A heterozygote has a ------for a trait being studiedSolutionA .pdf

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A heterozygote has a ------for a trait being studied Solution A heterozygous has a recessive characteristic for a particular trait which is being studied because it\'s characteristics are being suppressed by the dominant allele present with it..!! But only and only in case of co-dominance the heterozygous codition both the trait can be equally expressed.. Eg:- blood group...

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Cell Structure Concept Map FUNDAMENTAL UNITOF LIFE that serve as FUNCTIONS STRUCTURES variety of protein pi replication, RNA synthesi cellular respiration photosynthesis separates contents of nucleus from the cytosol synthesis of steroids, secretory proteins, detoxification of poisons modifies, stores and routes products of the ER moving products into, out of and within a cell contains digestive enzymes which break downsubstances storage of food, water, nutrients; osmoregulation. regulates traffic ofchemicals (plants, bact, fungi) between the cell and its surroundings l (plants) structural support (phnts (animals) support, communication, connection and junctions (animals) allows passage of material or current between cells (animals) prevents leakage of material animals) between cels 25mm, tubulin, organelle movement, separate chromosomes, cell motility cytoskeleton 7nm, actin, cell contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cel cleavage keratin, 8-12 mm, organelle anchor, formation of nuclear lamina Solution Cell biology: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Membrane bound organelles: Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast 3. End membrane system: Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum (making secretory proteins) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (steroids production and detoxification reaction) Golgi apparatus Vesiclese(Transport endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus). Lysosome Vacuoles Plasma membrane 4. Cell surface and junction: Cell wall Plasmodesmata (In plants it helps in communication between adjacent plants) Gap junction (animal communication) Tight junction (In animal it connects plasma membrane of adjacent cells) Gap junction (current passing through the gap junction do not leak into the intercellular space) Tight junction (In animals prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the surrounding tissues) 5. Cytoskeleton: Microtubules 25 nm Microfilament 7 nm Intermediate filaments 8-12 nm.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediatio.pdf

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At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediation. Describe the process microorganisms use to perform bioremediation. Explain how microorganisms can immobilize uranium. Describe the role of microbes in wastewater treatment, The answers to these questions are covered both in the lecture material and the text book. What reaction, oxidation or reduction, is key to uranium bioremediation? How does the role of energy production lead to the action of bioremediation by microorganisms? What are xenobiotics and what are some examples? What is the role of microbes in the bioremediation of xenobiotics? Explain how the bioremediation of the herbicide 2, 4, 5^T shown below produces energy for microbes. Solution Answer: 2. Bioremediation is the use of organisms to metabolize pollutants. Instead of simply collecting the pollutant and storing it, bioremediation relies on living organisms to consume and break down the compound, turning it into harmless, natural substances. The processes microorganisms perform for bioremediation are: a. Bioaugmentation: It is the process of adding engineered microbes to a system to act as bioremediators which quickly breaksdown the target pollutants. b. Bioleaching: It is the process of using bacteria to dissolve metals instead of chemical solutions. Bioleaching has been used to dissolve metals such as nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, gold, lead, arsenic and others. 3. Bacteria are able to immobilize uranium through use of pili. Researchers grew a mass of pili, which allowed them to study how they interacted with uranium. They found that the pili served as a buffer of sorts, protecting the cell structure of the bacterium as they also allowed for adding electrons to uranium ions which causes it to become more water soluble and thus safer to handle and clean up. The pili grow to enormous lengths relative to the bacteria that produce them, forming a conductive and protective barrier that allows the bacteria to thrive in truly hostile environments. 4. Role of microbes in waste water treatment: There are several microbial processes, and the microbial processes can be catergorized into aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic: After primary treatment, liquid and solid phases are physically separated. The liquid phase is treated with aeration to allow aerobic degradation of the nutrients. The two important microbial processes at this stage are nitrification and phosphorous removal. Nitrification occurs in two discrete steps. First of all, ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by Nitrosomonas, and nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by Nitrobacter. Phosphorous removal can occur biologically by the process of enhanced biological phosphorous removal. The process is demonstrated by the cell taking up phosphorous within their cell, and the biomass is filtered. Anaerobic: In the liquid component of sewage, denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate into dinitrogen gas which liberates nitrate from the sewage. The solid component of the sewag.

Are humans influencing evolution or is evolution influencing us Do .pdf

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Are humans influencing evolution or is evolution influencing us? Do humans influence animal evolution? Please answer the question in a short paragraph. put into own words no copying from yahoo. Solution Ans) Scientists would assent unequivocally that humans have extremely affected the procedure of evolution, from the rise of pesticide and antibiotic resistance to the huge human-caused increase in the disappearance rate. Our outcome on the procedure of evolution even expand to our own species\' evolution. Culture and Technology have secure us to a extreme extent from the critical pressures that operate evolution, authorized to many people -- mainly those in expand nations who, without medical involvement, would not live to generative age -- to progress their genes on to the other generation. Further scientists recorded that culture and technology have changed but not removed the part of natural selection on our kind. We now restyle to pollution, crowding, and new illness rather than the prerequisite to escape from huge predators. Humans will modify in the future, but are improbable to develop into a present-day, different species because no human category is truly lonely anymore, given our transportation method. Without genetic segregation, there is no further chance for speciation among humans..

Adaptive radiation has resulted in high morphological diversity amon.pdf

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Adaptive radiation has resulted in high morphological diversity amongst the phylum Annelida. Feeding and locomotion adaptations show great variation. Discuss this statement giving at least three examples of each. Solution adaptive radiation is defined as diversification of species in response to natural selection and ecological opprtunities. Annelids show a great diversityin terms of feeding mechanisms: macrofeeders eg. nereis feeds on worms. In case of detritus feeders ,tentacles in food grove bring particles to animal example Arinicola is a subsurface deposit feeder and Amphitrite is a surface deposit feeder. Mucous suspension feeders eg, Chaetopterus.Tenticulate suspension feeders such as Sabella in terms of locomotion, The errant or wandering polychaetes have prominent lateral bristles projecting from the parapodia. In case of burrowers,there is reduced parapodia.Digging is facilitated by peristaltic movement.Sedentary polychaetes are usually adapted to live in tubes or burrows. Some sedentary polychaetes eg Arenicola live in burrows while others are tube builders..

a) Create a list of business functional requirements that the system .pdf

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a) Create a list of business functional requirements that the system meets with. b Create the different kinds of non-functional business requirements that the system meets with. Solution Business functional requirements : A) study program B) research program. C) jobs D) Manchester worldwide (what offerings it is giving to students present worldwide.) E) Services for business Non-functional requirements : A) Events Conducted B) culture and heritage C) events that happen D) connecting people like alumini. E) career advising F) news.

You have just set up a Windows 7 computer for a home customer and co.pdf

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You have just set up a Windows 7 computer for a home customer and connected it to the Internet. You refer to the network status indicator in the computer’s notification tray. What should you see? A. A network icon with a red X B. A network icon with a green exclamation point C. A network icon glowing yellow D. A network icon with a cable Solution D. When a Windows 7 computer is connected to the network, you should see a network icon with a little cable displayed in the notification tray..

“Examine the life of an individual whom you believe exemplifies the .pdf

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“Examine the life of an individual whom you believe exemplifies the role of leader. This can be anyone, famous or not, past or present, industry or government, public or private, known to you personally or through the media. Some attention ought to be devoted to the chronology of events in the person’s life. However, the bulk of your work should be directed at producing in-depth sociopsychological understanding. Pay attention to how the events and circumstances of the person’s life affected the ultimate leadership self.” 1. Did your choice of leader come from: a. Public figures (current or historical)? b. Persons known from work? c. Family members? d. Personal acquaintances? 2. What factors do you think account for the class’s observed distribution of choice from question 1? 3. Explore, in small groups, the leaders selected. What leadership qualities and characteristics are consistently represented there? 4. What can you learn about yourself as a leader from your choice of leader to write about? Solution Answer 1. a. Public figures (current or historical) Answer 2. Factors are:- a. Public Figures - beacause people tend to be influenced by known person whom they follow or who are known for their good deeds. b. Person known from work - because sometimes people at work lead the team in such a way that impress not only the team but the whole organization. c. Family member : sometimes you are driven by the character or composure of a family member to whom you look up to and from whom you learn stuff. d. Personal Acquaintances :- Same as above. Answer 3. Need small group for a discussion and anser this question. So this will be answered as part of last question. Answer 4. The leader I choose is Bhagat Singh, an Indian Freedom Fighter. I choose him because he has the courage and ability to plan further. He faced East India Company with no fear because he knew that what he is fighting for is right. I appreciate the courage he had and the love for the mother nation is something that inspires everyone who reads about him..

Write a C++ program that reads in a list of first and last names fro.pdf

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Write a C++ program that reads in a list of first and last names from an input data file named people.txt. The program should create a user name for each person consisting of the last name and the first initial of the first name. The program should print the first name, the last name, and the created user name for each person to the output data file usernames.txt. The program must use an end-of-file (EOF) loop. Solution people.txt (Save this file under D Drive .Then the path of the file pointing to it is D:\\\\people.txt) Willaims Kane Johnson Mitchel Sachin Tendulkar Vinod kamblie Sanjay Manjrekar Ravi sastri Ricky Pointing Clarke Michael _____________________ code: #include #include #include #include using namespace std; int main() { //Declaring variables string fname,lname; string uname; int index=0; //defines an input stream for the data file ifstream dataIn; //Defines an output stream for the data file ofstream dataOut; //Opening the input file dataIn.open(\"D:\\\\people.txt\"); //creating and Opening the output file dataOut.open(\"D:\\\\usernames.txt\"); //This loop continues to execute until the end of the file while (!dataIn.eof( )) { //reading the firstname and lastname from people.txt file dataIn>>fname>>lname; //Concatinating the firstname first letter with the lastname uname=lname+fname.at(index); //Storing the user name in the txt file dataOut<.

While federal funding of primary and secondary education and federal influence on local schools have both grown considerably in recent years, K–12 education is still largely under the control of state and local governments. How might U.S. public schools be different if, like France, the United States had a unitary system of government? Solution First of all defining Unitary Government is that Unitary governments draw praise for creating uniform laws, policies and administrative procedures, and for fostering a national sense of unity and stability. Unitary governments are essentially those that operate under a central system of power. In these government systems, all powers vested in the government are held by a single, central controlling agency. It has has the highest degree of centralization. In a unitary state, the central government holds all the power. Lower-level governments, if they exist at all, do nothing but implement the policies of the national government. In a purely unitary state, the same set of laws applies throughout the nation, without variation. Unitary states create national policy, which is then applied uniformly. This uniformity sometimes serves as an advantage because people and businesses know exactly what to expect from the laws, regardless of geographical location. At the same time, to maintain its uniformity, a unitary government must overlook local differences that might call for different rules or policies. They are characterized by the existence of a single controlling entity, such as a parliament, which assumes control of all governmental operations. Under unitary governments, local governments (such as town and state governments) exist, but have little functional purpose. Local governments, under this system of rule, have the power to step in to perform administrative tasks and relieve the central body of administrative burdens only when absolutely necessary. The US Public schools will be having centralised command if the United States had a unitary system of government. In this the single and the central authority will makes all of the decisions. In schools, by creating uniform laws and policies, the government reduces duplicative efforts, leading to reduced costs for carrying out government tasks, and less risk of tensions and conflicts between operations at federal and local levels in the Public Schools. Unitary governments are also praised for creating a sense of unity and offering a stable structure of governance. The unitary system of government in US Public Schools will have the following benefits/advantages :- 1. They Are Simple Unitary government is simple. Fewer people are involved in the decision making process so that decisions are made faster and more efficiently. 2. No Money Go Round There is no money-go-round. Financial decision making power is held by a small number of people or an individual. The level of corruption can be less because fewer people with self motivated interests have direct acce.

Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early.pdf

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Which of the following would provide the best evidence that an early form of targeted cell-cell communication was present before the evolution of complex multicellular organisms? Question 7 options: Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma membrane of other amoebae Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi Save Discovery of transmembrane proteins in a variety of bacteria Plants discovered that use a combination of plasmodesmata and gap junctions Discovery of an amoeba that forms connections between its plasma membrane and the plasma membrane of other amoebae Cell adhesion molecules present in plant cells also discovered in fungi Solution Mechanisms enabling cell-cell communications are well documented in various eukaryotes of higher orders. These cells typically use tight junctions and gap junctions to secrete and exchanging chemicals as a form of sharing information.Mechanisms enabling one cell to influence the behavior of another almost certainly existed in the world of unicellular organisms long before multicellular organisms appeared on Earth. In order to solve the above problem, we need to look at the most simplest organism possessing traits of cell communication. The first option related to the discovery of trasnmembrane proteins in bacteria. Although bacteria are prokaryotes, the presence of transmembrane proteins have more to do with signal transduction, as compared to cell-cell communication between two independent cells. The second option can clearly be negated since it deals with plants. The third and fourth option deals with the presence of cell adhesion molecules found in amoeba and fungi. Now both these organisms are simple unicellular organisms, and the presence of cell adhesion apparatus would validate our theory, However, for all practical purposes, one can choose option 4 above 3, for the singular reason that fungii are more simple and less developed than amoeboid cells. Moreover, there is evidence to prove that fungi can communicate and influence one another\'s behavior in preparation for sexual mating. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for example, when a haploid individual is ready to mate, it secretes a peptide mating factor that signals cells of the opposite mating type to stop proliferating and prepare to mate. Therefore, the correct option is Option 4..

Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common Choose .pdf

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Which of the following are parts do all seeds have in common? Choose all that apply. Remember the general plant life cycle and it\'s stages. pollen fruit sporophyte zygote endosperm seed cover Solution The basic part of seed contain 1. Embryo 2. Food storage 3. Seed covering 1. Embryo- it is form from fertilized egg also called as zygote and produced due to fusion of sperm from germinated pollen and female egg. It consist of 4 parts epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and cotyledon. 2. Food storage- it is used for the germination of embryo. 3. Seed covering - it is the outermost covering of seed which protect seed from external environment and impermeable to water. Endosperm also the part of seed and have triploid chromosome component part and mainly occupy large part of seed. Zygote is the cell and form due to combination of genome and considered as initial stage of formation of seed. Sporophyte is the alteration of generation and responsible for production of gametophytes and sporophyte which is responsibleso for the production of sperm. Pollen is also regarded as pollen grains and carry male gametophytes fir further fusion. Fruit it is outermost part and covering of seed. Hence pollen , sporophyte and zygote is the initial stage of development whereas seed cover and endosperm are the parts of seed and fruit is last one for formation after seed..

Where can the medians of a triangle intersect I. inside the tri.pdf

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What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (V.pdf

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What are the limitations of using traditional Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in mapping a current state of \"push\" control from a Factory Physics viewpoint? How does VMS+ \"Learning to see better\" improve this situation? Solution Unlike traditional process mapping tools, VSM is a mapping tool that maps not only material flows but also information flows that signal and control the material flows. This visual representation facilitates the process of lean implementation by helping to identify the value- adding steps in a value stream and eliminating the non-value adding steps, or wastes (muda). Using a VSM process requires development of maps: a Current State Map and a Future State Map. In the Current State Map, one would normally start by mapping a large-quantity and high- revenue product family. The material flow will then be mapped using appropriate icons in the VSM template. The (material) flow path of the product will be traced back from the final operation in its routing to the storage location for raw material. Relevant data for each operation, such as the current schedule (push, pull, and order dispatching rules in effect at any process ex. FIFO) and the amount of inventory in various queues, will be recorded. The information flow is also incorporated to provide demand information, which is an essential parameter for determining the “pacemaker” process in the production system. After both material and information flows have been mapped, a time-line is displayed at the bottom of the map showing the processing time for each operation and the transfer delays between operations. The time-line is used to identify the value-adding steps, as well as wastes, in the current system. The comparison between the processing times and the takt time (calculated as Available Capacity/Customer Demand) is a preliminary measure of the value and wastes in a stream. This takt time is mostly used as an ideal production rate for each operation to achieve. Ideally, the cycle time for each operation should be less than or equal to the takt time. Based on the analysis of the Current State Map, one then develops a Future State Map by improving the value-adding steps and eliminating the non-value adding steps (waste). According to Rother & Shook, there are seven guidelines, adapted and modified based on the concepts of Lean Thinking, that can be followed when generating the Future State Map for a lean value stream: 1) Produce to takt time 2) Develop continuous flow 3) Use supermarkets to control production where continuous flow does not extend upstream 4) Schedule based on the pacemaker operation 5) Produce different products at a uniform rate (Level the production mix) 6) Level the production load on the pacemaker process (Level the production volume) 7) Develop the capability to make “every part every (EPE) Advantages of VSM > Relates the manufacturing process to supply chains, distribution channels and information flows. > Integrates material and information flows.

What is the largest regular number less than 100 (See problem study.pdf

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What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of h.pdf

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What is anatomical position and why is it important in the study of human anatomy? What are serous body cavities? What epithelia lines them? Name and describe each cavity. Name the organelles we discussed in lecture. Provide some characteristics/functions of each. What is the plasma membrane? What are the structural components of the plasma membrane? What are the functions of each? Anna missed a point on her biology test because she thought nucleus and nucleolus were the same word and same structure. Distinguish between the Solution 1. Position of the body in which it\'s anatomy is studied is the anatomical position. It is taken as reference while studying the anatomy. Usually the body is erect and the face forward. It is the standard condition for studying anatomy. 2..

Solve all questions on page pleaseWill rate, thank you Mtaich the .pdf

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Solve all questions on page please Will rate, thank you Mtaich the appseniate answer from below with each of the fotlowing statements I 1 This ancient wate iS engineer studied hydrostatics, and proposed the law of the lever and the ses 1 This ancient engineer Ronne, and built a bridge across the Tiber River rensovated aqueducts and the Cloaca Maxima, built the first public bath in I 1 This engineer ancient engineer authored The Ten Books of Architecture T 1 This ancient engineer solved in beams problems of accelerated movement and began the analysis of stresses J. This ancient engineer disoverrnch aak svered the tiangle of forces, nvented to decimal system, and developed he oi A. Simon Stevin B. Galileo Galilei C. Archimedes D. John Smeaton E. Marcus Vitruvius Pollo F. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa g British Match the appropriate answer from below with each of the following statements re ] This engineer designed a steam a beam. engine for pumping water from mines using a boiler, a cylinder and I J This Scottish engineer worked as an architect and surveyor, including canal, road and bridge projects, and became the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers. I l This man was the industrialist partner of Watt, lobbied Parliament for a 25-year patent extension. and was critical support for his partners inventions. [ J This Scottish engineer was an inventor of machines, he improved the steam engine and detined horsepower A. Thomas Telford B. James Watt C. Thomas Newcomen D. Matthew Boulton 4. Circle 5 ways in which innovation impacted the social process from below: lead to wars revolved upon politics and economics natural markets system of patent and monopolies financial backing society of craftsmen and engineers Solution 2) ARCHIMEDES was the ancient engineer studied hydrostatics,founding hydrostatics and statics, including an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, such as his screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion. MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLO is the first and most famous text in the history of western landscape architecture, architecture, enginering and town planning. In Roman times the architect was, from the word’s Greek etymology, a ‘chief technician’. The Ten Books\' Contents list reveals that most aspects of engineering, including harbours, site planning, clocks, aqueducts, pumps and siege engines, come with the author\'s technical scope. Only a tiny proportion of these subjects come within the twenty-first century scope of ‘architecture’. Vitruvius Pollio’s treatise De Architectura, was written circa 27 BC and is the only book of its kind to survive from antiquity. These online extracts from Vitruvius comprise the first Book and his comments on what we would now classify as garden design. 3) THOMOS NEWCOMEN was the engineer designed a steam engine ,Newcomen\'s great achievement was his steam engine, developed around 1712; .

Prove that if a is an upper bound for A, and if a is also an element .pdf

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PYTHON Using the file object input, write code that read an integer.pdf

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Probability - Conditional Probability for any two eventsthe equati.pdf

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Probability - Conditional Probability for any two events the equation for that is P(E1|E2) = P(E1 and E2) / P(E2) my question is how do I know which goes first (E1) and which goes second(E2)? can anyone give me the example? Solution It depends on which is in the Denominator. For your question, E2 is in the Denominator. Be cafeful to calculate the Conditional Probability for any two events, because the numerator is always the two events happen together. (i.e. P(A and B) ).

Please choose the correct answer. Severity of symptoms of cystic fib.pdf

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Please choose the correct answer. Severity of symptoms of cystic fibrosis may vary from one patient to the next. This variation seen is representative of... a. variable expressivity b. incomplete penetrance c. codominance d. dominant alleles e. none of the above Solution Choice a is correct. Reason: The cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Patients with homozyous recessive genotype express all the features of this disease where as in heterozygous individuals, only partial expression of the symptoms of this disease are present. This is becuase the heterozygous individuals also carry a copy of healthy allele for this disease. Thus, whereas homozygous recessive individuals are exteremely suffered from this disease with high clinical relavance, the heterozygous individuals display only partial symptoms. Thus, the severity of symptoms depends upon the nature of genetic profile of an individual with respect to the disease..

Other than hydrogen bonding, what else contributes to the stability .pdf

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Other than hydrogen bonding, what else contributes to the stability of the double helix? Solution Apart from the hydrogen bonds between purines and pyramidines, the base stacking interactions with the nucleotides play a very important role in stability of the DNA double helix. Two to three nucleotide rings stack on each other parallelly lije stack of coins to prevent contact with water. stacking also involves a combination of van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions between the bases..

One function of the spliceosome is to (Select all that apply.)1) .pdf

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One function of the spliceosome is to: (Select all that apply.) 1) recognize the beginning and end of the exons. 2) recognize the beginning and end of the introns. 3) recognize the 5\' end of the primary transcript. 4) recognize the 3\' end of the primary transcript. Solution Answer: 2) Spiceosome recognizes the beginning and end of the introns. Small nuclear RNA or snRNA play role in RNA spicing. One kind of small nuclear protein which contain snRNA will bind to the 5\' end of the intron and differnt snRNP bind to the 3\' end of the intron. These proteins causes intron to form loop bring the two ends together and large complex of snRNP excises the intron and exons join together ans spliceosome complex releases..

Now we are going to bring in the radius r and angular speed omega. A .pdf

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Now we are going to bring in the radius r and angular speed omega. A particle goes around the circle with radius 7 centered at the origin with the position at time t given by x = 7 cos(3t) y = 7 sin(3t) Mark the points where t = 0, t = pi/4, t = pi/2, t = 3 pi/4, t = pi on the graph. Next to the points, make a note of the t values. Does it go clockwise or counterclockwise? Note that t is not a part of the given graph of y vs. x. How many radians per second does the particle do? What is the speed in centimeters per second? Looking at the previous question, if x = r cos (omega t) y = r sin (omega t). What is the linear speed v in terms of the angular speed omega and the radius r? Solution t =0 , pi/4 , pi/2 , 3pi/4 , pi x = 7cos3t ; y = 7sin3t t = 0 ; x = 7 ; y =0 t = pi/4 ; x= 7cos3pi/4 = -7/sqrt2 ; y = 7sin3pi/4 = 7/sqrt2 t = pi/2 ; x= 7cos3pi/2 = 0 ; y =7sin3pi/2 = -7 t = 3pi/4 ; x = 7cos9pi/4 = 7/sqrt2 ; y = 7sin9pi/4 = 7/sqrt2 t = pi ; x= 7cos3pi =-7 ; y = 7sin3pi =0 In t = pi/4 ; angle through which particle moves =3pi/4 So, angular speed = 3pi/4 / pi/4 = 3 rad/ sec Linear speed = angular speed*radius = 3*7 = 21 cm/sec x = rcoswt ; y = rsinwt v = w*r.

Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in.pdf

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Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and purpose. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offspring involving events before during or after meiosis. Using the internet research the topic of mitosis and meiosis and identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis. Given a diploid chromosome number of 4. Draw below a gametophyte cell in the midst of 1) Anaphase of mitosis, ; 2) Prometaphase of mitosis Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Cells divide and multiply in number as they proceed through the cell cycle. At some point however cells need to stop multiplying and the cell cycle is halted. Given your knowledge on mitosis think of two ways (methods, mechanisms procedures) a cell might stop it self from dividing. What are the implications for an organism that can not stop mitosis. Solution Answer: Five difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of process and purpose: Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and purpose: 2. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings involving events before during or after meiosis. There are several ways with which organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings: Before meiosis random mutations cause genetic diversity and get passed on to generations (heritable mutations). During meiosis crossing over between chromatids of homologous chromosomes causes genetic variation. After meiosis, fertilization process also contributes to creating genetic diversity. During fertilization each parent randomly contributes a unique set of genes (and hence traits) to the zygote. 3. Identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis. In Karyokinesis process a cell\'s nucleus is divided by mitosis or meiosis (separation of chromosomes), and cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm in a cell (organelles and cytoplasmic components). Plant cell have cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, cytokinesis in plant cells occur by phragmoplasts formation instead of cleavage as in animal cells. Cytokinesis in amoeba cells (binary fission) - In Amoeba the division is irregular whereas in Euglena it’s longitudinal. Plasmotomy in protozoa is also a unique mechanism. 5. Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Meiosis in animal cells occurs in the nuclei of the germ cells that are related to reproduction. On the other hand, in plants the Meiosis occur in the anthers and ovary of the angiosperm leading to the formation of pollen grains and ovules respectively. 6. Based on kn.

Mutants and mutant genes, 5 points You are studying a gene in chicke.pdf

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Mutants and mutant genes, 5 points You are studying a gene in chickens named “boneless”, named after its mutant phenotype. The wild type boneless gene encodes a protein that is 400 amino acids long. When a chicken lacks a wild type copy of the gene (in other words, when both of its copies are the boneless mutant version), it grows as a jiggly blob with eyes floating on top. (A) The wild type function of the boneless gene is most likely to make ________________. (B)To detect where boneless is expressed during embryogenesis you decide to perform an in situ hybridization experiment with a fluorescently labeled probe. To make this probe, what would you use as the template? Circle your answer and explain in one sentence why your answer is the better of the two choices. (1) genomic DNA of boneless, which includes 4 exons and 3 introns (2) cDNA of boneless (C) Given the phenotype of boneless, what can you conclude about the kind of gene that boneless encodes: (circle the correct answer) (1) it must be a transcription factor (e.g. like pax6) (2) it must be a receptor (e.g. like the insulin receptor) (3) it must encode a calcium channel protein for strong bones (4) it must encode a microRNA gene (5) it must encode a housekeeping gene (6) nothing can be concluded about what kind of product this gene encodes based its mutant phenotype (D) Although flies do not have bones, you discover that flies have a homolog of boneless called “puddle”. What must be true about puddle? (1) flies don’t need bones, therefore they have a puddle gene (2) flies lack bones because they lack boneless (3) the puddle gene makes flies boneless (4) puddle and boneless are sequences that arose from a common ancestral gene Solution A) normal non floating eyes B) cDNA of the boneless mutant would be usedr. In in situ hybridisation, labelled cDNA or RNA are used as probes in order to identify and localise a particular portion of the DNA. C) 6) nothing can be concluded about what kind of product this gene encodes based its mutant phenotype A kind of property of gene cannot be decided by just the phenotype. There have to be either sequencing studies or hybridisation studies in order to estimate accurately. D) (4) puddle and boneless are sequences that arose from a common ancestral gene As it is mentioned , puddle is a homolog of boneless. Homologous genes are those that have common ancestor ps but different functions. Thus puddle and boneless have common ancestors..

Index) of l7 a) 2 b) 50 c) 32 d) 36 2.) Typical natural moisture con.pdf

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5. Using the Cr value from the below graph find the concentrations of.pdf

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5. Using the Cr value from the below graph find the concentrations of [HCO;]. ICO], [OH], and H at pH 7.5 and 11 by both from graph (no need to draw the graph) and from equations. (20 points) pH 0 23478D 10 11 12 13 1 H2CO HCO, IHCO, 1 IOH 10 12 Solution PH=7.5 H+XOH-=10-14 H+=10-7.5 OH-=10-14/10-7.5 =10-6.5 HCO3-=10^(-11.24+pH)=10^(11.24+7.5)=10^(-3.74) HCO3 - CO3-2 + H+ CO32-=10^(-6.5) PH=11 H+XOH-=10-14 H+=10-11 OH-=10-14/10-11 =10-3 HCO3-=10^(-11.24+pH)=10^(11.24+11)=10^(-0.24) HCO3 - CO3-2 + H+ CO32-=10^(-3).

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In humans, the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele). A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers, whereas b give normal length, A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and short (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as follows. Normal 3 Abnormal knees and fingers 2 Abnormal knees only 17 Abnormal fingers only 18 Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the B/b and the N/n gene. x^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance between the two genes? Solution Linked genes are the genes that present on same chromosome and transmit together to next generation. As seen in the question, in F2 individuals both the characters are segregated independently and no cross over is there. So there genes are not at all linked genes.

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