In humans, the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the pate.pdf
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In humans, the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele). A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers, whereas b give normal length, A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and short (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as follows. Normal 3 Abnormal knees and fingers 2 Abnormal knees only 17 Abnormal fingers only 18 Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the B/b and the N/n gene. x^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance between the two genes? Solution Linked genes are the genes that present on same chromosome and transmit together to next generation. As seen in the question, in F2 individuals both the characters are segregated independently and no cross over is there. So there genes are not at all linked genes.
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The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B f.pdf
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B for question 2 In humans,
the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele).
A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers,
whereas b gives normal length. A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and
short fingers (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one
parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal
spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they
can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as
follows. Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the
B/b and the N/n gene. X^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance
between the two genes?
Solution
Answer:
a). N/n; B/b x n/n; b/b
N/n B/b : N/n b/b ; n/n B/b ; n/n b/b
1:1:1:1
Chi-square vale = 22.60
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
p value = 0.00004893
The genes are not linkedPhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/ENormal310-
749.004.90Abnormal knees and fingers210-864.006.40Abnormal knees
only1710749.004.90Abnormal fingers only1810864.006.404022.60.
Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes- The first 22 pairs are called.pdf
Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes, and they
contain numerous genes that affect the traits of the individual. The last pair, number 23, are the
sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes determine gender (i.e., either male or female), but there
are other genes on this pair of chromosomes as well. Males sex chromosomes are XY, while
female sex chromosomes are XX . The gametes in a human (either egg cells or sperm cells)
contain only 23 chromosomes. Fertilization, the fusion of an egg and a sperm, restores the total
of 46 chromosomes in a human zygote. Non-gamete cells are called somatic cells, and they have
all 46 chromosomes in them. 1. Your sex chromosomes: XX Just as in Mendel's pea plant
experiments, genes in humans can be dominant or recessive, and the results of "crosses" can be
predicted using Punnett squares. A phenotype is the physical expression of a gene (made up of a
pair of alleles). The genotype is the actual genetic makeup of the allele pair. An individual
having two identical alleles for a gene is said to be homozygous. There can be homozygous
dominant or homozygous recessive combinations. Dominant traits are represented by capital
letters; recessive by lower case letters. An individual having non-identical alleles for a gene is
said to be heterozygous. Note that the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is determined by
the dominant gene. Dominant alleles tend to cover up the presence of any recessive alleles. In a
case of alleles that show simple dominance / recessiveness, it is not possible to know if an
individual who possesses a dominant trait has the homozygous dominant or the hatarnzunniic
nanntune haced an nhanntuns tha onlv nne wo knnwe for rertain is the Accessibility: Investigate
Example: What phenotypes and genotypes could one expect from a cross between two pea
plants, one true-breeding for yellow seeds and the other true-breeding for green seeds? Yellow
seeds are dominant to green. Complete the Punnett square below. Y The true-breeding The true-
breeding green seed plant yellow seed plant can only contribute can only contribute a recessive
allele. a dominant allele. Many human traits are controlled by a single pair of alleles and through
simple dominant and recessive rules. Example: Tongue rolling - If you can roll your tongue
lengthwise, you have the trait controlled by the dominant allele. Let " R " represent the dominant
allele in your genotype and r represent the recessive allele. If you have the dominant phenotype,
how do you know if you are homozygous dominant or heterozygous. That depends upon
knowing if one of your parents couldn't roll their tongue. For example, my Dad cannot roll his
tongue but I can. So, my genotype is Rr for this trait. If you do know know about your parents,
then you have to put both possible genotypes for yourself, i.e. RR or Rr . 2. What is your
phenotype (roller or non-roller)? 3. What is your genotype? A. If you and your parents can both
ro.
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
BIOL209: General Genetics Laboratory
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read all pages before coming to the lab to complete the experiments.
Print this entire lab packet and bring it to the laboratory.
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
1. Observe some single-gene genetic traits in humans.
2. Solve problems involving Punnett squares and pedigrees
Modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel and his study of pea plants. Mendel observed patterns in the number of each phenotype (physical appearance) of offspring from different parents. Mendel described genetic concepts that are used today to explain simple heredity (what traits are passed from one generation to the next) and variation (the differences between parents and their offspring). Through his experiments, Mendel determined that there can be multiple forms of the same gene. These alternate forms of genes, which are called alleles, code for slightly different expressions of a genetic trait. He recognized that some alleles exhibited dominant tendencies and others, recessive tendencies. When a dominant allele combined with a recessive allele, the dominant allele was expressed in the phenotype. Following the system that Mendel used in his experiments, a dominant allele is represented with a capital letter, and a recessive allele is represented with a lowercase letter.
For decades, teachers and professors have used a few classic human traits to demonstrate the concepts of simple autosomal inheritance. In this activity, you will observe the phenotypes of people in your class. You will apply your results, along with research findings, to predict whether each trait follows patterns of simple autosomal inheritance.
Mendelian Laws apply to the simple autosomal inheritance that Gregor Mendel studied, but these laws do not always apply to more-complex modes of genetic inheritance.
1. The Law of Segregation: Inherited traits are determined by genes, with two copies of each gene. Parental genes are randomly separated and segregated into each sex cell (gamete) with one copy of each gene per gamete. Offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: The inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
It turns out that some genes, and therefore some traits, are linked. Therefore, they are not assorted independently. Genes in close proximity to one another on the same chromosome are, in fact, more likely to be inherited together.
3. The Law of Dominance: If the inherited genes have multiple alleles, the dominant allele will determine the phenotype of the organism.
In fact, some alleles are codominant, meaning that multiple alleles contribute to the phenotype of the individual. Traits may have more than two alleles for the same gene. Furthermore, multiple genes may contribute to the phenotype of one trait.
Instructions
This lab i.
Please give an explaination fir those quesions! 2 3 4 5 1- Aman with r.docx
Please give an explaination fir those quesions!
2
3
4
5
1. Aman with red.geen colour blindness is marned to a girl with normal colwir vision. What is the probaliliny that his childron will be coluur blind? 2. A boy has Dachenne muscular dyatrophy. His malemal uncle had died of museular dystrophy at the age of 21 years. What is the prohatility that this chilfs sibs will be affected? Assignments \#3 rocosive or S -kinked dominant and X -linked recesive inheritance. (Nole that a potigrte may be coempable with muve thas ane type of inheritance.) Assignnents \#4 Examine the pedieree frum a funily with a ernetic disease and anvv the questiens below: a. Does this pedigree isdicate autosonal deuninant, teoessive of set-link type of inheritance? Give reasons for your choice. b. Assuaning that B and b are the normal and mataut alleies respectively what would be the enenotypes of the individuals :II.1, 11 2 and III .3? c. Individual II. 3 requested genctic counselling. What is the probubility that her child woald be affected. Fxplain why. Assignments \#5 Susan's grandfather was deaf, and passed down a hercditary form of deafhess within Susan's family as shown in Figure. A. Is this mutation most likely to be dominant of recessive?? B. Is it carried on an autosome of a sex cluomosome? Why? C. A complete SNP analysis has been done for all of the 11 grandchildren (4 affected, and 7 unaffected) In comparing these 11 SNP result, how long a haplotype block would you expect to find around the critical \#ene? How might you deleet it? Assignments \#1 Distinguish between the following genetic terms: A. Gene and allele. B. Homozygous and heterozygous. C. Genotype and phenotype. D. Dominant and recessive. 1. A man with red-green colour blindness is married to a girl with normal colour vision. What is the probability that his children will be colour blind? 2. A boy has Duchenne muscular dystrophy. His maternal uncle had died of muscular dystrophy at the age of 21 years. What is the probability that this child's sibs will be affected? Explain, giving reasons, whether the following pedigrees are compatible with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X -linked dominant and X -linked recessive inheritance. (Note that a pedigree may be compatible with more than one type of inheritance.) a. b. c. a. b. c. Assignments \#4 Examine the pedigree from a family with a genetic disease and ansv the questions below: a. Does this pedigree indicate autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-link type of inheritance? Give reasons for your choice. b. Assuming that B and b are the normal and mutant alleles respectively what would be the genotypes of the individuals: II.I, II.2 and III.3 ? c. Individual II. 3 requested genetic counselling. What is the probability that her child would be affected. Explain why. Susan's grandfather was deaf, and passed down a hereditary form of deafness within Susan's family as shown in Figure. A. Is this mutation most likely to be dominant or recessive? B. I.
2 3 4 5 Assignments -#1 Distinguish between the following genetic term.docx
2
3
4
5
Assignments \#1 Distinguish between the following genetic terms: A. Gene and allele. B. Homozygous and heterozygous. C. Genotype and phenotype. D. Dominant and recessive. 1. A man with red-green colour blindness is married to a girl with normal colour vision. What is the probability that his children will be colour blind? 2. A boy has Duchenne muscular dystrophy. His maternal uncle had died of muscular dystrophy at the age of 21 years. What is the probability that this child's sibs will be affected? Explain, giving reasons, whether the following pedigrees are compatible with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked dominant and X -linked recessive inheritance. (Note that a pedigree may be compatible with more than one type of inheritance.) a. b. c. a. b. c. Assignments \#4 Examine the pedigree from a family with a genetic disease and ansv the questions below: a. Does this pedigree indicate autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-link type of inheritance? Give reasons for your choice. b. Assuming that B and b are the normal and mutant alleles respectively what would be the genotypes of the individuals: II.I, II.2 and III.3? c. Individual II.3 requested genetic counselling. What is the probability that her child would be affected. Explain why. Susan's grandfather was deaf, and passed down a hereditary form of deafness within Susan's family as shown in Figure. A. Is this mutation most likely to be dominant or recessive? B. Is it carried on an autosome or a sex chromosome? Why? C. A complete SNP analysis has been done for all of the 11 grandchildren (4 affected, and 7 unaffected). In comparing these 11 SNP results, how long a haplotype block would you expect to find around the critical gene? How might you detect it?
.
GENETICS & MALOCCLUSION - II /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recommended
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B f.pdf
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B for question 2 In humans,
the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele).
A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers,
whereas b gives normal length. A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and
short fingers (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one
parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal
spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they
can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as
follows. Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the
B/b and the N/n gene. X^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance
between the two genes?
Solution
Answer:
a). N/n; B/b x n/n; b/b
N/n B/b : N/n b/b ; n/n B/b ; n/n b/b
1:1:1:1
Chi-square vale = 22.60
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
p value = 0.00004893
The genes are not linkedPhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/ENormal310-
749.004.90Abnormal knees and fingers210-864.006.40Abnormal knees
only1710749.004.90Abnormal fingers only1810864.006.404022.60.
Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes- The first 22 pairs are called.pdf
Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes, and they
contain numerous genes that affect the traits of the individual. The last pair, number 23, are the
sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes determine gender (i.e., either male or female), but there
are other genes on this pair of chromosomes as well. Males sex chromosomes are XY, while
female sex chromosomes are XX . The gametes in a human (either egg cells or sperm cells)
contain only 23 chromosomes. Fertilization, the fusion of an egg and a sperm, restores the total
of 46 chromosomes in a human zygote. Non-gamete cells are called somatic cells, and they have
all 46 chromosomes in them. 1. Your sex chromosomes: XX Just as in Mendel's pea plant
experiments, genes in humans can be dominant or recessive, and the results of "crosses" can be
predicted using Punnett squares. A phenotype is the physical expression of a gene (made up of a
pair of alleles). The genotype is the actual genetic makeup of the allele pair. An individual
having two identical alleles for a gene is said to be homozygous. There can be homozygous
dominant or homozygous recessive combinations. Dominant traits are represented by capital
letters; recessive by lower case letters. An individual having non-identical alleles for a gene is
said to be heterozygous. Note that the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is determined by
the dominant gene. Dominant alleles tend to cover up the presence of any recessive alleles. In a
case of alleles that show simple dominance / recessiveness, it is not possible to know if an
individual who possesses a dominant trait has the homozygous dominant or the hatarnzunniic
nanntune haced an nhanntuns tha onlv nne wo knnwe for rertain is the Accessibility: Investigate
Example: What phenotypes and genotypes could one expect from a cross between two pea
plants, one true-breeding for yellow seeds and the other true-breeding for green seeds? Yellow
seeds are dominant to green. Complete the Punnett square below. Y The true-breeding The true-
breeding green seed plant yellow seed plant can only contribute can only contribute a recessive
allele. a dominant allele. Many human traits are controlled by a single pair of alleles and through
simple dominant and recessive rules. Example: Tongue rolling - If you can roll your tongue
lengthwise, you have the trait controlled by the dominant allele. Let " R " represent the dominant
allele in your genotype and r represent the recessive allele. If you have the dominant phenotype,
how do you know if you are homozygous dominant or heterozygous. That depends upon
knowing if one of your parents couldn't roll their tongue. For example, my Dad cannot roll his
tongue but I can. So, my genotype is Rr for this trait. If you do know know about your parents,
then you have to put both possible genotypes for yourself, i.e. RR or Rr . 2. What is your
phenotype (roller or non-roller)? 3. What is your genotype? A. If you and your parents can both
ro.
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
BIOL209: General Genetics Laboratory
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read all pages before coming to the lab to complete the experiments.
Print this entire lab packet and bring it to the laboratory.
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
1. Observe some single-gene genetic traits in humans.
2. Solve problems involving Punnett squares and pedigrees
Modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel and his study of pea plants. Mendel observed patterns in the number of each phenotype (physical appearance) of offspring from different parents. Mendel described genetic concepts that are used today to explain simple heredity (what traits are passed from one generation to the next) and variation (the differences between parents and their offspring). Through his experiments, Mendel determined that there can be multiple forms of the same gene. These alternate forms of genes, which are called alleles, code for slightly different expressions of a genetic trait. He recognized that some alleles exhibited dominant tendencies and others, recessive tendencies. When a dominant allele combined with a recessive allele, the dominant allele was expressed in the phenotype. Following the system that Mendel used in his experiments, a dominant allele is represented with a capital letter, and a recessive allele is represented with a lowercase letter.
For decades, teachers and professors have used a few classic human traits to demonstrate the concepts of simple autosomal inheritance. In this activity, you will observe the phenotypes of people in your class. You will apply your results, along with research findings, to predict whether each trait follows patterns of simple autosomal inheritance.
Mendelian Laws apply to the simple autosomal inheritance that Gregor Mendel studied, but these laws do not always apply to more-complex modes of genetic inheritance.
1. The Law of Segregation: Inherited traits are determined by genes, with two copies of each gene. Parental genes are randomly separated and segregated into each sex cell (gamete) with one copy of each gene per gamete. Offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: The inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
It turns out that some genes, and therefore some traits, are linked. Therefore, they are not assorted independently. Genes in close proximity to one another on the same chromosome are, in fact, more likely to be inherited together.
3. The Law of Dominance: If the inherited genes have multiple alleles, the dominant allele will determine the phenotype of the organism.
In fact, some alleles are codominant, meaning that multiple alleles contribute to the phenotype of the individual. Traits may have more than two alleles for the same gene. Furthermore, multiple genes may contribute to the phenotype of one trait.
Instructions
This lab i.
Please give an explaination fir those quesions! 2 3 4 5 1- Aman with r.docx
Please give an explaination fir those quesions!
2
3
4
5
1. Aman with red.geen colour blindness is marned to a girl with normal colwir vision. What is the probaliliny that his childron will be coluur blind? 2. A boy has Dachenne muscular dyatrophy. His malemal uncle had died of museular dystrophy at the age of 21 years. What is the prohatility that this chilfs sibs will be affected? Assignments \#3 rocosive or S -kinked dominant and X -linked recesive inheritance. (Nole that a potigrte may be coempable with muve thas ane type of inheritance.) Assignnents \#4 Examine the pedieree frum a funily with a ernetic disease and anvv the questiens below: a. Does this pedigree isdicate autosonal deuninant, teoessive of set-link type of inheritance? Give reasons for your choice. b. Assuaning that B and b are the normal and mataut alleies respectively what would be the enenotypes of the individuals :II.1, 11 2 and III .3? c. Individual II. 3 requested genctic counselling. What is the probubility that her child woald be affected. Fxplain why. Assignments \#5 Susan's grandfather was deaf, and passed down a hercditary form of deafhess within Susan's family as shown in Figure. A. Is this mutation most likely to be dominant of recessive?? B. Is it carried on an autosome of a sex cluomosome? Why? C. A complete SNP analysis has been done for all of the 11 grandchildren (4 affected, and 7 unaffected) In comparing these 11 SNP result, how long a haplotype block would you expect to find around the critical \#ene? How might you deleet it? Assignments \#1 Distinguish between the following genetic terms: A. Gene and allele. B. Homozygous and heterozygous. C. Genotype and phenotype. D. Dominant and recessive. 1. A man with red-green colour blindness is married to a girl with normal colour vision. What is the probability that his children will be colour blind? 2. A boy has Duchenne muscular dystrophy. His maternal uncle had died of muscular dystrophy at the age of 21 years. What is the probability that this child's sibs will be affected? Explain, giving reasons, whether the following pedigrees are compatible with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X -linked dominant and X -linked recessive inheritance. (Note that a pedigree may be compatible with more than one type of inheritance.) a. b. c. a. b. c. Assignments \#4 Examine the pedigree from a family with a genetic disease and ansv the questions below: a. Does this pedigree indicate autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-link type of inheritance? Give reasons for your choice. b. Assuming that B and b are the normal and mutant alleles respectively what would be the genotypes of the individuals: II.I, II.2 and III.3 ? c. Individual II. 3 requested genetic counselling. What is the probability that her child would be affected. Explain why. Susan's grandfather was deaf, and passed down a hereditary form of deafness within Susan's family as shown in Figure. A. Is this mutation most likely to be dominant or recessive? B. I.
2 3 4 5 Assignments -#1 Distinguish between the following genetic term.docx
2
3
4
5
Assignments \#1 Distinguish between the following genetic terms: A. Gene and allele. B. Homozygous and heterozygous. C. Genotype and phenotype. D. Dominant and recessive. 1. A man with red-green colour blindness is married to a girl with normal colour vision. What is the probability that his children will be colour blind? 2. A boy has Duchenne muscular dystrophy. His maternal uncle had died of muscular dystrophy at the age of 21 years. What is the probability that this child's sibs will be affected? Explain, giving reasons, whether the following pedigrees are compatible with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked dominant and X -linked recessive inheritance. (Note that a pedigree may be compatible with more than one type of inheritance.) a. b. c. a. b. c. Assignments \#4 Examine the pedigree from a family with a genetic disease and ansv the questions below: a. Does this pedigree indicate autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-link type of inheritance? Give reasons for your choice. b. Assuming that B and b are the normal and mutant alleles respectively what would be the genotypes of the individuals: II.I, II.2 and III.3? c. Individual II.3 requested genetic counselling. What is the probability that her child would be affected. Explain why. Susan's grandfather was deaf, and passed down a hereditary form of deafness within Susan's family as shown in Figure. A. Is this mutation most likely to be dominant or recessive? B. Is it carried on an autosome or a sex chromosome? Why? C. A complete SNP analysis has been done for all of the 11 grandchildren (4 affected, and 7 unaffected). In comparing these 11 SNP results, how long a haplotype block would you expect to find around the critical gene? How might you detect it?
.
GENETICS & MALOCCLUSION - II /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cell Structure Concept Map FUNDAMENTAL UNITOF LIFE that serve as FUNC.pdf
Cell Structure Concept Map FUNDAMENTAL UNITOF LIFE that serve as FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES variety of protein pi replication, RNA synthesi cellular respiration
photosynthesis separates contents of nucleus from the cytosol synthesis of steroids, secretory
proteins, detoxification of poisons modifies, stores and routes products of the ER moving
products into, out of and within a cell contains digestive enzymes which break downsubstances
storage of food, water, nutrients; osmoregulation. regulates traffic ofchemicals (plants, bact,
fungi) between the cell and its surroundings l (plants) structural support (phnts (animals) support,
communication, connection and junctions (animals) allows passage of material or current
between cells (animals) prevents leakage of material animals) between cels 25mm, tubulin,
organelle movement, separate chromosomes, cell motility cytoskeleton 7nm, actin, cell
contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cel cleavage keratin, 8-12 mm, organelle anchor, formation
of nuclear lamina
Solution
Cell biology:
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Membrane bound organelles:
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
3. End membrane system:
Nuclear envelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (making secretory proteins)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (steroids production and detoxification reaction)
Golgi apparatus
Vesiclese(Transport endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus).
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
4. Cell surface and junction:
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata (In plants it helps in communication between adjacent plants)
Gap junction (animal communication)
Tight junction (In animal it connects plasma membrane of adjacent cells)
Gap junction (current passing through the gap junction do not leak into the intercellular space)
Tight junction (In animals prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the surrounding
tissues)
5. Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules 25 nm
Microfilament 7 nm
Intermediate filaments 8-12 nm.
At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediatio.pdf
At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediation. Describe the process
microorganisms use to perform bioremediation. Explain how microorganisms can immobilize
uranium. Describe the role of microbes in wastewater treatment, The answers to these questions
are covered both in the lecture material and the text book. What reaction, oxidation or reduction,
is key to uranium bioremediation? How does the role of energy production lead to the action of
bioremediation by microorganisms? What are xenobiotics and what are some examples? What is
the role of microbes in the bioremediation of xenobiotics? Explain how the bioremediation of
the herbicide 2, 4, 5^T shown below produces energy for microbes.
Solution
Answer:
2. Bioremediation is the use of organisms to metabolize pollutants. Instead of simply collecting
the pollutant and storing it, bioremediation relies on living organisms to consume and break
down the compound, turning it into harmless, natural substances. The processes microorganisms
perform for bioremediation are:
a. Bioaugmentation: It is the process of adding engineered microbes to a system to act as
bioremediators which quickly breaksdown the target pollutants.
b. Bioleaching: It is the process of using bacteria to dissolve metals instead of chemical
solutions. Bioleaching has been used to dissolve metals such as nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, gold,
lead, arsenic and others.
3. Bacteria are able to immobilize uranium through use of pili. Researchers grew a mass of pili,
which allowed them to study how they interacted with uranium. They found that the pili served
as a buffer of sorts, protecting the cell structure of the bacterium as they also allowed for adding
electrons to uranium ions which causes it to become more water soluble and thus safer to handle
and clean up.
The pili grow to enormous lengths relative to the bacteria that produce them, forming a
conductive and protective barrier that allows the bacteria to thrive in truly hostile environments.
4. Role of microbes in waste water treatment:
There are several microbial processes, and the microbial processes can be catergorized into
aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic:
After primary treatment, liquid and solid phases are physically separated. The liquid phase is
treated with aeration to allow aerobic degradation of the nutrients. The two important microbial
processes at this stage are nitrification and phosphorous removal.
Nitrification occurs in two discrete steps. First of all, ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by
Nitrosomonas, and nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by Nitrobacter. Phosphorous removal can
occur biologically by the process of enhanced biological phosphorous removal. The process is
demonstrated by the cell taking up phosphorous within their cell, and the biomass is filtered.
Anaerobic:
In the liquid component of sewage, denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate into dinitrogen gas which
liberates nitrate from the sewage. The solid component of the sewag.
Are humans influencing evolution or is evolution influencing us Do .pdf
Are humans influencing evolution or is evolution influencing us? Do humans influence animal
evolution?
Please answer the question in a short paragraph. put into own words no copying from yahoo.
Solution
Ans) Scientists would assent unequivocally that humans have extremely affected the procedure
of evolution, from the rise of pesticide and antibiotic resistance to the huge human-caused
increase in the disappearance rate. Our outcome on the procedure of evolution even expand to
our own species\' evolution. Culture and Technology have secure us to a extreme extent from the
critical pressures that operate evolution, authorized to many people -- mainly those in expand
nations who, without medical involvement, would not live to generative age -- to progress their
genes on to the other generation. Further scientists recorded that culture and technology have
changed but not removed the part of natural selection on our kind. We now restyle to pollution,
crowding, and new illness rather than the prerequisite to escape from huge predators. Humans
will modify in the future, but are improbable to develop into a present-day, different species
because no human category is truly lonely anymore, given our transportation method. Without
genetic segregation, there is no further chance for speciation among humans..
Adaptive radiation has resulted in high morphological diversity amon.pdf
Adaptive radiation has resulted in high morphological diversity amongst the phylum Annelida.
Feeding and locomotion adaptations show great variation.
Discuss this statement giving at least three examples of each.
Solution
adaptive radiation is defined as diversification of species in response to natural selection and
ecological opprtunities.
Annelids show a great diversityin terms of feeding mechanisms:
macrofeeders eg. nereis feeds on worms. In case of detritus feeders ,tentacles in food grove bring
particles to animal example Arinicola is a subsurface deposit feeder and Amphitrite is a surface
deposit feeder. Mucous suspension feeders eg, Chaetopterus.Tenticulate suspension feeders such
as Sabella
in terms of locomotion,
The errant or wandering polychaetes have prominent lateral bristles projecting from the
parapodia. In case of burrowers,there is reduced parapodia.Digging is facilitated by peristaltic
movement.Sedentary polychaetes are usually adapted to live in tubes or burrows. Some
sedentary polychaetes eg Arenicola live in burrows while others are tube builders..
a) Create a list of business functional requirements that the system .pdf
a) Create a list of business functional requirements that the system meets with. b Create the
different kinds of non-functional business requirements that the system meets with.
Solution
Business functional requirements :
A) study program
B) research program.
C) jobs
D) Manchester worldwide (what offerings it is giving to students present worldwide.)
E) Services for business
Non-functional requirements :
A) Events Conducted
B) culture and heritage
C) events that happen
D) connecting people like alumini.
E) career advising
F) news.
You have just set up a Windows 7 computer for a home customer and co.pdf
You have just set up a Windows 7 computer for a home customer and connected it to the
Internet. You refer to the network status indicator in the computer’s notification tray. What
should you see?
A. A network icon with a red X
B. A network icon with a green exclamation point
C. A network icon glowing yellow
D. A network icon with a cable
Solution
D. When a Windows 7 computer is connected to the network, you should see a network icon
with a little cable displayed in the notification tray..
“Examine the life of an individual whom you believe exemplifies the .pdf
“Examine the life of an individual whom you believe exemplifies the role of leader. This can be
anyone, famous or not, past or present, industry or government, public or private, known to you
personally or through the media. Some attention ought to be devoted to the chronology of events
in the person’s life. However, the bulk of your work should be directed at producing in-depth
sociopsychological understanding. Pay attention to how the events and circumstances of the
person’s life affected the ultimate leadership self.”
1. Did your choice of leader come from:
a. Public figures (current or historical)?
b. Persons known from work?
c. Family members?
d. Personal acquaintances?
2. What factors do you think account for the class’s observed distribution of choice from
question 1?
3. Explore, in small groups, the leaders selected. What leadership qualities and characteristics
are consistently represented there?
4. What can you learn about yourself as a leader from your choice of leader to write about?
Solution
Answer 1. a. Public figures (current or historical)
Answer 2. Factors are:-
a. Public Figures - beacause people tend to be influenced by known person whom they follow or
who are known for their good deeds.
b. Person known from work - because sometimes people at work lead the team in such a way that
impress not only the team but the whole organization.
c. Family member : sometimes you are driven by the character or composure of a family member
to whom you look up to and from whom you learn stuff.
d. Personal Acquaintances :- Same as above.
Answer 3. Need small group for a discussion and anser this question. So this will be answered as
part of last question.
Answer 4. The leader I choose is Bhagat Singh, an Indian Freedom Fighter. I choose him
because he has the courage and ability to plan further. He faced East India Company with no fear
because he knew that what he is fighting for is right. I appreciate the courage he had and the love
for the mother nation is something that inspires everyone who reads about him..
Write a C++ program that reads in a list of first and last names fro.pdf
Write a C++ program that reads in a list of first and last names from an input data file named
people.txt. The program should create a user name for each person consisting of the last name
and the first initial of the first name. The program should print the first name, the last name, and
the created user name for each person to the output data file usernames.txt. The program must
use an end-of-file (EOF) loop.
Solution
people.txt (Save this file under D Drive .Then the path of the file pointing to it is D:\\\\people.txt)
Willaims Kane
Johnson Mitchel
Sachin Tendulkar
Vinod kamblie
Sanjay Manjrekar
Ravi sastri
Ricky Pointing
Clarke Michael
_____________________
code:
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//Declaring variables
string fname,lname;
string uname;
int index=0;
//defines an input stream for the data file
ifstream dataIn;
//Defines an output stream for the data file
ofstream dataOut;
//Opening the input file
dataIn.open(\"D:\\\\people.txt\");
//creating and Opening the output file
dataOut.open(\"D:\\\\usernames.txt\");
//This loop continues to execute until the end of the file
while (!dataIn.eof( ))
{
//reading the firstname and lastname from people.txt file
dataIn>>fname>>lname;
//Concatinating the firstname first letter with the lastname
uname=lname+fname.at(index);
//Storing the user name in the txt file
dataOut<.
While federal funding of primary and secondary education and federal.pdf
While federal funding of primary and secondary education and federal influence on local schools
have both grown considerably in recent years, K–12 education is still largely under the control of
state and local governments. How might U.S. public schools be different if, like France, the
United States had a unitary system of government?
Solution
First of all defining Unitary Government is that Unitary governments draw praise for creating
uniform laws, policies and administrative procedures, and for fostering a national sense of unity
and stability. Unitary governments are essentially those that operate under a central system of
power. In these government systems, all powers vested in the government are held by a single,
central controlling agency. It has has the highest degree of centralization. In a unitary state, the
central government holds all the power. Lower-level governments, if they exist at all, do nothing
but implement the policies of the national government. In a purely unitary state, the same set of
laws applies throughout the nation, without variation. Unitary states create national policy, which
is then applied uniformly. This uniformity sometimes serves as an advantage because people and
businesses know exactly what to expect from the laws, regardless of geographical location. At
the same time, to maintain its uniformity, a unitary government must overlook local differences
that might call for different rules or policies. They are characterized by the existence of a single
controlling entity, such as a parliament, which assumes control of all governmental operations.
Under unitary governments, local governments (such as town and state governments) exist, but
have little functional purpose. Local governments, under this system of rule, have the power to
step in to perform administrative tasks and relieve the central body of administrative burdens
only when absolutely necessary.
The US Public schools will be having centralised command if the United States had a unitary
system of government. In this the single and the central authority will makes all of the decisions.
In schools, by creating uniform laws and policies, the government reduces duplicative efforts,
leading to reduced costs for carrying out government tasks, and less risk of tensions and conflicts
between operations at federal and local levels in the Public Schools. Unitary governments are
also praised for creating a sense of unity and offering a stable structure of governance.
The unitary system of government in US Public Schools will have the following
benefits/advantages :-
1. They Are Simple
Unitary government is simple. Fewer people are involved in the decision making process so that
decisions are made faster and more efficiently.
2. No Money Go Round
There is no money-go-round. Financial decision making power is held by a small number of
people or an individual. The level of corruption can be less because fewer people with self
motivated interests have direct acce.
Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early.pdf
Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early form of targeted cell-cell
communication was present before the evolution of complex multicellular organisms?
Question 7 options:
Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria
Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions
Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma
membrane of other amoebae
Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi
Save
Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria
Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions
Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma
membrane of other amoebae
Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi
Solution
Mechanisms enabling cell-cell communications are well documented in various eukaryotes of
higher orders. These cells typically use tight junctions and gap junctions to secrete and
exchanging chemicals as a form of sharing information.Mechanisms enabling one cell to
influence the behavior of another almost certainly existed in the world of unicellular organisms
long before multicellular organisms appeared on Earth.
In order to solve the above problem, we need to look at the most simplest organism possessing
traits of cell communication.
The first option related to the discovery of trasnmembrane proteins in bacteria. Although bacteria
are prokaryotes, the presence of transmembrane proteins have more to do with signal
transduction, as compared to cell-cell communication between two independent cells.
The second option can clearly be negated since it deals with plants.
The third and fourth option deals with the presence of cell adhesion molecules found in amoeba
and fungi. Now both these organisms are simple unicellular organisms, and the presence of cell
adhesion apparatus would validate our theory, However, for all practical purposes, one can
choose option 4 above 3, for the singular reason that fungii are more simple and less developed
than amoeboid cells.
Moreover, there is evidence to prove that fungi can communicate and influence one another\'s
behavior in preparation for sexual mating. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for
example, when a haploid individual is ready to mate, it secretes a peptide mating factor that
signals cells of the opposite mating type to stop proliferating and prepare to mate.
Therefore, the correct option is Option 4..
Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common Choose .pdf
Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common? Choose all that apply.
Remember the general plant life cycle and it\'s stages. pollen fruit sporophyte zygote
endosperm seed cover
Solution
The basic part of seed contain
1. Embryo
2. Food storage
3. Seed covering
1. Embryo- it is form from fertilized egg also called as zygote and produced due to fusion of
sperm from germinated pollen and female egg. It consist of 4 parts epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle
and cotyledon.
2. Food storage- it is used for the germination of embryo.
3. Seed covering - it is the outermost covering of seed which protect seed from external
environment and impermeable to water.
Endosperm also the part of seed and have triploid chromosome component part and mainly
occupy large part of seed.
Zygote is the cell and form due to combination of genome and considered as initial stage of
formation of seed.
Sporophyte is the alteration of generation and responsible for production of gametophytes and
sporophyte which is responsibleso for the production of sperm.
Pollen is also regarded as pollen grains and carry male gametophytes fir further fusion.
Fruit it is outermost part and covering of seed.
Hence pollen , sporophyte and zygote is the initial stage of development whereas seed cover and
endosperm are the parts of seed and fruit is last one for formation after seed..
Where can the medians of a triangle intersect I. inside the tri.pdf
Where can the medians of a triangle intersect?
I. inside the triangle
II. on the triangle
III. outside the triangle
A. I only
B. III only
C. I or III only
D. I, II, or II
Solution
Median is the line drawn from a vortex of a triangle to the opposite line and all the Medians
intersect inside the triangle.
So the correct option is A.I Only inside the triangle.
What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (V.pdf
What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in mapping a current
state of \"push\" control from a Factory Physics viewpoint? How does VMS+ \"Learning to see
better\" improve this situation?
Solution
Unlike traditional process mapping tools, VSM is a mapping tool that maps not only material
flows but also information flows that signal and control the material flows. This visual
representation facilitates the process of lean implementation by helping to identify the value-
adding steps in a value stream and eliminating the non-value adding steps, or wastes (muda).
Using a VSM process requires development of maps: a Current State Map and a Future State
Map. In the Current State Map, one would normally start by mapping a large-quantity and high-
revenue product family. The material flow will then be mapped using appropriate icons in the
VSM template. The (material) flow path of the product will be traced back from the final
operation in its routing to the storage location for raw material. Relevant data for each operation,
such as the current schedule (push, pull, and order dispatching rules in effect at any process ex.
FIFO) and the amount of inventory in various queues, will be recorded. The information flow is
also incorporated to provide demand information, which is an essential parameter for
determining the “pacemaker” process in the production system. After both material and
information flows have been mapped, a time-line is displayed at the bottom of the map showing
the processing time for each operation and the transfer delays between operations. The time-line
is used to identify the value-adding steps, as well as wastes, in the current system. The
comparison between the processing times and the takt time (calculated as Available
Capacity/Customer Demand) is a preliminary measure of the value and wastes in a stream. This
takt time is mostly used as an ideal production rate for each operation to achieve. Ideally, the
cycle time for each operation should be less than or equal to the takt time.
Based on the analysis of the Current State Map, one then develops a Future State Map by
improving the value-adding steps and eliminating the non-value adding steps (waste). According
to Rother & Shook, there are seven guidelines, adapted and modified based on the concepts of
Lean Thinking, that can be followed when generating the Future State Map for a lean value
stream:
1) Produce to takt time
2) Develop continuous flow
3) Use supermarkets to control production where continuous flow does not extend upstream
4) Schedule based on the pacemaker operation
5) Produce different products at a uniform rate (Level the production mix)
6) Level the production load on the pacemaker process (Level the production volume)
7) Develop the capability to make “every part every (EPE)
Advantages of VSM
> Relates the manufacturing process to supply chains, distribution channels and information
flows.
> Integrates material and information flows.
What is the largest regular number less than 100 (See problem study.pdf
What is the largest regular number less than 100? (See problem study 2.1. in the book of \"An
introduction to the history of math\" by Eves, 6th edition)
Solution
A regular number is a positive number that has a finite decimal expansion.
hence whole numbers are the counting numbers so less than 100 is 99..
What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of h.pdf
What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of human anatomy? What are
serous body cavities? What epithelia lines them? Name and describe each cavity. Name the
organelles we discussed in lecture. Provide some characteristics/functions of each. What is the
plasma membrane? What are the structural components of the plasma membrane? What are the
functions of each? Anna missed a point on her biology test because she thought nucleus and
nucleolus were the same word and same structure. Distinguish between the
Solution
1. Position of the body in which it\'s anatomy is studied is the anatomical position. It is taken as
reference while studying the anatomy. Usually the body is erect and the face forward. It is the
standard condition for studying anatomy.
2..
Solve all questions on page pleaseWill rate, thank you Mtaich the .pdf
Solve all questions on page please
Will rate, thank you Mtaich the appseniate answer from below with each of the fotlowing
statements I 1 This ancient wate iS engineer studied hydrostatics, and proposed the law of the
lever and the ses 1 This ancient engineer Ronne, and built a bridge across the Tiber River
rensovated aqueducts and the Cloaca Maxima, built the first public bath in I 1 This engineer
ancient engineer authored The Ten Books of Architecture T 1 This ancient engineer solved in
beams problems of accelerated movement and began the analysis of stresses J. This ancient
engineer disoverrnch aak svered the tiangle of forces, nvented to decimal system, and developed
he oi A. Simon Stevin B. Galileo Galilei C. Archimedes D. John Smeaton E. Marcus Vitruvius
Pollo F. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa g British Match the appropriate answer from below with
each of the following statements re ] This engineer designed a steam a beam. engine for pumping
water from mines using a boiler, a cylinder and I J This Scottish engineer worked as an architect
and surveyor, including canal, road and bridge projects, and became the first President of the
Institution of Civil Engineers. I l This man was the industrialist partner of Watt, lobbied
Parliament for a 25-year patent extension. and was critical support for his partners inventions. [ J
This Scottish engineer was an inventor of machines, he improved the steam engine and detined
horsepower A. Thomas Telford B. James Watt C. Thomas Newcomen D. Matthew Boulton 4.
Circle 5 ways in which innovation impacted the social process from below: lead to wars revolved
upon politics and economics natural markets system of patent and monopolies financial backing
society of craftsmen and engineers
Solution
2)
ARCHIMEDES was the ancient engineer studied hydrostatics,founding hydrostatics and statics,
including an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative
machines, such as his screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his
native Syracuse from invasion.
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLO is the first and most famous text in the history of western
landscape architecture, architecture, enginering and town planning. In Roman times the architect
was, from the word’s Greek etymology, a ‘chief technician’. The Ten Books\' Contents list
reveals that most aspects of engineering, including harbours, site planning, clocks, aqueducts,
pumps and siege engines, come with the author\'s technical scope. Only a tiny proportion of
these subjects come within the twenty-first century scope of ‘architecture’. Vitruvius Pollio’s
treatise De Architectura, was written circa 27 BC and is the only book of its kind to survive from
antiquity. These online extracts from Vitruvius comprise the first Book and his comments on
what we would now classify as garden design.
3)
THOMOS NEWCOMEN was the engineer designed a steam engine ,Newcomen\'s great
achievement was his steam engine, developed around 1712; .
A heterozygote has a ------for a trait being studiedSolutionA .pdf
A heterozygote has a ------for a trait being studied
Solution
A heterozygous has a recessive characteristic for a particular trait which is being studied because
it\'s characteristics are being suppressed by the dominant allele present with it..!!
But only and only in case of co-dominance the heterozygous codition both the trait can be
equally expressed.. Eg:- blood group...
Prove that if a is an upper bound for A, and if a is also an element .pdf
Prove that if a is an upper bound for A, and if a is also an element of A, then it must be that a =
sup A.
Solution
If a is an upper bound for A, then sup(A) exists, and:
sup(A) <= a ......(1)
If a is an element of A, then, since sup(A) is an upper bound on A, we have:
a <= sup(A) ........(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
Thus, sup(A) = a..
PYTHON Using the file object input, write code that read an integer.pdf
PYTHON: Using the file object input, write code that read an integer from a file called rawdata
into a variable datum (make sure you assign an integer value to datum). Open the file at the
beginning of your code, and close it at the end.
Solution
ReadInt.py
input = open(\"rawdata.txt\", \"r\")
datum = input.read()
print datum
input.close()
Output:
5.
Probability - Conditional Probability for any two eventsthe equati.pdf
Probability - Conditional Probability for any two events
the equation for that is P(E1|E2) = P(E1 and E2) / P(E2)
my question is how do I know which goes first (E1) and which goes second(E2)?
can anyone give me the example?
Solution
It depends on which is in the Denominator.
For your question, E2 is in the Denominator.
Be cafeful to calculate the Conditional Probability for any two events, because the numerator is
always the two events happen together. (i.e. P(A and B) ).
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Answers to Home assignment on UV-Visible spectroscopy: Calculation of wavelength of UV-Visible absorption
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Cell Structure Concept Map FUNDAMENTAL UNITOF LIFE that serve as FUNC.pdf
Cell Structure Concept Map FUNDAMENTAL UNITOF LIFE that serve as FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES variety of protein pi replication, RNA synthesi cellular respiration
photosynthesis separates contents of nucleus from the cytosol synthesis of steroids, secretory
proteins, detoxification of poisons modifies, stores and routes products of the ER moving
products into, out of and within a cell contains digestive enzymes which break downsubstances
storage of food, water, nutrients; osmoregulation. regulates traffic ofchemicals (plants, bact,
fungi) between the cell and its surroundings l (plants) structural support (phnts (animals) support,
communication, connection and junctions (animals) allows passage of material or current
between cells (animals) prevents leakage of material animals) between cels 25mm, tubulin,
organelle movement, separate chromosomes, cell motility cytoskeleton 7nm, actin, cell
contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cel cleavage keratin, 8-12 mm, organelle anchor, formation
of nuclear lamina
Solution
Cell biology:
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Membrane bound organelles:
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
3. End membrane system:
Nuclear envelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (making secretory proteins)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (steroids production and detoxification reaction)
Golgi apparatus
Vesiclese(Transport endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus).
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
4. Cell surface and junction:
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata (In plants it helps in communication between adjacent plants)
Gap junction (animal communication)
Tight junction (In animal it connects plasma membrane of adjacent cells)
Gap junction (current passing through the gap junction do not leak into the intercellular space)
Tight junction (In animals prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the surrounding
tissues)
5. Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules 25 nm
Microfilament 7 nm
Intermediate filaments 8-12 nm.
At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediatio.pdf
At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediation. Describe the process
microorganisms use to perform bioremediation. Explain how microorganisms can immobilize
uranium. Describe the role of microbes in wastewater treatment, The answers to these questions
are covered both in the lecture material and the text book. What reaction, oxidation or reduction,
is key to uranium bioremediation? How does the role of energy production lead to the action of
bioremediation by microorganisms? What are xenobiotics and what are some examples? What is
the role of microbes in the bioremediation of xenobiotics? Explain how the bioremediation of
the herbicide 2, 4, 5^T shown below produces energy for microbes.
Solution
Answer:
2. Bioremediation is the use of organisms to metabolize pollutants. Instead of simply collecting
the pollutant and storing it, bioremediation relies on living organisms to consume and break
down the compound, turning it into harmless, natural substances. The processes microorganisms
perform for bioremediation are:
a. Bioaugmentation: It is the process of adding engineered microbes to a system to act as
bioremediators which quickly breaksdown the target pollutants.
b. Bioleaching: It is the process of using bacteria to dissolve metals instead of chemical
solutions. Bioleaching has been used to dissolve metals such as nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, gold,
lead, arsenic and others.
3. Bacteria are able to immobilize uranium through use of pili. Researchers grew a mass of pili,
which allowed them to study how they interacted with uranium. They found that the pili served
as a buffer of sorts, protecting the cell structure of the bacterium as they also allowed for adding
electrons to uranium ions which causes it to become more water soluble and thus safer to handle
and clean up.
The pili grow to enormous lengths relative to the bacteria that produce them, forming a
conductive and protective barrier that allows the bacteria to thrive in truly hostile environments.
4. Role of microbes in waste water treatment:
There are several microbial processes, and the microbial processes can be catergorized into
aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic:
After primary treatment, liquid and solid phases are physically separated. The liquid phase is
treated with aeration to allow aerobic degradation of the nutrients. The two important microbial
processes at this stage are nitrification and phosphorous removal.
Nitrification occurs in two discrete steps. First of all, ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by
Nitrosomonas, and nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by Nitrobacter. Phosphorous removal can
occur biologically by the process of enhanced biological phosphorous removal. The process is
demonstrated by the cell taking up phosphorous within their cell, and the biomass is filtered.
Anaerobic:
In the liquid component of sewage, denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate into dinitrogen gas which
liberates nitrate from the sewage. The solid component of the sewag.
Are humans influencing evolution or is evolution influencing us Do .pdf
Are humans influencing evolution or is evolution influencing us? Do humans influence animal
evolution?
Please answer the question in a short paragraph. put into own words no copying from yahoo.
Solution
Ans) Scientists would assent unequivocally that humans have extremely affected the procedure
of evolution, from the rise of pesticide and antibiotic resistance to the huge human-caused
increase in the disappearance rate. Our outcome on the procedure of evolution even expand to
our own species\' evolution. Culture and Technology have secure us to a extreme extent from the
critical pressures that operate evolution, authorized to many people -- mainly those in expand
nations who, without medical involvement, would not live to generative age -- to progress their
genes on to the other generation. Further scientists recorded that culture and technology have
changed but not removed the part of natural selection on our kind. We now restyle to pollution,
crowding, and new illness rather than the prerequisite to escape from huge predators. Humans
will modify in the future, but are improbable to develop into a present-day, different species
because no human category is truly lonely anymore, given our transportation method. Without
genetic segregation, there is no further chance for speciation among humans..
Adaptive radiation has resulted in high morphological diversity amon.pdf
Adaptive radiation has resulted in high morphological diversity amongst the phylum Annelida.
Feeding and locomotion adaptations show great variation.
Discuss this statement giving at least three examples of each.
Solution
adaptive radiation is defined as diversification of species in response to natural selection and
ecological opprtunities.
Annelids show a great diversityin terms of feeding mechanisms:
macrofeeders eg. nereis feeds on worms. In case of detritus feeders ,tentacles in food grove bring
particles to animal example Arinicola is a subsurface deposit feeder and Amphitrite is a surface
deposit feeder. Mucous suspension feeders eg, Chaetopterus.Tenticulate suspension feeders such
as Sabella
in terms of locomotion,
The errant or wandering polychaetes have prominent lateral bristles projecting from the
parapodia. In case of burrowers,there is reduced parapodia.Digging is facilitated by peristaltic
movement.Sedentary polychaetes are usually adapted to live in tubes or burrows. Some
sedentary polychaetes eg Arenicola live in burrows while others are tube builders..
a) Create a list of business functional requirements that the system .pdf
a) Create a list of business functional requirements that the system meets with. b Create the
different kinds of non-functional business requirements that the system meets with.
Solution
Business functional requirements :
A) study program
B) research program.
C) jobs
D) Manchester worldwide (what offerings it is giving to students present worldwide.)
E) Services for business
Non-functional requirements :
A) Events Conducted
B) culture and heritage
C) events that happen
D) connecting people like alumini.
E) career advising
F) news.
You have just set up a Windows 7 computer for a home customer and co.pdf
You have just set up a Windows 7 computer for a home customer and connected it to the
Internet. You refer to the network status indicator in the computer’s notification tray. What
should you see?
A. A network icon with a red X
B. A network icon with a green exclamation point
C. A network icon glowing yellow
D. A network icon with a cable
Solution
D. When a Windows 7 computer is connected to the network, you should see a network icon
with a little cable displayed in the notification tray..
“Examine the life of an individual whom you believe exemplifies the .pdf
“Examine the life of an individual whom you believe exemplifies the role of leader. This can be
anyone, famous or not, past or present, industry or government, public or private, known to you
personally or through the media. Some attention ought to be devoted to the chronology of events
in the person’s life. However, the bulk of your work should be directed at producing in-depth
sociopsychological understanding. Pay attention to how the events and circumstances of the
person’s life affected the ultimate leadership self.”
1. Did your choice of leader come from:
a. Public figures (current or historical)?
b. Persons known from work?
c. Family members?
d. Personal acquaintances?
2. What factors do you think account for the class’s observed distribution of choice from
question 1?
3. Explore, in small groups, the leaders selected. What leadership qualities and characteristics
are consistently represented there?
4. What can you learn about yourself as a leader from your choice of leader to write about?
Solution
Answer 1. a. Public figures (current or historical)
Answer 2. Factors are:-
a. Public Figures - beacause people tend to be influenced by known person whom they follow or
who are known for their good deeds.
b. Person known from work - because sometimes people at work lead the team in such a way that
impress not only the team but the whole organization.
c. Family member : sometimes you are driven by the character or composure of a family member
to whom you look up to and from whom you learn stuff.
d. Personal Acquaintances :- Same as above.
Answer 3. Need small group for a discussion and anser this question. So this will be answered as
part of last question.
Answer 4. The leader I choose is Bhagat Singh, an Indian Freedom Fighter. I choose him
because he has the courage and ability to plan further. He faced East India Company with no fear
because he knew that what he is fighting for is right. I appreciate the courage he had and the love
for the mother nation is something that inspires everyone who reads about him..
Write a C++ program that reads in a list of first and last names fro.pdf
Write a C++ program that reads in a list of first and last names from an input data file named
people.txt. The program should create a user name for each person consisting of the last name
and the first initial of the first name. The program should print the first name, the last name, and
the created user name for each person to the output data file usernames.txt. The program must
use an end-of-file (EOF) loop.
Solution
people.txt (Save this file under D Drive .Then the path of the file pointing to it is D:\\\\people.txt)
Willaims Kane
Johnson Mitchel
Sachin Tendulkar
Vinod kamblie
Sanjay Manjrekar
Ravi sastri
Ricky Pointing
Clarke Michael
_____________________
code:
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//Declaring variables
string fname,lname;
string uname;
int index=0;
//defines an input stream for the data file
ifstream dataIn;
//Defines an output stream for the data file
ofstream dataOut;
//Opening the input file
dataIn.open(\"D:\\\\people.txt\");
//creating and Opening the output file
dataOut.open(\"D:\\\\usernames.txt\");
//This loop continues to execute until the end of the file
while (!dataIn.eof( ))
{
//reading the firstname and lastname from people.txt file
dataIn>>fname>>lname;
//Concatinating the firstname first letter with the lastname
uname=lname+fname.at(index);
//Storing the user name in the txt file
dataOut<.
While federal funding of primary and secondary education and federal.pdf
While federal funding of primary and secondary education and federal influence on local schools
have both grown considerably in recent years, K–12 education is still largely under the control of
state and local governments. How might U.S. public schools be different if, like France, the
United States had a unitary system of government?
Solution
First of all defining Unitary Government is that Unitary governments draw praise for creating
uniform laws, policies and administrative procedures, and for fostering a national sense of unity
and stability. Unitary governments are essentially those that operate under a central system of
power. In these government systems, all powers vested in the government are held by a single,
central controlling agency. It has has the highest degree of centralization. In a unitary state, the
central government holds all the power. Lower-level governments, if they exist at all, do nothing
but implement the policies of the national government. In a purely unitary state, the same set of
laws applies throughout the nation, without variation. Unitary states create national policy, which
is then applied uniformly. This uniformity sometimes serves as an advantage because people and
businesses know exactly what to expect from the laws, regardless of geographical location. At
the same time, to maintain its uniformity, a unitary government must overlook local differences
that might call for different rules or policies. They are characterized by the existence of a single
controlling entity, such as a parliament, which assumes control of all governmental operations.
Under unitary governments, local governments (such as town and state governments) exist, but
have little functional purpose. Local governments, under this system of rule, have the power to
step in to perform administrative tasks and relieve the central body of administrative burdens
only when absolutely necessary.
The US Public schools will be having centralised command if the United States had a unitary
system of government. In this the single and the central authority will makes all of the decisions.
In schools, by creating uniform laws and policies, the government reduces duplicative efforts,
leading to reduced costs for carrying out government tasks, and less risk of tensions and conflicts
between operations at federal and local levels in the Public Schools. Unitary governments are
also praised for creating a sense of unity and offering a stable structure of governance.
The unitary system of government in US Public Schools will have the following
benefits/advantages :-
1. They Are Simple
Unitary government is simple. Fewer people are involved in the decision making process so that
decisions are made faster and more efficiently.
2. No Money Go Round
There is no money-go-round. Financial decision making power is held by a small number of
people or an individual. The level of corruption can be less because fewer people with self
motivated interests have direct acce.
Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early.pdf
Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early form of targeted cell-cell
communication was present before the evolution of complex multicellular organisms?
Question 7 options:
Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria
Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions
Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma
membrane of other amoebae
Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi
Save
Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria
Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions
Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma
membrane of other amoebae
Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi
Solution
Mechanisms enabling cell-cell communications are well documented in various eukaryotes of
higher orders. These cells typically use tight junctions and gap junctions to secrete and
exchanging chemicals as a form of sharing information.Mechanisms enabling one cell to
influence the behavior of another almost certainly existed in the world of unicellular organisms
long before multicellular organisms appeared on Earth.
In order to solve the above problem, we need to look at the most simplest organism possessing
traits of cell communication.
The first option related to the discovery of trasnmembrane proteins in bacteria. Although bacteria
are prokaryotes, the presence of transmembrane proteins have more to do with signal
transduction, as compared to cell-cell communication between two independent cells.
The second option can clearly be negated since it deals with plants.
The third and fourth option deals with the presence of cell adhesion molecules found in amoeba
and fungi. Now both these organisms are simple unicellular organisms, and the presence of cell
adhesion apparatus would validate our theory, However, for all practical purposes, one can
choose option 4 above 3, for the singular reason that fungii are more simple and less developed
than amoeboid cells.
Moreover, there is evidence to prove that fungi can communicate and influence one another\'s
behavior in preparation for sexual mating. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for
example, when a haploid individual is ready to mate, it secretes a peptide mating factor that
signals cells of the opposite mating type to stop proliferating and prepare to mate.
Therefore, the correct option is Option 4..
Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common Choose .pdf
Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common? Choose all that apply.
Remember the general plant life cycle and it\'s stages. pollen fruit sporophyte zygote
endosperm seed cover
Solution
The basic part of seed contain
1. Embryo
2. Food storage
3. Seed covering
1. Embryo- it is form from fertilized egg also called as zygote and produced due to fusion of
sperm from germinated pollen and female egg. It consist of 4 parts epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle
and cotyledon.
2. Food storage- it is used for the germination of embryo.
3. Seed covering - it is the outermost covering of seed which protect seed from external
environment and impermeable to water.
Endosperm also the part of seed and have triploid chromosome component part and mainly
occupy large part of seed.
Zygote is the cell and form due to combination of genome and considered as initial stage of
formation of seed.
Sporophyte is the alteration of generation and responsible for production of gametophytes and
sporophyte which is responsibleso for the production of sperm.
Pollen is also regarded as pollen grains and carry male gametophytes fir further fusion.
Fruit it is outermost part and covering of seed.
Hence pollen , sporophyte and zygote is the initial stage of development whereas seed cover and
endosperm are the parts of seed and fruit is last one for formation after seed..
Where can the medians of a triangle intersect I. inside the tri.pdf
Where can the medians of a triangle intersect?
I. inside the triangle
II. on the triangle
III. outside the triangle
A. I only
B. III only
C. I or III only
D. I, II, or II
Solution
Median is the line drawn from a vortex of a triangle to the opposite line and all the Medians
intersect inside the triangle.
So the correct option is A.I Only inside the triangle.
What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (V.pdf
What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in mapping a current
state of \"push\" control from a Factory Physics viewpoint? How does VMS+ \"Learning to see
better\" improve this situation?
Solution
Unlike traditional process mapping tools, VSM is a mapping tool that maps not only material
flows but also information flows that signal and control the material flows. This visual
representation facilitates the process of lean implementation by helping to identify the value-
adding steps in a value stream and eliminating the non-value adding steps, or wastes (muda).
Using a VSM process requires development of maps: a Current State Map and a Future State
Map. In the Current State Map, one would normally start by mapping a large-quantity and high-
revenue product family. The material flow will then be mapped using appropriate icons in the
VSM template. The (material) flow path of the product will be traced back from the final
operation in its routing to the storage location for raw material. Relevant data for each operation,
such as the current schedule (push, pull, and order dispatching rules in effect at any process ex.
FIFO) and the amount of inventory in various queues, will be recorded. The information flow is
also incorporated to provide demand information, which is an essential parameter for
determining the “pacemaker” process in the production system. After both material and
information flows have been mapped, a time-line is displayed at the bottom of the map showing
the processing time for each operation and the transfer delays between operations. The time-line
is used to identify the value-adding steps, as well as wastes, in the current system. The
comparison between the processing times and the takt time (calculated as Available
Capacity/Customer Demand) is a preliminary measure of the value and wastes in a stream. This
takt time is mostly used as an ideal production rate for each operation to achieve. Ideally, the
cycle time for each operation should be less than or equal to the takt time.
Based on the analysis of the Current State Map, one then develops a Future State Map by
improving the value-adding steps and eliminating the non-value adding steps (waste). According
to Rother & Shook, there are seven guidelines, adapted and modified based on the concepts of
Lean Thinking, that can be followed when generating the Future State Map for a lean value
stream:
1) Produce to takt time
2) Develop continuous flow
3) Use supermarkets to control production where continuous flow does not extend upstream
4) Schedule based on the pacemaker operation
5) Produce different products at a uniform rate (Level the production mix)
6) Level the production load on the pacemaker process (Level the production volume)
7) Develop the capability to make “every part every (EPE)
Advantages of VSM
> Relates the manufacturing process to supply chains, distribution channels and information
flows.
> Integrates material and information flows.
What is the largest regular number less than 100 (See problem study.pdf
What is the largest regular number less than 100? (See problem study 2.1. in the book of \"An
introduction to the history of math\" by Eves, 6th edition)
Solution
A regular number is a positive number that has a finite decimal expansion.
hence whole numbers are the counting numbers so less than 100 is 99..
What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of h.pdf
What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of human anatomy? What are
serous body cavities? What epithelia lines them? Name and describe each cavity. Name the
organelles we discussed in lecture. Provide some characteristics/functions of each. What is the
plasma membrane? What are the structural components of the plasma membrane? What are the
functions of each? Anna missed a point on her biology test because she thought nucleus and
nucleolus were the same word and same structure. Distinguish between the
Solution
1. Position of the body in which it\'s anatomy is studied is the anatomical position. It is taken as
reference while studying the anatomy. Usually the body is erect and the face forward. It is the
standard condition for studying anatomy.
2..
Solve all questions on page pleaseWill rate, thank you Mtaich the .pdf
Solve all questions on page please
Will rate, thank you Mtaich the appseniate answer from below with each of the fotlowing
statements I 1 This ancient wate iS engineer studied hydrostatics, and proposed the law of the
lever and the ses 1 This ancient engineer Ronne, and built a bridge across the Tiber River
rensovated aqueducts and the Cloaca Maxima, built the first public bath in I 1 This engineer
ancient engineer authored The Ten Books of Architecture T 1 This ancient engineer solved in
beams problems of accelerated movement and began the analysis of stresses J. This ancient
engineer disoverrnch aak svered the tiangle of forces, nvented to decimal system, and developed
he oi A. Simon Stevin B. Galileo Galilei C. Archimedes D. John Smeaton E. Marcus Vitruvius
Pollo F. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa g British Match the appropriate answer from below with
each of the following statements re ] This engineer designed a steam a beam. engine for pumping
water from mines using a boiler, a cylinder and I J This Scottish engineer worked as an architect
and surveyor, including canal, road and bridge projects, and became the first President of the
Institution of Civil Engineers. I l This man was the industrialist partner of Watt, lobbied
Parliament for a 25-year patent extension. and was critical support for his partners inventions. [ J
This Scottish engineer was an inventor of machines, he improved the steam engine and detined
horsepower A. Thomas Telford B. James Watt C. Thomas Newcomen D. Matthew Boulton 4.
Circle 5 ways in which innovation impacted the social process from below: lead to wars revolved
upon politics and economics natural markets system of patent and monopolies financial backing
society of craftsmen and engineers
Solution
2)
ARCHIMEDES was the ancient engineer studied hydrostatics,founding hydrostatics and statics,
including an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative
machines, such as his screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his
native Syracuse from invasion.
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLO is the first and most famous text in the history of western
landscape architecture, architecture, enginering and town planning. In Roman times the architect
was, from the word’s Greek etymology, a ‘chief technician’. The Ten Books\' Contents list
reveals that most aspects of engineering, including harbours, site planning, clocks, aqueducts,
pumps and siege engines, come with the author\'s technical scope. Only a tiny proportion of
these subjects come within the twenty-first century scope of ‘architecture’. Vitruvius Pollio’s
treatise De Architectura, was written circa 27 BC and is the only book of its kind to survive from
antiquity. These online extracts from Vitruvius comprise the first Book and his comments on
what we would now classify as garden design.
3)
THOMOS NEWCOMEN was the engineer designed a steam engine ,Newcomen\'s great
achievement was his steam engine, developed around 1712; .
A heterozygote has a ------for a trait being studiedSolutionA .pdf
A heterozygote has a ------for a trait being studied
Solution
A heterozygous has a recessive characteristic for a particular trait which is being studied because
it\'s characteristics are being suppressed by the dominant allele present with it..!!
But only and only in case of co-dominance the heterozygous codition both the trait can be
equally expressed.. Eg:- blood group...
Prove that if a is an upper bound for A, and if a is also an element .pdf
Prove that if a is an upper bound for A, and if a is also an element of A, then it must be that a =
sup A.
Solution
If a is an upper bound for A, then sup(A) exists, and:
sup(A) <= a ......(1)
If a is an element of A, then, since sup(A) is an upper bound on A, we have:
a <= sup(A) ........(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
Thus, sup(A) = a..
PYTHON Using the file object input, write code that read an integer.pdf
PYTHON: Using the file object input, write code that read an integer from a file called rawdata
into a variable datum (make sure you assign an integer value to datum). Open the file at the
beginning of your code, and close it at the end.
Solution
ReadInt.py
input = open(\"rawdata.txt\", \"r\")
datum = input.read()
print datum
input.close()
Output:
5.
Probability - Conditional Probability for any two eventsthe equati.pdf
Probability - Conditional Probability for any two events
the equation for that is P(E1|E2) = P(E1 and E2) / P(E2)
my question is how do I know which goes first (E1) and which goes second(E2)?
can anyone give me the example?
Solution
It depends on which is in the Denominator.
For your question, E2 is in the Denominator.
Be cafeful to calculate the Conditional Probability for any two events, because the numerator is
always the two events happen together. (i.e. P(A and B) ).
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What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (V.pdf
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- 1. In humans, the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele). A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers, whereas b give normal length, A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and short (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as follows. Normal 3 Abnormal knees and fingers 2 Abnormal knees only 17 Abnormal fingers only 18 Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the B/b and the N/n gene. x^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance between the two genes? Solution Linked genes are the genes that present on same chromosome and transmit together to next generation. As seen in the question, in F2 individuals both the characters are segregated independently and no cross over is there. So there genes are not at all linked genes