ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE * Title page * IntroductionThere has been a concerted effort to include technological advancements in medicine.And there have been a lot of different technologies and innovations that have been included in medicine this may include cryogenics among others.Thus for the sake of the patients in this case the progressive technologies have to be embraced.As this may make the quality of healthcare better than it has ever been. * This is an introduction showing the various technological advancements and discoveries that have been successfully been implemented within the medical circles the first point may include the efforts of such bodies such as the Pasteur institute and programs such as the genome project. The second point is with regards to such technologies synthetic organs bionic limbs and other technologically advanced means of medicine. The third point is referring to newer technologies that may increase the chances of survival or in less dire straits improve the quality of healthcare. The last point shows that the above may better healthcare. * HistoryThe first example of robotics was in Vancouver where this machine was used for an Orthopaedic procedureIt was later followed by a remarkable machine known as Unimation Puma that was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy.Otherwise in the 1990’s and this century robotics have evolved with computer technology an the increase in processing power * This is to underline the history and the development of robotics in general and specifically those in use in the medical sector this part and follows the development of these machines through the 80’s and up to date. It also shows the specific achievements of the various robots and the milestones in such development. * Advantages of Robotics in medicineAccuracyConvenience and versatilityReduction avoidable infectionsReduction of doctor fatigueReduction of convalescing time * This slide includes the advantages of the robots as described in detail in the paper it touches on matters accuracy, convenience and versatility reduction of infections, doctor fatigue and convalescing. To expound on these refer to the main paper * Disadvantages of RoboticsInability to reprogram themselves.Latency and delays in issuance to execution of commands.Expense involved in manufacture, acquisition, maintenance and training of staff. * This slide deals with the disadvantages of the same including inability to reprogram latency and delays and the issue of expenses as best shown on the paper major. * Recommendations Take into consideration the critical mass of patients that may use the machine in order to understand its profitabilityIn the event it may be acquired then it may improve the quality of care and may increase the number of patients served * This slide contains the major considerations that have been arrived at by weighing the advantages and disadvantages within the paper and come with two c.

1. ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY
ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
*
Title page
*
IntroductionThere has been a concerted effort to include
technological advancements in medicine.And there have been a
lot of different technologies and innovations that have been
included in medicine this may include cryogenics among
others.Thus for the sake of the patients in this case the
progressive technologies have to be embraced.As this may make
the quality of healthcare better than it has ever been.
*
This is an introduction showing the various technological
advancements and discoveries that have been successfully been
implemented within the medical circles the first point may
include the efforts of such bodies such as the Pasteur institute
and programs such as the genome project. The second point is
with regards to such technologies synthetic organs bionic limbs
and other technologically advanced means of medicine. The
third point is referring to newer technologies that may increase
the chances of survival or in less dire straits improve the quality

2. of healthcare. The last point shows that the above may better
healthcare.
*
HistoryThe first example of robotics was in Vancouver where
this machine was used for an Orthopaedic procedureIt was later
followed by a remarkable machine known as Unimation Puma
that was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy.Otherwise in
the 1990’s and this century robotics have evolved with
computer technology an the increase in processing power
*
This is to underline the history and the development of robotics
in general and specifically those in use in the medical sector
this part and follows the development of these machines through
the 80’s and up to date. It also shows the specific achievements
of the various robots and the milestones in such development.
*
Advantages of Robotics in medicineAccuracyConvenience and
versatilityReduction avoidable infectionsReduction of doctor
fatigueReduction of convalescing time
*
This slide includes the advantages of the robots as described in
detail in the paper it touches on matters accuracy, convenience
and versatility reduction of infections, doctor fatigue and
convalescing. To expound on these refer to the main paper
*

3. Disadvantages of RoboticsInability to reprogram
themselves.Latency and delays in issuance to execution of
commands.Expense involved in manufacture, acquisition,
maintenance and training of staff.
*
This slide deals with the disadvantages of the same including
inability to reprogram latency and delays and the issue of
expenses as best shown on the paper major.
*
Recommendations
Take into consideration the critical mass of patients that may
use the machine in order to understand its profitabilityIn the
event it may be acquired then it may improve the quality of care
and may increase the number of patients served
*
This slide contains the major considerations that have been
arrived at by weighing the advantages and disadvantages within
the paper and come with two conclusions with regards to
whether or not to acquire the robot.
*
References
Kelvin Lepton, (2011), Robotic Surgery, Future Medical
Technology.Kwoh Y, (1988), a Robot with Improved Absolute
Positioning.McConnel Schneeberger, (2003), History and

4. Development of Cardiac Surgery.Meadows Michelle, (2009),
Computer Assisted Surgery, An Update.
*
References.
*
ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
1
The use of Robotics in Medicine: Orthopedic Surgery
Alycia Graham
CTU ONLINE
In this day and age more and more medical services are
embracing the use of technology to add to the human care givers
it is in this very same breath that we can mention many
technical achievements that have been incorporated into the
medical sectors and those still in development but geared
towards being implemented in future as therapeutic medicine or
even as means of palliative care geared into the alleviation of
pain and in all make a comfortable transition for the patient.

5. Some of these ground breaking innovations that have been put
to use by medical staff around the world include cryogenics,
robotics (which is the main topic of this paper) also still in
development and which I hope to see soon being implemented in
this field is nanotechnology in the form of nanobots, gene-
manipulation, cloning, synthetic organs, bionic limbs allowing
for unlimited movement and even super strength for persons
whom for one reason or another have lost limbs as we wait for
these technologies to mature as it were we have to note that
these innovations may be based on current technology that’s
very available and that others shall come through ground
breaking innovations and technologies that shall be discovered
in the near future, this meaning that these technologies shall be
if not seamless then compatible with technology that is in
existence. It is therefore important that with this explosion of
knowledge and processing power that we come to terms with the
fact that innovation and technology shall expand exponentially
with each discovery making it easier for scientists to find out
more about the human body therefore we might as well embrace
the technology available in order to leverage this position on
the oncoming positive technological onslaught.
Seeing the above mentioned advances in technology that may
occur and some that have already occurred it is important to
note that many of them have direct implications in the medical
field that is Orthopedics therefore the more these technologies
are seen to be applied in this field then the more important it
seems that these technologies be embraced in the discipline for
the sake of the patients care and the quality of care and the long
run durability of these kinds of treatments therefore it is in the
best interest of these medical institutions to embrace these
technologies.
The use of robotics in the realm of surgery started in the year
1983 in Vancouver Canada whence it was used for an
orthopedic procedure (Kwoh Y, 1988) and over 60 procedures
were performed in the first 12 months of its existence and in
1985 the national geographic channel featured this robot. The

6. same year another robot by the name Unimation Puma 200 was
used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance.
Greater steps were taken in 1992 and the rest of the 1990’s and
with advances in the processor and computer technology led to
the advancement in robotics thus a reduction in the prices,
having said this it is important to note that these machines are
still very expensive and out of reach for many medical
institutions.
The advantages of having robot include the accuracy this leads
to shorter recovery in most cases as the statistics show these
patients are out of hospital 50% sooner (Kelvin L, 2011). These
shorter stays in hospital turn out to become even cheaper for the
patients and have a better turn around period for the hospital
allowing for the greater the number of patients that the hospital
may serve over the same period of time as is with traditional
methods of operation hereby allowing for more revenue
collection for the institution and better service for the
customers that happen to need the services of on orthopedic
medical institution.
Secondly these robots are versatile, in that, they can be
controlled remotely and without the need of the surgeon to be
there and the elimination the need for an expert as the robot can
be programmed to carry out the said procedure on its own. This
may also be a disadvantage as shall be seen in the following
paragraphs.
Thirdly the reduction of human contact with the patient’s
internal organs and the general lack of a break from the sterile
environments unnecessarily apart from crucial staff may reduce
the incidences of infection for the patients by microbes or
pathogens that may be carried into the sterile room where the
operation is taking place rather innocently thus decreasing the
rates of infection in the institution and reducing the patients
recovery time.
Fourth since this machine may be autonomous in future or is
operated remotely by a surgeon the incidences of doctor fatigue,

7. that is so common in marathon procedures are done away with
as the surgeon is free to conduct the procedure in relatively
comfortable surroundings.
Fifth and finally it is without a doubt that these machines are
far more accurate, steadier and in general less intrusive than the
usual means of i.e. traditional methods of surgery therefore they
are better than human hands. ( Meadows M, 2009)
Having mentioned the above it is then important to keep in mind
that these machines’ also have their own faults and
disadvantages these include the inability of the machines to
reprogram themselves on the fly and act fast enough in the
event of a crisis that has occurred in the middle of the surgery
for example the dexterity and fast action employed by a surgeon
in the event of a burst artery in order to save the life of the
Patient.
Secondly there exists the problem of latency in that the actions
of the remote controller (a surgeon) may be delayed and in the
strictest sense may not be in real time this may have the effect
of reducing the reaction time of the person carrying out the
surgery thus at times making him or her ineffective especially
when there exists a communication breakdown.
Third it goes without saying that the expense involved in the
manufacture acquisition and training of staff in the operation of
this machine may make this technology unreachable for some
medical institutions furthermore this comes with such cost
including maintenance that may prove expensive to some parties
(McConnel S, 2003).
It is therefore important to take into consideration all these
factors that may have a bearing to the costs that may be
incurred by the institution. Having said this it is important to
note that this machine may increase the costs incurred by the
clinic in the case that we shall not be able to get a critical
number of persons to undergo surgery by the use of this
machine in order to break even with regards to the initial
investment cost and finally the amount needed for the
maintenance of the machinery. Therefore in order to be

8. profitable this critical number must be surpassed.
This instrument may also be helpful in increasing the quality of
care that the institution may provide its patients with regards to
the shortened the amount of time that the patient may use
convalescing thereby increasing the number of patients that may
be served thus increasing revenue.
It is therefore my conclusion that this machine should be
purchased and installed only if research may prove that the
critical number of patients may be able to be served thus
making this a profitable venture.
References
Kelvin Lepton, (2011), Robotic Surgery, Future Medical
Technology.
Kwoh Y, (1988), a Robot with Improved Absolute Positioning.
McConnel Schneeberger, (2003), History and Development of
Cardiac Surgery.
Meadows Michelle, (2009), Computer Assisted Surgery, An
Update.