The document summarizes key information about bones and their development: 1. It describes the three anatomical planes and classifications of bones by appearance and structure. 2. It outlines the stages of skeletal development from a connective tissue skeleton to a cartilaginous and then bony skeleton in the prenatal and postnatal periods. 3. It discusses joints like gomphosis and types of bone articulation including flexion-extension and rotation.

1. The anatomical planes:
1- sagittal, 2 - frontal, and 3 - horizontal.

2. •OSTEOSYNDESMOLOGY
IS THE SCIENCE OF THE BONES AND
THEIR ARTICULATIONS
The skeleton (G. skeletos - dried up)
8-10% of the weight of the body consists of skeleton

3. The Significance of the Skeleton
Mechanical functions Biological function
Support
(weight-bearing)
Mineral metabolism
Movement Haemopoiesis –
production of the blood
cells
Protection Immunological
protection

4. The Chemical Composition and Physical
Properties of Bone
Organic
material
Inorganic
material
Water
28,15% 21,85% 50%
- ossein
- fat (15,75%)
calcium salts,
calcium phosphate
in particular
(51.04%).
elasticity of a
bone is
determined by
ossein
strength depends
on the mineral salts

5. • A bone also contains vitamins A, D, and C.
• A lack of salts or vitamin D in the period of growth reduces bone
hardness and causes deformities of bones (rickets) in children.
• Vitamin A deficiency leads to abnormal thickness of the bones, and
the bone cavities and canals become empty.

6. The age changes in a bone
• The bones of young children, which contain comparatively greater
amounts of organic materials (ossein), are marked by greater
pliability, and their fractures are consequently rare.
• In old age, when the proportion of the organic and inorganic
materials changes in favour of the latter, bones become less elastic
and more fragile. As a result, bone fractures are encountered most
frequently in individuals of old age.

7. Ratio of materials depending on age
Age Inorganic
material
Organic
material
Children 1 2
Middle age 1 1
Old age 2 1

8. Structure of Bone
• Osteon, or the Haversian system is structural unit of a bone

11. The Types of Bone Substances
The
Compact substance (substantia compacta)
Spongy substance (substantia spongiosa)

13. Trabeculae are arranged on the lines of the forces of compression and
stretching

14. Diploe (G. fold) is Spongy substance of the flat skull bones

17. Periosteum

19. Articular surface

20. BONE CLASSIFICATION
• The bones are classified according to appearance:
1. Tubular bones:
• a) long tubular bones
• b) short tubular bones
2. Spongy bones:
• a) long spongy bones
• b) short spongy bones
• d) sesamoid bones
3. Flat bones
4. Mixed or irregular bones
5. Pneumatic bones

21. Long tubular bones

22. Long tubular bones

23. Long tubular bones

24. Long tubular bones

25. Long tubular bones

26. Short tubular bones

27. Short spongy bones

29. Short spongy bones

30. Long spongy bones
•

31. Sesamoid bone

32. Flat Bone

33. Flat Bone

34. Flat Bone

35. Flat Bone

36. Flat Bone

37. Mixed or irregular bones

38. Pneumatic bone

39. • The phylogenesis (G. phylon – genus; genesis - development) is
the evolutionary development of organisms from the lower stages
of organization to the higher organized vertebrates - mammals
and human being (homo sapiens).
• The ontogenesis (G. ontos – being) is the individual
development of organisms, which lasts from the moment of
fertilization to the time of death. The whole ontogenesis is
divided into two large periods between which the moment of
birth is.
• The intrauterine or prenatal period, in which the newly conceived
organism develops in the mother’s womb, lasts from the moment
of fertilization to the time of birth.
• The extrauterine or postnatal period (L. natus – birth), in which
the new individual continues development outside the mother’s
body. It lasts from the moment of birth until death.

40. The Stages of the Development of the Skeleton
• Connective-tissue (membranous) skeleton,
• Cartilaginous skeleton,
• Bony skeleton.

48. Primary bones

49. Fontanelles

50. Fontanelles

51. Secondary bones

55. Gomphosis

56. 2b
2c
3b
3c
1b
5b
1a
2a
3a
5a
4

68. TYPES OF SUTURE

71. Gomphosis

78. Development of the palate

79. Development of the palate

81. A – unilateral cleft lip (hare lip) – labium leporinum
Б – bilateral cleft lip (hare lip) – labium leporinum.
В – cleft lip, cleft upper jaw and cleft palate
Г – cleft palate (wolf palate) – palatum fissum
Г – oblique cleft face
Д – median cleft lip

82. A – Underdevelopment of the zygomatic bone and lower jaw Б –
Micrognatia – underdevelopment of the lower jaw

95. Flexio – Extensio
Abductio –
Adductio
Rotatio
Supinatio –
Pronatio
Circumductio

103. Gomphosis

104. 1a

105. Pivot joint