiosis crossing over between chromatids of homologous chromosomes causes genetic variation. After meiosis, fertilization process also contributes to creating genetic diversity. During fertilization each parent randomly contributes a unique set of genes (and hence traits) to the zygote. 3. Identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis. In Karyokinesis process a cell\'s nucleus is divided by mitosis or meiosis (separation of chromosomes), and cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm in a cell (organelles and cytoplasmic components). Plant cell have cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, cytokinesis in plant cells occur by phragmoplasts formation instead of cleavage as in animal cells. Cytokinesis in amoeba cells (binary fission) - In Amoeba the division is irregular whereas in Euglena it’s longitudinal. Plasmotomy in protozoa is also a unique mechanism. 5. Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Meiosis in animal cells occurs in the nuclei of the germ cells that are related to reproduction. On the other hand, in plants the Meiosis occur in the anthers and ovary of the angiosperm leading to the formation of pollen grains and ovules respectively. 6. Based on kn.

Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in.pdf

ramasamyarm

Mutants and mutant genes, 5 points You are studying a gene in chickens named “boneless”, named after its mutant phenotype. The wild type boneless gene encodes a protein that is 400 amino acids long. When a chicken lacks a wild type copy of the gene (in other words, when both of its copies are the boneless mutant version), it grows as a jiggly blob with eyes floating on top. (A) The wild type function of the boneless gene is most likely to make ________________. (B)To detect where boneless is expressed during embryogenesis you decide to perform an in situ hybridization experiment with a fluorescently labeled probe. To make this probe, what would you use as the template? Circle your answer and explain in one sentence why your answer is the better of the two choices. (1) genomic DNA of boneless, which includes 4 exons and 3 introns (2) cDNA of boneless (C) Given the phenotype of boneless, what can you conclude about the kind of gene that boneless encodes: (circle the correct answer) (1) it must be a transcription factor (e.g. like pax6) (2) it must be a receptor (e.g. like the insulin receptor) (3) it must encode a calcium channel protein for strong bones (4) it must encode a microRNA gene (5) it must encode a housekeeping gene (6) nothing can be concluded about what kind of product this gene encodes based its mutant phenotype (D) Although flies do not have bones, you discover that flies have a homolog of boneless called “puddle”. What must be true about puddle? (1) flies don’t need bones, therefore they have a puddle gene (2) flies lack bones because they lack boneless (3) the puddle gene makes flies boneless (4) puddle and boneless are sequences that arose from a common ancestral gene Solution A) normal non floating eyes B) cDNA of the boneless mutant would be usedr. In in situ hybridisation, labelled cDNA or RNA are used as probes in order to identify and localise a particular portion of the DNA. C) 6) nothing can be concluded about what kind of product this gene encodes based its mutant phenotype A kind of property of gene cannot be decided by just the phenotype. There have to be either sequencing studies or hybridisation studies in order to estimate accurately. D) (4) puddle and boneless are sequences that arose from a common ancestral gene As it is mentioned , puddle is a homolog of boneless. Homologous genes are those that have common ancestor ps but different functions. Thus puddle and boneless have common ancestors..

Mutants and mutant genes, 5 points You are studying a gene in chicke.pdf

ramasamyarm

Index) of l7 a) 2 b) 50 c) 32 d) 36 2.) Typical natural moisture con.pdf

ramasamyarm

5. Using the Cr value from the below graph find the concentrations of [HCO;]. ICO], [OH], and H at pH 7.5 and 11 by both from graph (no need to draw the graph) and from equations. (20 points) pH 0 23478D 10 11 12 13 1 H2CO HCO, IHCO, 1 IOH 10 12 Solution PH=7.5 H+XOH-=10-14 H+=10-7.5 OH-=10-14/10-7.5 =10-6.5 HCO3-=10^(-11.24+pH)=10^(11.24+7.5)=10^(-3.74) HCO3 - CO3-2 + H+ CO32-=10^(-6.5) PH=11 H+XOH-=10-14 H+=10-11 OH-=10-14/10-11 =10-3 HCO3-=10^(-11.24+pH)=10^(11.24+11)=10^(-0.24) HCO3 - CO3-2 + H+ CO32-=10^(-3).

5. Using the Cr value from the below graph find the concentrations of.pdf

ramasamyarm

In humans, the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele). A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers, whereas b give normal length, A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and short (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as follows. Normal 3 Abnormal knees and fingers 2 Abnormal knees only 17 Abnormal fingers only 18 Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the B/b and the N/n gene. x^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance between the two genes? Solution Linked genes are the genes that present on same chromosome and transmit together to next generation. As seen in the question, in F2 individuals both the characters are segregated independently and no cross over is there. So there genes are not at all linked genes.

In humans, the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the pate.pdf

ramasamyarm

More from ramasamyarm (20)