2. •OSTEOSYNDESMOLOGY
IS THE SCIENCE OF THE BONES AND
THEIR ARTICULATIONS
The skeleton (G. skeletos - dried up)
8-10% of the weight of the body consists of skeleton
3. The Significance of the Skeleton
Mechanical functions Biological function
Support
(weight-bearing)
Mineral metabolism
Movement Haemopoiesis –
production of the blood
cells
Protection Immunological
protection
4. The Chemical Composition and Physical
Properties of Bone
Organic
material
Inorganic
material
Water
28,15% 21,85% 50%
- ossein
- fat (15,75%)
calcium salts,
calcium phosphate
in particular
(51.04%).
elasticity of a
bone is
determined by
ossein
strength depends
on the mineral salts
5. • A bone also contains vitamins A, D, and C.
• A lack of salts or vitamin D in the period of growth reduces bone
hardness and causes deformities of bones (rickets) in children.
• Vitamin A deficiency leads to abnormal thickness of the bones, and
the bone cavities and canals become empty.
6. The age changes in a bone
• The bones of young children, which contain comparatively greater
amounts of organic materials (ossein), are marked by greater
pliability, and their fractures are consequently rare.
• In old age, when the proportion of the organic and inorganic
materials changes in favour of the latter, bones become less elastic
and more fragile. As a result, bone fractures are encountered most
frequently in individuals of old age.
7. Ratio of materials depending on age
Age Inorganic
material
Organic
material
Children 1 2
Middle age 1 1
Old age 2 1
8. Structure of Bone
• Osteon, or the Haversian system is structural unit of a bone
9.
10.
11. The Types of Bone Substances
The
Compact substance (substantia compacta)
Spongy substance (substantia spongiosa)
20. BONE CLASSIFICATION
• The bones are classified according to appearance:
1. Tubular bones:
• a) long tubular bones
• b) short tubular bones
2. Spongy bones:
• a) long spongy bones
• b) short spongy bones
• d) sesamoid bones
3. Flat bones
4. Mixed or irregular bones
5. Pneumatic bones
39. • The phylogenesis (G. phylon – genus; genesis - development) is
the evolutionary development of organisms from the lower stages
of organization to the higher organized vertebrates - mammals
and human being (homo sapiens).
• The ontogenesis (G. ontos – being) is the individual
development of organisms, which lasts from the moment of
fertilization to the time of death. The whole ontogenesis is
divided into two large periods between which the moment of
birth is.
• The intrauterine or prenatal period, in which the newly conceived
organism develops in the mother’s womb, lasts from the moment
of fertilization to the time of birth.
• The extrauterine or postnatal period (L. natus – birth), in which
the new individual continues development outside the mother’s
body. It lasts from the moment of birth until death.
40. The Stages of the Development of the Skeleton
• Connective-tissue (membranous) skeleton,
• Cartilaginous skeleton,
• Bony skeleton.
