TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
Â
bone pathology by dr amazalange amerianm.ppt
1. 1
Introduction
⢠Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes
⢠Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage
⢠By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened
⢠206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body
mass)
⢠80 bones of the axial skeleton
⢠126 bones of the appendicular skeleton
2. 2
Bone Classification
⢠Bone Classification:
⢠Long Bones
⢠Short Bones
⢠Sesamoid Bones
⢠Flat Bones
⢠Irregular Bones
⢠Wormian Bones
(sutural)
(a) (e)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4a
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Long bones
ďˇTypically longer than wide
ďˇHave a shaft with heads at both ends
ďˇContain mostly compact bone
⢠Examples: Femur, humerus
4. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4b
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Short bones
ďˇGenerally cube-shape
ďˇContain mostly spongy bone
ďˇExamples: Carpals, tarsals
5. Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Slide 5.4c
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
6. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5a
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Flat bones
ďˇThin and flattened
ďˇUsually curved
ďˇThin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
ďˇExamples: Skull, ribs, sternum
7. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5b
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Irregular bones
ďˇIrregular shape
ďˇDo not fit into other bone classification
categories
ďˇExample: Vertebrae and hip
8. Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Slide 5.5c
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
9. 9
Parts of a Long Bone
⢠Epiphysis
⢠Distal
⢠Proximal
⢠Diaphysis
⢠Metaphysis
⢠Compact bone
⢠Spongy bone
⢠Articular cartilage
⢠Periosteum
⢠Endosteum
⢠Medullary cavity
⢠Trabeculae
⢠Bone marrow
⢠Red marrow and yellow marrow
Femur
Periosteum
Yellow marrow
Medullary cavity
Space containing
red marrow
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plates
Proximal
epiphysis
Distal
epiphysis
Diaphysis
Endosteum
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10. 10
Microscopic Structure
⢠Bone cells are called osteocytes
⢠in a lacuna
⢠Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by
cellular processes in canaliculi
⢠The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen
and inorganic salts
⢠Collagen gives bone resilience & strength
⢠Inorganic salts make bone hard
11. 11
Compact Bone
⢠Osteon
aka Haversian System
⢠Central canal
⢠Perforating canal aka
Volkmannâs canal
⢠Osteocytes
⢠Lamellae
⢠Lacunae
⢠Bone matrix
⢠Canaliculi
Nerve
Osteon
Nerve
Nerve
Canaliculus
Osteocyte
Periosteum
Endosteum
Trabeculae
Pores
Bone matrix
Blood
vessels
Compact
bone
Lacuna
(space)
Blood
vessels
Perforating
canal
Central canal
containing blood
vessels and nerves
Central
canal
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
12. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.3
13. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Lacunae
ďˇ Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
ďˇ Arranged in
concentric rings
ďˇ Lamellae
ďˇ Rings around the
central canal
ďˇ Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
14. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Canaliculi
ďˇTiny canals
ďˇRadiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
ďˇForm a transport
system
Figure 5.3
15. 15
Spongy Bone
⢠Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone
(a)
(c)
Spongy bone Compact bone
(b)
Spongy
bone
Compact
bone
Remnant of
epiphyseal plate
Spongy
bone
Compact
bone
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a: Š Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
16. 16
Bone Development
and Growth
⢠Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop
during the first few weeks of prenatal development
⢠Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of
two ways:
⢠As intramembranous bones
⢠As endchondral bones
17. 17
Intramembranous Bones
⢠Intramembranous Bones
⢠These bones originate within sheetlike layers of
connective tissues
⢠They are the broad, flat bones
⢠Skull bones (except mandible)
⢠Are known as intramembranous bones
18. 18
Endochondral Bones
⢠Endochondral Bones
⢠Bones begin as hyaline cartilage
⢠Form models for future bones
⢠These are most bones of the skeleton
⢠Are known as endochondral bones
19. 19
Endochondral Ossification
⢠Hyaline cartilage model
⢠Primary ossification center
⢠Secondary ossification centers
⢠Epiphyseal plate
⢠Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
(a)
Cartilaginous
model
Calcified
cartilage
Articular
cartilage
Developing
periosteum
Compact bone
developing
Primary
ossification
center
Medullary
cavity
Medullary
cavity
Medullary
cavity
Secondary
ossification
center
Secondary
ossification
center
Blood
vessel
Epiphyseal
plate
Remnant of
epiphyseal
plate
Remnants of
epiphyseal
plates
Epiphyseal
plates
Compact
bone
Spongy
bone
Articular
cartilage
Spongy
bone
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
20. 20
Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
⢠First layer of cells
⢠Closest to the end of
epiphysis
⢠Resting cells
⢠Anchors epiphyseal plate
to epiphysis
⢠Zone of resting cartilage
⢠Second layer of cells
⢠Many rows of young
cells
⢠Undergoing mitosis
⢠zone of proliferating
cartilage
1
2
3
4
(a) (b)
Bone tissue
of epiphysis
Zone of
resting
cartilage
Zone of
proliferating
cartilage
Zone of
hypertrophic
cartilage
Zone of
calcified
cartilage
Ossified
bone of
diaphysis
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b: Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
21. 21
Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
⢠Third layer of cells
⢠Older cells
⢠Left behind when new
cells appear
⢠Cells enlarging and
becoming calcified
⢠zone of hypertrophic
cartilage
⢠Fourth layer of cells
⢠Thin
⢠Dead cells
⢠Calcified extracellular
matrix
⢠zone of calcified
cartilage
1
2
3
4
(a) (b)
Bone tissue
of epiphysis
Zone of
resting
cartilage
Zone of
proliferating
cartilage
Zone of
hypertrophic
cartilage
Zone of
calcified
cartilage
Ossified
bone of
diaphysis
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b: Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
22. 22
Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
⢠Bone Resorption â action of osteoclasts and parathyroid
hormone aka parathormone aka PTH
⢠Bone Deposition â action of osteoblasts and calcitonin
⢠Occurs by direction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Š Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Developing
medullary
cavity
Osteoclast
23. 23
Factors Affecting Bone
Development, Growth and Repair
⢠Deficiency of Vitamin A â retards bone development
⢠Deficiency of Vitamin C â results in fragile bones
⢠Deficiency of Vitamin D â rickets, osteomalacia
⢠Insufficient Growth Hormone â dwarfism
⢠Excessive Growth Hormone â gigantism, acromegaly
⢠Insufficient Thyroid Hormone â delays bone growth
⢠Sex Hormones â promote bone formation; stimulate ossification
of epiphyseal plates
⢠Physical Stress â stimulates bone growth
25. 25
Support, Protection,
and Movement
⢠Support, Movement & Protection
⢠Gives shape to head, etc.
⢠Supports bodyâs weight
⢠Protects lungs, etc.
⢠Bones and muscles interact
⢠When limbs or body parts move
26. 26
Blood Cell Formation
⢠Blood Cell Formation
⢠Also known as hematopoiesis
⢠Occurs in the red bone marrow
27. 27
Inorganic Salt Storage
⢠Inorganic Salt Storage
⢠Calcium
⢠Phosphate
⢠Magnesium
⢠Sodium
⢠Potassium
28. 28
Skeletal Organization
⢠The actual number of bones in the human skeleton
varies from person to person
⢠Typically there are about 206 bones
⢠For convenience the skeleton is divided into the:
⢠Axial skeleton
⢠Appendicular skeleton
29. 29
Divisions of the Skeleton
⢠Axial Skeleton
⢠Skull
⢠Spine
⢠Rib cage
⢠Appendicular Skeleton
⢠Upper limbs
⢠Lower limbs
⢠Shoulder girdle
⢠Pelvic girdle
Hyoid
Cranium
Face
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Ulna
Hip
bone
Radius
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges
Skull
Vertebral
column
Vertebral
column
Sacrum
Coccyx
Carpals
Metacarpals
(a) (b)
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
31. 31
Cranium
⢠Frontal Bone (1)
⢠Forehead
⢠Roof of nasal cavity
⢠Roofs of orbits
⢠Frontal sinuses
⢠Supraorbital foramen
⢠Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Perpendicular plate
of the ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen
Vomer bone
Mandible
Supraorbital foramen
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Middle nasal concha
of the ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Zygomatic bone
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
32. 32
Cranium
⢠Parietal Bones (2)
⢠Side walls of cranium
⢠Roof of cranium
⢠Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Mandible
Coronoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
33. 33
Cranium
⢠Occipital Bone (1)
⢠Back of skull
⢠Base of cranium
⢠Foramen magnum
⢠Occipital condyles
⢠Lambdoidal suture
Zygomatic bone
Palatine process of maxilla
Palatine bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic arch
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
Occipital condyle
External acoustic meatus
Sphenoid bone
Vomer bone
Temporal bone
Mastoid foramen
Frontal bone
Median palatine suture
Incisive foramen
Greater palatine foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Condylar canal
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
34. 34
Cranium
⢠Temporal Bones (2)
⢠Side walls of cranium
⢠Floor of cranium
⢠Floors and sides of orbits
⢠Squamous suture
⢠External acoustic meatus
⢠Mandibular fossa
⢠Mastoid process
⢠Styloid process
⢠Zygomatic process
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Mandible
Coronoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
35. 35
Cranium
⢠Sphenoid Bone (1)
⢠Base of cranium
⢠Sides of skull
⢠Floors and sides
of orbits
⢠Sella turcica
⢠Sphenoid sinuses
Transverse section
Lesser wing
Optic canal
Greater
wing
Sella turcica Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen rotundum
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Superior
orbital fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate
(b)
(a)
36. 36
Cranium
⢠Ethmoid Bone (1)
⢠Roof and walls of nasal cavity
⢠Floor of cranium
⢠Wall of orbits
⢠Cribiform plates
⢠Perpendicular plate
⢠Superior and middle
nasal conchae
⢠Ethmoid sinuses
⢠Crista galli
Transverse section
Crista galli
Orbital
surface
Ethmoidal
sinuses
Cribriform
plate
Crista galli
Perpendicular
plate
Superior
nasal concha
Middle nasal
concha
Perpendicular
plate
(a) (b)
37. 37
Facial Skeleton
⢠Maxillary Bones (2)
⢠Upper jaw
⢠Anterior roof of mouth
⢠Floors of orbits
⢠Sides of nasal cavity
⢠Floors of nasal cavity
⢠Alveolar processes
⢠Maxillary sinuses
⢠Palatine process
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Mandible
Coronoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
38. 38
Facial Skeleton
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
39. 39
Facial Skeleton
⢠Palatine Bones (2)
⢠âLâ shaped bones located
behind the maxillae
⢠Posterior section of hard
palate
⢠Floor of nasal cavity
⢠Lateral walls of
nasal cavity
Coronal section
Horizontal portion
Perpendicular
portion
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
40. 40
Facial Skeleton
⢠Zygomatic Bones (2)
⢠Prominences of cheeks
⢠Lateral walls of orbits
⢠Floors of orbits
⢠Temporal process
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Mandible
Coronoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
41. 41
Facial Skeleton
⢠Lacrimal Bones (2)
⢠Medial walls of orbits
⢠Groove from orbit to nasal
cavity
⢠Nasal Bones (2)
⢠Bridge of nose
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Mandible
Coronoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
42. 42
Facial Skeleton
⢠Vomer Bone (1)
⢠Inferior portion of nasal
septum
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Alveolar processes
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Palatine process
of maxilla
Styloid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Mandible
Perpendicular plate
(nasal septum)
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Internal acoustic meatus
Sella turcica
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Hypoglossal canal
Mastoid process
Ethmoid
bone
43. 43
Facial Skeleton
⢠Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
⢠Extend from lateral
walls of nasal cavity
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Alveolar processes
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Palatine process
of maxilla
Styloid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Mandible
Perpendicular plate
(nasal septum)
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Internal acoustic meatus
Sella turcica
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Hypoglossal canal
Mastoid process
Ethmoid
bone
44. 44
Facial Skeleton
⢠Mandible Bone (1)
⢠Lower jaw
⢠Body
⢠Ramus
⢠Mandibular condyle
⢠Coronoid process
⢠Alveolar process
⢠Mandibular foramen
⢠Mental foramen
Coronoid
process
Mandibular
foramen Mandibular condyle
Ramus
Alveolar
border
Mental foramen
Body
Body Alveolar
arch
Mandibular
foramen
Coronoid process
(a)
(b)
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
45. 45
Infantile Skull
⢠Fontanels â fibrous membranes
(b)
Anterior fontanel
Posterior fontanel
Frontal bone
Frontal suture
(metopic suture)
Sagittal suture
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
46. 46
Vertebral Column
⢠The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of
many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral
discs.
47. 47
Vertebral Column
⢠Cervical vertebrae (7)
⢠Thoracic vertebrae (12)
⢠Lumbar vertebrae (5)
⢠Sacral (4-5 fused segments)
⢠Sacrum is fused bone
⢠Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments)
⢠Coccyx is fused bone
(b)
(a)
Cervical
curvature
Thoracic
curvature
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Thoracic
vertebrae
Cervical
vertebrae
Sacral
curvature
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Sacrum
Coccyx
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
49. 49
Typical Vertebrae
⢠Includes the following parts:
⢠Vertebral body
⢠Pedicles
⢠Lamina
⢠Spinous process
⢠Transverse processes
⢠Vertebral foramen
⢠Facets
50. 50
Cervical Vertebrae
⢠Atlas â 1st; supports head
⢠Axis â 2nd; dens pivots to turn
head
⢠Transverse foramina
⢠Bifid spinous processes
⢠Vertebral prominens â useful
landmark
(b) (c)
(a)
Anterior
Posterior
Atlas
Axis
Body
Dens (odontoid
process)
Spinous process
Dens
Inferior articular
process
Facet that articulates
with dens (odontoid process)
of axis
Facet that articulates
with occipital condyle
Spinous
process
Anterior articular
facet for atlas
Transverse
foramen
Transverse
process
Superior
articular facet
Vertebral
foramen
Transverse
process
Transverse
foramen
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
52. 52
Lumbar Vertebrae
⢠Large bodies
⢠Thick, short spinous
processes
(c) Lumbar vertebra
Lamina
Pedicle
Body
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Superior articular
process
Transverse process
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
53. 53
Sacrum
⢠4-5 fused segments
⢠Median sacral crest
⢠Posterior sacral
foramina
⢠Posterior wall of pelvic
cavity
⢠Sacral promontory aka
base
⢠Area toward coccyx is
the apex
Sacral canal
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Auricular
surface
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Sacrum
Superior articular process
Sacral promontory
Anterior sacral
foramen
(a) (b)
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
54. 54
Coccyx
⢠Aka tailbone
⢠3-4 fused segments
Sacral canal
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Auricular
surface
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Sacrum
Superior articular process
Sacral promontory
Anterior sacral
foramen
(a) (b)
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
55. 55
Thoracic Cage
⢠The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic
vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach
the ribs to the sternum.
56. 56
Thoracic Cage
⢠Ribs (12)
⢠Sternum
⢠Thoracic vertebrae (12)
⢠Costal cartilages
⢠Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
⢠Protects viscera
⢠Role in breathing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
Vertebrochondral
ribs
False
ribs
(a)
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
Sternum
Body
Manubrium
Ribs
Costal
cartilage
Xiphoid process
Thoracic vertebra
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
(b)
b: Š Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
57. 57
Ribs
⢠Humans have 12 pairs of ribs:
⢠True ribs (7)
⢠False ribs (5), of which:
⢠Floating (2)
⢠There are some anomalies:
⢠Cervical ribs
⢠Lumbar ribs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
Vertebrochondral
ribs
False
ribs
(a)
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
Sternum
Body
Manubrium
Ribs
Costal
cartilage
Xiphoid process
Thoracic vertebra
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
(b)
b: Š Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
58. 58
Rib Structure
⢠Shaft
⢠Head â posterior end;
articulates with vertebrae
⢠Tubercle â articulates with
vertebrae
⢠Costal cartilage â hyaline
cartilage
Anterior end
(sternal end)
Shaft
Facet
Head
Neck
T
ubercle
Facet
Spinous process
Costal groove
Shaft
Anterior end
Head
Tubercle
Neck
(a)
(b)
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
59. 59
Sternum
⢠Three (3) parts of the
sternum:
⢠Manubrium
⢠Body
⢠Xiphoid process
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
Vertebrochondral
ribs
False
ribs
(a)
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
Sternum
Body
Manubrium
Ribs
Costal
cartilage
Xiphoid process
Thoracic vertebra
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
(b)
b: Š Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
60. 60
Pectoral Girdle
⢠Also known as the
shoulder girdle
⢠Clavicles
⢠Scapulae
⢠Supports upper limbs
⢠True shoulder joint is
simply the articulation of
the humerus and scapula
Sternum
Costal
cartilage
Rib
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Clavicle
(a)
Coracoid
process
Head of
humerus
Acromion
process
Acromial end
Sternal end
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
61. 61
Clavicles
⢠Articulate with manubrium
⢠Articulate with scapulae
(acromion process)
⢠A-C joint
Sternum
Costal
cartilage
Rib
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Clavicle
(a)
Coracoid
process
Head of
humerus
Acromion
process
Acromial end
Sternal end
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
62. Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Acromion
process
Coracoid
process
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Suprascapular
notch
Superior
border
Supra-
glenoid
tubercle
Infra-
glenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Acromion
process
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral
(axillary) border
Subscapular
fossa
Medial
(vertebral)
border
(a) (b) (c) 62
Scapulae
⢠Spine
⢠Supraspinous fossa
⢠Infraspinous fossa
⢠Acromion process
⢠Coracoid process
⢠Glenoid fossa or cavity
63. 63
Upper Limb
⢠Humerus
⢠Radius
⢠Ulna
(Interosseous membrane)
⢠Carpals
⢠Metacarpals
⢠Phalanges
Olecranon
process
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Ulna
Olecranon
fossa
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Humerus
Humerus
Ulna
Ulna
Radius
(c)
(d)
(a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior)
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
d: Š Martin Rotker
65. 65
Radius
⢠Lateral forearm bone
⢠Head
⢠Radial tuberosity
⢠Styloid process
Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius
Styloid process
Head of ulna
Ulna
Radius
Radial tuberosity
Head of radius
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch Olecranon
process
(b)
(a)
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
66. 66
Ulna
⢠Medial forearm bone
⢠Trochlear notch
⢠Olecranon process
⢠Coronoid process
⢠Styloid process
Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius
Styloid process
Head of ulna
Ulna
Radius
Radial tuberosity
Head of radius
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch Olecranon
process
(b)
(a)
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
79. 79
Lifespan Changes
⢠Decrease in height at about age 30
⢠Calcium levels fall
⢠Bones become brittle
⢠Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
⢠Spongy bone weakens before compact bone
⢠Bone loss rapid in menopausal women
⢠Hip fractures common
⢠Vertebral compression fractures common
81. Joints
Slide 5.43
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Articulations of bones
ďˇ Functions of joints
ďˇHold bones together
ďˇAllow for mobility
ďˇ Ways joints are classified
ďˇFunctionally
ďˇStructurally
82. Functional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Synarthroses â immovable joints
ďˇ Amphiarthroses â slightly moveable
joints
ďˇ Diarthroses â freely moveable joints
83. Structural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Fibrous joints
ďˇGenerally immovable
ďˇ Cartilaginous joints
ďˇImmovable or slightly moveable
ďˇ Synovial joints
ďˇFreely moveable
84. Fibrous Joints
Slide 5.46
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Bones united by fibrous tissue â
synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
85. Cartilaginous Joints â mostly
amphiarthrosis
Slide 5.47
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Bones connected by cartilage
ďˇ Examples
ďˇPubic
symphysis
ďˇIntervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c
86. Synovial Joints
Slide 5.48
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
ďˇ Synovial fluid
is found in the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27fâh
87. Features of Synovial Joints-
Diarthroses
Slide 5.49
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
ďˇ Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
ďˇ Have a joint cavity filled with synovial
fluid
ďˇ Ligaments reinforce the joint
88. Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
Slide 5.50
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Bursae â flattened fibrous sacs
ďˇ Lined with synovial membranes
ďˇ Filled with synovial fluid
ďˇ Not actually part of the joint
ďˇ Tendon sheath
ďˇ Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
89. The Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
90. Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Slide
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29aâc
91. Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Slide
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29dâf
92. Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
Slide 5.53
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Bursitis â inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
ďˇ Tendonitis â inflammation of tendon sheaths
ďˇ Arthritis â inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
ďˇ Over 100 different types
ďˇ The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
93. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Osteoarthritis
ďˇ Most common chronic arthritis
ďˇ Probably related to normal aging processes
ďˇ Rheumatoid arthritis
ďˇ An autoimmune disease â the immune system
attacks the joints
ďˇ Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
ďˇ Often leads to deformities
94.
95.
96. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ďˇ Gouty Arthritis
ďˇInflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
ďˇCan usually be controlled with diet