The document discusses the history and development of the OSI model. It provides an overview of early computer networking using proprietary protocols. The OSI model was developed to standardize communication protocols and allow for interoperability between different networks. The OSI model defines seven layers of abstraction to organize the functions of network hardware and software. Each layer has a specific role from the physical transmission of bits to high-level application functions.
Using Interconnected Computer Networks For CommunicationChelsea Porter
The document discusses the protocol stack, specifically how data moves through the layers of the TCP/IP and OSI models when requesting a webpage from a web server over a WAN. It explains the encapsulation process at each layer, such as how the application layer protocols HTTP and DNS are used, and how at the transport layer data is segmented and port numbers are added. It then discusses how at the network layer, logical addressing is applied to packets before being forwarded across the WAN. The document also covers subnetting IP addresses and includes screenshots of routing/switching device outputs and an email example.
A computer network connects two or more computers together allowing them to share resources and exchange information. It allows for file sharing, printing, collaboration and more. The document discusses the different types of computer networks including local area networks and wide area networks. It describes the basic components of a network including routers, switches, cables and transmission media. The OSI model and its seven layers for network communication are also explained.
This document discusses digital security and the need for security measures when connecting corporate computer networks to the internet. It notes that internet-based technologies like VPNs, powerline communications, satellite communications, and wireless networks increasingly connect networks globally. However, more malicious actors are finding ways to infiltrate systems through technology. While the internet is essential, there are cybersecurity risks to consider. Digital security aims to protect digital identities and assets by implementing tools, policies, and procedures to secure technology and data in online and mobile environments.
The document discusses the history and technology of the Internet. It describes how the Internet began as a research project of the U.S. government in the 1960s to develop robust computer networks. Over subsequent decades, the Internet evolved through various research networks until it was commercialized in 1995 and began widespread use. Today, the Internet connects billions of users worldwide through an interconnected system of networks that uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to share information.
Chapter 5 Networking and Communication Learning Objecti.docxrobertad6
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networking and the internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to enable communication between computers. This evolved into the modern Internet, enabled by protocols like TCP/IP. It describes how the World Wide Web emerged in the 1990s and fueled widespread commercial and personal use of the internet. Broadband technologies further accelerated internet usage by providing high-speed connectivity. Wireless technologies now allow ubiquitous internet access through devices like smartphones.
The document discusses the history and technology of the internet. It describes how ARPANET was established in 1969 as the first wide area packet switching network and how TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s as the standard communication protocol. It also summarizes key internet services like email, file transfer, and the world wide web, which allows for hyperlinked documents across a decentralized network.
The document discusses the elements of communication, including message source, destination, and channel. It describes hardware components like laptops, switches, and cabling that make up network platforms. It also discusses network services, processes, and end devices that interface between humans and the communication network. Examples of end devices include computers, printers, phones, security cameras, and mobile devices.
A computer network allows computing devices to exchange data through connections between nodes. Data is transferred in packets through cable or wireless links. The best known computer network is the Internet, which supports applications like web access, file/resource sharing, email and messaging. Computer networks differ based on the transmission medium, protocols, size, topology and purpose.
Using Interconnected Computer Networks For CommunicationChelsea Porter
The document discusses the protocol stack, specifically how data moves through the layers of the TCP/IP and OSI models when requesting a webpage from a web server over a WAN. It explains the encapsulation process at each layer, such as how the application layer protocols HTTP and DNS are used, and how at the transport layer data is segmented and port numbers are added. It then discusses how at the network layer, logical addressing is applied to packets before being forwarded across the WAN. The document also covers subnetting IP addresses and includes screenshots of routing/switching device outputs and an email example.
A computer network connects two or more computers together allowing them to share resources and exchange information. It allows for file sharing, printing, collaboration and more. The document discusses the different types of computer networks including local area networks and wide area networks. It describes the basic components of a network including routers, switches, cables and transmission media. The OSI model and its seven layers for network communication are also explained.
This document discusses digital security and the need for security measures when connecting corporate computer networks to the internet. It notes that internet-based technologies like VPNs, powerline communications, satellite communications, and wireless networks increasingly connect networks globally. However, more malicious actors are finding ways to infiltrate systems through technology. While the internet is essential, there are cybersecurity risks to consider. Digital security aims to protect digital identities and assets by implementing tools, policies, and procedures to secure technology and data in online and mobile environments.
The document discusses the history and technology of the Internet. It describes how the Internet began as a research project of the U.S. government in the 1960s to develop robust computer networks. Over subsequent decades, the Internet evolved through various research networks until it was commercialized in 1995 and began widespread use. Today, the Internet connects billions of users worldwide through an interconnected system of networks that uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to share information.
Chapter 5 Networking and Communication Learning Objecti.docxrobertad6
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networking and the internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to enable communication between computers. This evolved into the modern Internet, enabled by protocols like TCP/IP. It describes how the World Wide Web emerged in the 1990s and fueled widespread commercial and personal use of the internet. Broadband technologies further accelerated internet usage by providing high-speed connectivity. Wireless technologies now allow ubiquitous internet access through devices like smartphones.
The document discusses the history and technology of the internet. It describes how ARPANET was established in 1969 as the first wide area packet switching network and how TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s as the standard communication protocol. It also summarizes key internet services like email, file transfer, and the world wide web, which allows for hyperlinked documents across a decentralized network.
The document discusses the elements of communication, including message source, destination, and channel. It describes hardware components like laptops, switches, and cabling that make up network platforms. It also discusses network services, processes, and end devices that interface between humans and the communication network. Examples of end devices include computers, printers, phones, security cameras, and mobile devices.
A computer network allows computing devices to exchange data through connections between nodes. Data is transferred in packets through cable or wireless links. The best known computer network is the Internet, which supports applications like web access, file/resource sharing, email and messaging. Computer networks differ based on the transmission medium, protocols, size, topology and purpose.
Introduction to Data Communication, Network, Protocols & standards and standards organizations - Line Configuration - Topology -Transmission mode - Classification of Network - OSI Model - Layers of OSI Model
The document discusses the network infrastructure needed to support e-commerce. It describes how the internet evolved from a restricted military/research network in the 1960s-1990s to becoming a global commercial network by the mid-1990s. Electronic commerce requires an information superhighway infrastructure to transmit content over the internet. This infrastructure includes network interface cards, hubs, switches, gateways, set-top boxes, and wired/satellite internet connections. The information superhighway emerged as the basic network enabling all types of e-commerce by providing integrated voice, data, and video services.
The document provides an overview of mobile computing architecture. It describes a three-tier architecture with a presentation tier (user interface), application tier (process management), and data management tier. It discusses various types of middleware that can be used in the application tier, including message-oriented middleware and transaction processing middleware. It also covers managing context in mobile computing, including user context, device context, network context, and others. The Client Context Manager maintains information about the mobile device, user, location, and environment to provide context awareness.
The Internet connects millions of computers globally through a network of networks. It allows any connected computer to communicate with another. The World Wide Web is an information sharing system built on top of the Internet that uses protocols to translate messages into electronic signals for transmission and back into readable text. Hardware components like cables, routers, and servers form the physical infrastructure to connect devices and transmit data wirelessly or physically. The origins of the Internet were in the 1950s US military's desire for a communication system resilient to nuclear attack. Researchers developed time-sharing and early computer networks to facilitate collaboration over distances.
Network Reference Model (Computer Networks) - Cybernetics Robo AcademyTutulAhmed3
The document discusses network reference models, specifically comparing the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on each of the seven layers of the OSI model and describes their functions. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP/IP model, noting they have a different number of layers and the TCP/IP model combines some OSI layers. The document concludes by defining different types of addresses used in TCP/IP like physical, logical, and port addresses.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
The document provides information about the Data Communication Network course syllabus including course objectives, outcomes, topics covered, textbooks, and reference books. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that cover data communication network fundamentals, data link control protocols, network layer addressing and routing, transport layer protocols, application layer protocols, and network security. The document also includes summaries of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and TCP/IP reference model explaining their layered architectures and functions.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military program called ARPANET in the 1960s and expanded to include academic and research networks. By the 1980s, the TCP/IP protocol allowed different networks to interconnect, and the term "Internet" was adopted. In the 1990s, the World Wide Web brought the Internet to the general public. The document also describes the basic infrastructure of the Internet including protocols, network structures, and governance organizations like ICANN.
Chapter 1 of the Introduction to Data Communications textbook provides an overview of data communications and related topics. It discusses the definitions of data communication and telecommunication. It also summarizes the history of telecommunications and data communication technologies. Additionally, it covers data communication frameworks like the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It addresses network applications, issues, careers, and other foundational concepts in data communications.
The document discusses the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP model for networking. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, from the physical layer dealing with raw data transmission to the application layer dealing with user-facing software. It then provides a brief introduction to the TCP/IP model and compares the layers of TCP/IP to those of OSI. Key protocols and functions are defined for each layer, such as IP, TCP and routers at the internet and transport layers respectively.
The document discusses the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP model for networking. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, from the physical layer dealing with raw data transmission to the application layer dealing with user-facing software. It then provides a brief introduction to the TCP/IP model and compares the layers of TCP/IP to those of OSI. Key protocols and functions are defined at each layer of the two models.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes:
- The 7 layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer and their functions.
- A brief history of the development of the OSI model.
- An introduction to the TCP/IP model and its layers, which are similar but not identical to the OSI layers.
- Some arguments that strict layering can be considered harmful, as it increases complexity and separation of optimizations between layers.
The document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines a computer network as an interconnection of two or more computers that allows users to share information and resources. The document describes two common network models - the peer-to-peer and client/server models. It also explains the seven layer OSI reference model and compares it to the four layer TCP/IP model. Finally, it categorizes different types of networks including LANs, MANs, WANs, PANs, wireless networks, and home networks.
The Internet originated from the ARPANET network established by the US Defense Department in 1969 to enable communication between universities conducting defense research. It expanded to include academic and commercial users, with key developments including email in 1971, TCP/IP protocols in 1982-83, domain addressing in 1984, and the World Wide Web in 1991. By the late 1990s, over 10 million hosts were connected to the Internet, which has since become integral to communication, commerce, and culture globally.
The document discusses routers and the OSI reference model. It provides details on each of the 7 layers of the OSI model and what they are used for. The physical layer deals with transmission of raw data while the upper layers like application layer deal with application-specific functions. Routers operate at layer 3 and use IP addressing to forward packets between different networks by using routing tables maintained by routing protocols.
The document provides an overview of networking basics, including:
- The OSI 7-layer model for network communication and the TCP/IP 4-layer Internet model.
- Standardization is needed to allow different network components to communicate through common protocols.
- Real-world networks are more complex than models, using combinations of topologies, media, and hardware like switches, routers, and gateways.
- Key concepts include IP addressing, subnets to extend address space, and the Domain Name System to map names to numbers.
- Configuring a host requires settings like the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the history and development of OSI. It also explains the layers of the TCP/IP model and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it discusses arguments for why strict layering may be considered harmful, as it can increase complexity and violate the simplicity principle.
The OSI model is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the functions of telecommunication systems without regard to their underlying internal structure. It defines seven layers of abstraction that partition the functions of transmitting data between open systems. Each layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. The layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The model was developed by ISO to establish international standards for network interconnection.
Practical Data Communications & Networking for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
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FOR MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/data-communications-networking-engineers-and-technicians-22?id=30
1) The document outlines a course on data communication and networks across 5 units. It covers topics such as network fundamentals, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and applications.
2) The objectives are to understand basic network concepts, components for data communication, analyze functions of various layers, and acquire knowledge of application protocols and internet technologies.
3) The outcomes are to understand how information flows through a network, identify components for different network types, understand the layered approach to data communication, and choose appropriate functionality for applications.
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
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Chapter 1 of the Introduction to Data Communications textbook provides an overview of data communications and related topics. It discusses the definitions of data communication and telecommunication. It also summarizes the history of telecommunications and data communication technologies. Additionally, it covers data communication frameworks like the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It addresses network applications, issues, careers, and other foundational concepts in data communications.
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https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
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Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
1. The history of communication is a fascinating journey that spans
the entire existence of humanity. From ancient forms of
non-verbal communication to the sophisticated technologies of the
modern era, the evolution of communication has played a pivotal
role in shaping human civilization.
The earliest human communication likely involved gestures, facial
expressions, and body language. As communities grew more
complex, spoken language developed, allowing for more nuanced
and precise communication. The invention of writing systems,
such as cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt,
marked a significant leap forward, enabling the recording and
preservation of information.
Communication is undoubtedly one of the most brilliant
discoveries of mankind. It is the foundation of human connection,
collaboration, and progress. The ability to convey thoughts, ideas,
and emotions has allowed societies to flourish, facilitating the
exchange of knowledge, culture, and innovation. While other
discoveries and inventions have also been monumental, the
impact of communication on shaping the human experience is
unparalleled.
Communication
2. Protocol Wars
A long-running debate in computer science known as the
Protocol Wars occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s when
engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the
issue of which communication protocol would result in the best
and most robust computer networks. This culminated in the
Internet–OSI Standards War in the 1980s and early 1990s,
which was ultimately "won" by the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) by the mid-1990s and has since resulted in most other
protocols disappearing.
The pioneers of packet switching technology built computer
networks to research and provide data communications in the
late 1960s and early 1970s. As more networks emerged in the
mid to late 1970s, the debate about interface standards was
described as a "battle for access standards". An international
collaboration between several national postal, telegraph and
telephone (PTT) providers and commercial operators agreed to
the X.25 standard in 1976, which was adopted on public data
networks providing global coverage. Separately, proprietary
data communication protocols also emerged, most notably
IBM's Systems Network Architecture and Digital Equipment
Corporation's DECnet.
The United States Department of Defense developed and
tested TCP/IP during the 1970s in collaboration with
3. universities and researchers in the United States, United
Kingdom and France. IPv4 was released in 1981 and the DoD
made it standard for all military computer networking. By 1984,
an international reference model known as the OSI model had
been agreed upon, with which TCP/IP was not compatible.
Many governments in Europe – particularly France, West
Germany, the United Kingdom and the European Economic
Community – and also the United States Department of
Commerce mandated compliance with the OSI model and the
US Department of Defense planned to transition away from
TCP/IP to OSI.
Meanwhile, the development of a complete Internet protocol
suite by 1989, and partnerships with the telecommunication
and computer industry to incorporate TCP/IP software into
various operating systems laid the foundation for the
widespread adoption of TCP/IP as a comprehensive protocol
suite. While OSI developed its networking standards in the late
1980s, TCP/IP came into widespread use on multi-vendor
networks for internetworking and as the core component of
the emerging Internet.
5. History:
Early Networking:
In the 1960s and 1970s, various computer networks started to emerge, but
they often used proprietary protocols specific to the hardware and software
of each vendor.
Different network technologies, such as ARPANET (precursor to the
internet), Ethernet, and X.25, were in use. These early networks relied on
their own communication protocols and couldn't easily interoperate.
The concept of intercommunication protocols, as described by the OSI
(Open Systems Interconnection) model, began to take shape in the late
1970s and early 1980s. It marked a significant milestone in the history of
computer networking and the development of standardized communication
protocols.
6. 2
Introduction
Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI
Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for
layered communications and computer network protocol design. It
was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) initiative. In its most basic form, it divides network
architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link,
and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI
Seven Layer Model.
9. OSI Layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
TCP/IP Suit
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Activities
IP, ARP/RARP, ICMP, IGMP,
SCTP, TCP, UDP, Sockets and
Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP,
IEEE 802 Standards, TR, FDDI, PPP,
Medium, Coax, Fiber, 10base, Wireless
etc…
Logical address
Ports address
Specific address
Physical address
To allow access to network resources
To Translate, encrypt, and compress
data
To establish, manage, and terminate
se ssion
To Provide reliable process-to-process
Message delivery and error recovery
To move packets from source to
destination; to provide internetworking
To organize bits into frames; to provide
Hop-to-hop delivery
To Transmit bits over a medium; to provide
Mechanical and electrical specifications
5
Data, Protocol & Activities
10. 12
Application layer
H7
X.500 FTAM
Data
X.400
Message H7
X.500
Data
FTAM
(Human or Program)
Message
X.400
Application layer
To presentation layer
USER
From presentation layer
Application Layer
USER
(Human or Program)
(user level service)
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
Concerned:
Network virtual terminal (Software)
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory services (access to distributed database sources for global information about various objects
and services)
11. 11
Presentation Layer (dependency)
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption
Concerned:
Translation (interoperability between different encoding
system) Encryption (Privacy schemes)
Compression (data compression)
presentation layer
H6 Data H6 Data presentation layer
To session layer
From application layer
From session layer
To application layer
12. 10
Session Layer
From Presentation layer
(Dialog initiation)
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization
Concerned:
Dialog Control (Half Duplex/Full duplex)
Synchronization (Synchronization points, process inline within same page)
H5 Data Data Data H5 Data Data Data
Session layer
To transport layer
To Presentation layer
From transport layer
Session layer
Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn
13. 9
Transport Layer
From session layer
(Process to Process)
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another
Concerned:
Service-point addressing (Port address)
Segmentation and reassembly (Sequence number)
Connection control (Connectionless or connection oriented)
Flow control (end to end)
Error Control (Process to Process)
H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data
Segments
H4 Data H4 Data H4
Segments
Data
Transport layer
To network layer
From session layer
From network layer
Transport layer
14. 8
Network Layer (Source to Destination)
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.
Concerned:
Logical addressing (IP Address)
Routing (Source to destination transmission between networks)
H3 Data Packet H3 Data Packet
Network layer
To data link layer
From transport layer
From data link layer
To transport layer
Network layer
15. 7
Data Link Layer (Host to Host)
Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (Node) to the next.
Concerned:
Framing (stream of bits into manageable data units)
Physical addressing (MAC Address)
Flow Control (mechanism for overwhelming the receiver)
Error Control (trailer, retransmission)
Access Control (defining master device in the same link)
H2 Data T2 H2 Data T2
Data link layer
To physical layer
From network layer To network layer
From physical layer
Data link layer
16. 6
Physical Layer
One of the major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals
across a transmission medium.
Its responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (Node) to next.
Both data and the signals can be either analog or digital.
Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path which can be wired or wireless
Concerned:
Physical characteristics of interface and medium (Transmission medium)
Representation of bits (stream of bits (0s or 1s) with no interpretation and encoded into signals)
Data rate (duration of a bit, which is how long it last)
Synchronization of bits (sender and receivers clock must be synchronized)
Line configuration (Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint)
Physical topology
Transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex)
110 10101000000010111 110 10101000000010111
Physical layer
From data link layer To data link layer
Physical layer
Transmission medium