1. 1
FINAL REPORT
ENGINEERING TEAM PROJECT
MCB 3053
PROJECT: ADAPTVEIN
GROUP 28
SUPERVISOR
MR. TITUS NTOW OFEI
NAME STUDENT ID COURSE
ABDULRAHMAN
MOHAMMED
18470 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AFIAA BALQIS BINTI
KAMARUL ZAMAN
19241 CIVIL ENGINEERING
HASEENJIT KAUR KHAIRA 18943 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
KEESON KON 18849 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
ROSLINA BINTI ROSLI 19245 ELECTRICAL&ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING
2. 2
1.0 LAYOUT AND PRESENTABILITY
1.1 SUMMARY
This report is a detailed documentation of the project in fabricating the
“AdaptVein” prototype, which was conducted in conjunction with the required ETP
course, Engineering Team Project, which is inclusive of the executive summary.
The executive summary consists of the objectives of creating AdaptVein, the
methodology used to achieve these objectives, results of the project, and the
conclusion.
1.2 TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
1.0 LAYOUT AND PRESENTABILITY
1.1 SUMMARY
1.2 TABLE OF CONTENT
1.3 APPENDICES
2
2
3
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND
2.2 IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION OF PROBLEM
2.3 OBJECTIVE
2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.5 THEORY
4-5
5
6
6-7
7
3.0 PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS
3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.2 FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
3.3 BUSINESS ANALYSIS
7-11
11-14
15-16
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND ENGINEERING
DRAWING
4.2 PROJECT OUTPUT
4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
4.4 CONCLUSION
4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
16-17
18
18
19
19
5.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
5.1 PROGRESS MONITORING
5.2 TASK ALLOCATION
20
21
6.0 REFERENCES 22
3. 3
1.3 APPENDICES
Figure 2.4: NIR behaviour in human skin optics
Table 3.1.1
Table 3.1.2
Figure 3.1.1
Figure 3.1.2: Components arrangement
Figure 3.1.3: Back view of PCB board
Figure 3.1.4: Overall connection
Figure 3.1.5 Overall prototype
Figure 3.2.1 (a) Schematic diagram arrangement of LED in parallel, (b) Back view of
sample prototype, (c) front view of sample prototype
Figure 3.2.1 Setup Apparatus
Table 3.2.1
Figure 3.2.3 Graph of light intensity against axial distance for 3 sets LEDs
Table 3.2.3 Light intensity measured at 1cm for different number of LEDs
Table 3.2.1: Cost Breakdown for 1 unit of AdaptVein
Table 3.2.3: Estimated market price for 1 unit of AdaptVein
Table 4.1.1
Figure 4.1.1 Overall prototype
Figure 4.1.2 Circuit casing for bottom and upper enclosure
Table 4.2.1: Result outcome for variety type of skins
Table 4.2.2: Result outcome for different light conditions
Figure 4.2.3: Range of skin tones based on von Luschan's chromatic scale
4. 4
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND
The purpose of AdaptVein is to assist in finding an efficient way to identify and
inject at the proper point in the circulatory system, which has always been a major
requirement of physicians and lab technicians. Venipuncture is an everyday procedure in
healthcare settings. To perform this procedure, it will need a skilled trained medical
practice to able to locate the veins accurately for which they can get by visual or feel it
with fingers. Nowadays, most of the nurses and doctors are experiencing the same
difficulties to draw the blood and also to access the veins in patients. Most of the patients
with dark skin, excess of subcutaneous fat or with small or deep veins and the elderly often
have difficulty to locating suitable veins which then give severe pain and leave bigger
impact to their health. In many cases finding the vein becomes a difficult task. This is
especially applicable for obese people, people with dark complexion, old people and for
patients whose veins are collapsed.
To overcome the problem of locating the vein and reduce time require for locating
it, vein finder is invented and widely applied. This has become a trend for the doctors and
nurses to treat their patients. With today`s technology which has taken over society, the
invention of vein finder has gone through continuous advancement and improvement due
to the acceptance of public towards the technology.
Vein detectors has been introduced as a vital solution to this issue. The device is
aimed as a low cost solution that helps anyone to inject in their own body or to a target
patient the required antidote without any prior knowledge of locating the vein. Vein
detectors do currently exist. However, their price tag is nearly $1000 to $10,000 due to the
complexity in the design which contains multi LED based and requires powerful visual
recorders. They are hence unaffordable by general physicians and medical practitioners
who regularly administer intravenous injections.
The other devices do not provide visual data and hence often have greater
probabilities of human error. The present alternative developed by the team focuses on
building a simple attachment which can be added to a camera mobile and allow vein
viewing at a price tag that is extremely affordable for low budget hospitals and clinics, if
we factor out the cost of the nearly ubiquitous mobile phone. Hence it is affordable by the
general medical practitioners as well as common patients due to low price tag and easy
usability.
The device will also be rechargeable via its USB port using an ordinary cable, and
it weighs below 500grams. This allows us to classify the device as portable. This device
will also void the need for image processing (which is needed by other vein locators). This
means it is user friendly, and the medical profession using the device will not need prior
training.
Previous researches has been done by multiple researchers in an attempt to design
a device with biomedical and biometric capabilities. These devices can be cameras or even
a mobile phone. Some scientists studied the image acquisition and pattern detection
5. 5
techniques for veins. However, others discussed the method to look past the subcutaneous
fat to detect tissue patterns using thermal (IR) imaging. The principle of working of the
vein detection and viewing device is that the rays that have a wavelength near the infrared
radiation (NIR) are capable to detect the veins inside the human body and that is because
of the selective absorption of infrared radiation in blood vessels.
2.2 IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION OF PROBLEM
Donating blood is essential and significant in our health care system as there is no
any replacement for human blood for time being. Even the skilled doctors or nurses may
have to subject to injections guesswork which results a sense of fear amongst majority of
the donors. The anxiety caused may be a big hindrance for potential donors, especially
first-time or young donors to donate blood. As such, many of the medical companies such
as Christie Medical Holdings, AccuVein and illumivein have introduced various kinds of
vein finders to cater with different requirements. Basically, the vein visualisation
technology has one common point: using harmless near infrared light which illuminates
and projects the veins’ intricate network on the skin surface. Haemoglobin then absorbs
the light and the surrounding tissues reflect it (U.K. dailymail, 2015).
Undoubtedly, the breakthrough in such findings and inventions has brought a lot of
convenience and benefits when it comes to locating veins. A lot of improvements have also
been enhanced in the device for instance power saving, hands free option, rechargeable
battery and movement tolerant (accuvein.com, 2016). 39% pain reduction, 3.5 times first
stick improvement and 45% fewer escalations are the results conducted by a university
hospital in New England from 150 adult patients with varying physical characteristics.
However, the pricing comes up to relatively high with all these innovations done and hence
not affordable for medical teams in secluded or remote areas around the world to buy it.
Real time imaging is another restraint in today’s products as some of the devices can only
view the map of vasculature in computerised pictures. This may deteriorates the probability
of injecting the correct vein, easiness to bring the whole computer system to anywhere and
real live recordings for references purposes.
Portable vein visualisation is important for people with difficult venous access
which include obesity, dark skinned and old age. Therefore, it has come to our thinking for
a portable vein locator which is economical, attachable to smartphones equipped with live
recording or imaging as well as USB rechargeable. We have come out of an idea to attach
the vein locator to any of the smartphones so that the real purpose of “portable” can be
achieved without the need to tag along an independent and bulky processing system. The
vein locator is just simply a circuit filled with LED lights with resistors planted on a casing
with a rechargeable power source and hence we rely on the smartphone camera for live
viewing of veins. It is dominant that the camera can zoom in with high megapixel so that
a clearer picture can be seen. If succeed, this attachable vein locator can increase both first-
stick success and patient satisfaction significantly in an easy DIY manner.
6. 6
2.3 OBJECTIVE
Apart from the main goal of creating a prototype that can assist in locating a patient(s)
veins in an effort to improve the medical industry, the other objectives of the project
which would to be accomplished are as following:
To develop an affordable vein finder that is able to help detect veins in a
patient(s) arm that is cheaper compared to any existing device. This is to ensure
the final product is affordable to lower budget clinics, hospitals etc.
To create an USB rechargeable and portable vein finder in order for the users to
transport it around and recharge it easily.
To provide real time image of the veins using cellphone camera. This allows the
medical professional (doctors/nurses) to record / capture / zoom in and out of the
image of the veins. This is possible with multiple cellphone models.
To provide a vein locater that is user friendly, so veins can be viewed without
needing image processing. Allowing any medical profession to use the device
without prior training.
2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Hershey et al, the practice of using bare eyes and hands to feel a
subject’s vein had been practiced since 1628. In modern world development, Vincent
Paquit et al had developed a NIR range imaging and he visualised an idea for automatic
catheter insertion 3D path computation for needle. The drive for the evolvements in this
narrowed area of study in phlebotomy imaging is to ensure a non-invasive blood vessel
localization and catheter insertion. NIR imaging is a derivative of a light propagation
property which sits at the range of 620nm-1200nm of the electromagnetic spectrum. Light
rays can be penetrated deeper into the skin tissue due to low absorbent coefficient from
water within the range.
Figure 2.4: NIR behaviour in human skin optics
Near-infrared spectroscopy is based on molecular overtone and combination
vibrations of the CH-, OH-, and the NH- molecules but limited to a specific band window
of vibration energy. NIR imaging does not utilise ionize radiation hence the skin will not
be exposed to harmful radiation. Multispectral approaches has been used to enhance vein
images, but provided no liable estimation of varying physiological properties of skin
7. 7
surfaces. Heat given off by body can be detected as radiation within the infrared region.
Existing product AccuVein has a detector which takes these infrared photons, converts
them into a voltage which is then converted into an image. Next, the image will be projected
back onto the patient's skin (accuvein.com, n.d.).
Harmless near-infrared light is absorbed by hemoglobin in the patient’s blood and
reflected by surrounding tissue. In our project, this theory is modified by using near-
infrared wavelength LEDs to illuminate the flesh at the site. The veins will appear as dark
bands because they are more absorbent of this spectrum of light than the surrounding tissue.
It is similar in principle to holding a hand over torchlight. Deoxidized hemoglobin in the
veins almost completely absorbs the radiation while the oxidized hemoglobin in the arteries
becomes almost transparent. Hence, we can easily differentiate between an artery and a
vein and ultimately finding the correct vein. The benefits of the device for imaging facilities
include increased nurse confidence, improved patient satisfaction and reduced delays.
2.5 THEORY
The basic phenomenon governing the vein viewing devices is that Near
Infrared(NIR) radiation of the wavelngth region 740 nm-760nm is able to detect veins but
not arteries due to the selective absorption of infrared radiation in blood vessels. The reason
for using the aforementioned phenomenon is the fact that the deoxidised hemoglobin
[deoxy-Hb or Hb] in the veins almost completely absorb the radiation while the oxidised
hemoglobin [HbO] in the arteries become almost transparent. Two basic optical
coefficients are involved in this absorption process,
1. Absorption coefficient αa,
2. Scattering coefficient αs.
The absorption coefficient αa determines how far light can travel before losing its
intensity while still in its original path, and, the scattering coefficient αs determines how
far light can travel before losing its original phase and changing direction. The infrared
radiation is absorbed in a different way in various types of tissue. In order to achieve proper
desired visual penetration through the pertinent tissue, illumination should be within a very
tight optical window, wavelengths 740nm to 760nm.This wavelength is consistent with the
near infrared part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
3.0 PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS
3.1 METHODOLOGY
The development process of AdaptVein is shown in following steps:
8. 8
Step 1: Identify the components, tools and softwares
The main materials that used to build our AdaptVein prototype are as follow:
NO MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1 30 unit- Red LEDs- 840
nm wavelength
To create the main component of the AdaptVein which
is the light component.
2 30 unit- 150 Ω Resistors The value of resistor is calculated using Ohm’s Law
3 Connecting wires To connect the components of the circuit
4 Perspex To build the prototype
5 Light Meter To measure the intensity of the LED lights
6 Power Bank Battery To power the circuit
7 USB wire To charge the battery
8 On/Off Rocker Switch To On/Off current flow
9 Stainless Steel L-shape
bracket
As additional support
10 Screw and Nut To tighten connections
11 Phone Holder To hold phone when viewing
12 Circuit PCB board To implement circuit connection
13 Cardboard To make casing lit
Table 3.1.1
List of softwares used to build AdaptVein are as follow:
NO SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
1 Microsoft Word The software is used to record all data regarding the project as
well as the documentations.
2 SOLIDWORKS A 3D CAD that assists in the technical drawing of a model for
a more detailed design. Unlike using a drawn sketch of the
Step 1:
• Identify the components and softwares needed
Step 2:
• Sketching few design ideas of the prototype manually and make improvements.
• Design schematic circuit diagram for the prototype.
Step 3:
• Conduct data gathering. Analyse the data.( Under Fundamental Engineering Analysis)
Step 4:
• Circuit Development
Step 5:
• Design 3D prototype
Step 6:
• Fabrication process of prototype
Step 7:
• Testing the prototype and do survey for the outcome.
9. 9
prototype design, CAD will give a more accuracy to the
dimensions.
It also assists in stimulating design of the prototype.
3 Mutism To design the circuit
Table 3.1.2
Step 2: Design Schematic Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram is designed using electrical software, Multisim. In this process, the
simulation is run in order to determine whether the connection is done correctly or not.
Figure 3.1.1
Step 3: Data Gathering and Analysis
This process is explained further in Section10.0 Fundamental Engineering Analysis.
Step 4: Circuit Development
In this step, the components used is soldered to the PCB board. The connection is made
based on the schematic diagram drawn in Multisim software earlier. The connections of
the resistors and LEDs are made in parallel in order to maximize the current flow. The
specific procedures are shown below:
Procedures:
1. Cut the PCB to make a 77mm x 77mm square
2. Put the LEDs in the PCB along the inner edge of the center hole. The anode lead
(long one) should be nearest the center cut-out on both sides.
3. Slide in the resistors adjacent to the LEDs.
10. 10
4. Twist and solder together one resistor lead and the cathode lead (short one) of each
LED-resistor pair. You can trim the leads for convenience after you have soldered
5. Strip a piece of wire completely—about 7mm. This will be used to connect the
resistors.
6. Lay the 7mm wire on top of the resistors on the left side. Create a good physical
connection.
7. Solder the resistors to the wire. Leave the extra wire.
8. Repeat the steps 2 to 7 for the second sets of resistors.
9. Twist the extra wire of the resistor from both sides and solder it together.
10. Solder a wire from anode of LEDs the positive terminal of battery
11. Take a wire from negative terminal battery and solder it to switch.
12. Solder another wire from switch to the resistor(negative terminal).
Figure 3.1.2: Components arrangement Figure 3.1.3: Back view of PCB board Figure 3.1.4: Overall connection
Step 5: Design 3D drawing prototype
In this step, the 3D drawing is made using SOLIDWORK. However due to some
limitations, only the bottom enclosure can be 3D printed at Building 17. The other part of
the prototype is fabricate manually. Pictures below shown the 3D drawing of AdaptVein.
This process is explained further in Section 4.1 Technical Specification And Engineering
Drawing
Step 6: Fabrication Process of Prototype
Below are the procedures conducted during fabrication of AdaptVein. The outcome of
prototype is shown in picture below.
1. Obtaining Perspex and measurement of how it should be cut.
2. Cutting Perspex by following the dimensions set.
3. 3D printing of the casing for the LED circuit.
4. Cleaning edges to smoothen the surface of Perspex for beautification purpose.
5. Drilling holes on the Perspex for the attachment of trusses to strengthen the
prototype.
11. 11
6. Gluing necessary parts at the respective positions.
7. Using sprayer to spray the preliminary model.
8. Fitting the LED circuit into the 3D casing and the hand phone holder on top of the
prototype.
9. Tightening up the trusses using screws and nuts.
Figure 3.1.5 Overall prototype
Step 7: Testing and Surveying process
This is the last process to determine the successful of our project. In this step, we do
some sort of testing and surveying in order to determine the how efficient our project
would be. For the testing purpose we have tested our prototype to different type of skin
tones and different thickness of the skin. This process is important in order to determine
the visibility of the veins varies the skin tones and skin thickness. The result of the testing
process is tabulated under Section 4.1 Result Outcome
3.2 FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
3.2.1 Led Array
Based on research done, concentric arrangement of LEDs proved to give the best overall
diffusion and vein viewing capacities. So a concentric LED arrays was chosen over
conventional parallel (double line, rectangular etc.) to optimize vein viewing of the
instrument. A hole was made between the concentric LED arrays for viewing purpose. The
LEDs were connected in parallel to have constant brightness concentration as the voltage
flow through the circuit was equal. Below shown schematic diagram for 16 LEDs and
sample prototype used for testing purpose.
12. 12
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.2.1 (a) Schematic diagram arrangement of LED in parallel, (b) Back view of sample prototype, (c)
front view of sample prototype
The value of resistor for each LED were calculated using formula below:
𝑹 =
𝟓𝑽−𝟐𝑽
𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑨
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎Ω
3.2.2 Intensity Decay Pattern Of Multiple LEDs
Aim This section shows number of LEDs combinations being considered for this
project. The appropriate distribution of LEDs array was measured. Within this experiment,
an attempt is made to measure the IR intensity of multiple LEDs configuration in varies
axial distance and number of LED.
Method There were three LED combinations of 8, 16 and 30 LED have been tested
with wavelength of 650nm Orange LED and 840nm Red LED. The aim of this experiment
is to find the IR intensity of the LEDs with increasing axial distance from the source and
to measure the light intensity for each LEDs combination. The light meter with Model MT-
4007 from Pro’sKit is used to measure the light intensity coming out from source. The light
meter is placed in vertical fixed position opposite to the light source and the whole
experiment is conducted in dark condition to avoid interruption of other incoming light.
Figure 3.2.1 Setup Apparatus
13. 13
There sets of readings were taken of light intensity versus axial distance and light intensity
versus number of LEDs for the three type of LEDs combinations. The multiple LEDs were
attached on homemade board and made at same axial height as that the light meter incident
window. The LEDs were connected to 5V battery. The LEDs circuit was moves for every
1cm from 1 to 10cm range. This was used to give us a practical idea about the light intensity
of the specific LEDs within practical limit. The experiment was repeated three times for
each LEDs sets and the average result is computed.
The same setup is used to measure the light intensity for three sets of LEDs which are 8,16
and 30 LEDs. Each set of LEDs were kept in the same height facing the light meter receiver
for focus purpose. Repeated reading were taken for each set and the best results were
tabulated. The LEDs combinations are shown in table below:
Set Number of LEDs
1 8
2 16
3 30
Table 3.2.1
However, this experiment also can be conducted manually with the help of power meter to
compute the amount of incident IR from the LED. The theoretical value can be computed
using the formulae
y ∝ e µ*x
Where y = normalized power
x = distance from source
µ = absorption coefficient
From this formulae we the intensity decay of LED can be determined. In our cases, the
light meter made our task easier as it directly measure the intensity thus no specific
calculation is requires.
3.2.3 Result and Discussion
For 3 sets of multiple LEDs, we can conclude that the light intensity is inversely
proportional to the axial distance from light meter. Thus, we can see that maximum light
intensity is observed at low axial distance. The light intensity reduced constantly when
the axial distance being increased for every 1cm till 10cm. The Figure 4.1.3 shows the
relationship of both factors.
14. 14
985 971 964 959 943 937 921 913 895 884
1963
1842 1779
1611 1536 1473
1309 1237 1182
1075
3211 3154 3075
2961
2846
2751
2637 2550
2431 2368
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LightIntensity(Lux)
Axial Distance (cm)
Graph of Light Intensity against Axial Distance
8 LEDs
16 LEDs
30 LEDs
Figure 3.2.3 Graph of light intensity against axial distance for 3 sets LEDs
Sets Number of LEDs Light Intensity (Lux)
1 8 985
2 16 1963
3 30 3211
Table 3.2.3 Light intensity measured at 1cm for different number of LEDs
From the analysis, two hypotheses can be made which are:
Increase the number of LEDs will increase the amount of light intensity
Increase the axial distance (distance between light source and skin) will decrease the
amount of light intensity
From both experiment conducted, we can conclude that the relationship between number
of LEDs and the amount of light intensity is directly proportional to each other. Meanwhile
the relationship between the axial distance and amount of light intensity showed inversely
proportional. Thus, we can expect clearer image of vein can be seen by naked eyes when
the LEDs array is pressed close to the skin. From the graph, set 3 with 30 LEDs provide
better penetration to skin and clearer vein bands image since its intensity is at optimum.
However, there is the issue of a minimum distance which the camera autofocus cannot
function. Thus, the actual range of distances which provide acceptable images for use
becomes limited.
15. 15
3.2 BUSINESS ANALYSIS
3.2.1 Capital Cost
The Cost of a unit of AdaptVein is approximately RM 105.95. Below is the cost breakdown
for this prototype:
ITEM UNIT PRICE (RM) QTY AMOUNT (RM)
Ultra-bright Red LED 0.40 30 12.00
Rocker Switch On/Off 1.00 1 1.00
USB Cable 6.50 1 6.50
Phone Holder 5.50 1 5.50
Cardboard 1.35 1 1.35
5V Power Bank 40.00 1 40.00
Perspex 15.00 1 15.00
Plastic 3D Printing 3.20 (per 100g) 1 6.40
Wires 1.00 - 1.00
Stainless Steel Bracket L- shape 0.30 4 1.20
Screw and Nut 1.00 16 1.00
Circuit Board 15.00 1 15.00
TOTAL=105.95
Table 3.2.1: Cost Breakdown for 1 unit of AdaptVein
3.2.2 Operational Cost
Our product AdaptVein operates by using an electricity from a 5V rechargeable battery to
light up 30 red LED. To keep our product operating all the time, it only need to be recharge
when the battery is low and it does not involve any operational cost. Therefore, there are
no operational cost in the production since that our product does not need repair and
maintenance costs or utility costs.
3.2.3 Business Consideration
For business purposes, the cost for the original product will be much higher than the capital
cost. For market purposes, we estimate that the selling price of our product will require
higher cost because it will include the electrical component cost, fabrication cost, testing
and packaging cost. Besides, to ensure our product is a low cost vein finder and affordable,
we aim to produce AdaptVein with selling price not more than RM200.00.
COSTS Estimated Price (RM)
Electrical component cost 83.35
Fabrication cost (plastic 3D printing) 25.60
Testing cost 10.00
16. 16
Table 3.2.3: Estimated market price for 1 unit of AdaptVein
Furthermore, in order to suit this product to the current technology trend, our product is
created and designed to be attractive and appealing to the consumer. It is designed to be
small in size and portable so that it can be easily carried around using one hand. Besides,
it also able provide real time viewing. By using camera phone, users can zoom, record and
capture images of their veins. AdaptVein was also designed to be rechargeable by using
USB wire so that users can easily charge the battery without need to replace the battery.
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND ENGINEERING DRAWING
Table below illustrate the general specification for our product, AdaptVein
General Required
Specification
As applied to a case at hand
Product Identification ADAPTVEIN
Light Weight and Portable
Rechargeable battery
Allow real time viewing
Market Identification Market size:6480 units/year
in Malaysia
Anticipated market demand:
5% share by year 2 (648
units)
25% by year 5
Competing products: Start-
up venture
Branding strategy: New
Company adapt vein EASE
brand
Key Project Deadlines Time to complete project: 3
months
Physical description 30 Super bright Red LEDs-
840nm
Packaging cost 8.00
Total cost 126.95
17. 17
Luminous intensity up to
3211 lux
5V lithium ion battery
Financial Requirements Time to complete project &
key project deadlines: done
Warranty policy: one year
Accessories USB cable
Phone Holder
Social, Political, and Legal
Requirements
Safety and environmental
Manufacturing Specifications Manufacturing
requirements: Use 50%
Made-in-Malaysia parts and
100% UTP labor
Table 4.1.1
Engineering Drawing
A 3D drawing has been made using SOLIDWORK for AdaptVein prototype. However,
due to some circumstances only the lit of circuit casing can be printed out. The rest body
is made manually using Perspex and eco-friendly materials.
Figure 4.1.1 Overall prototype Figure 4.1.2 Circuit casing for bottom and upper
enclosure
18. 18
4.2 PROJECT OUTPUT
The device was tested on different skin tones and it could successfully detect veins in fair,
normal and dark colored skin. We have also tested the device under sunlight, room light
and darkness, the clarity of the image was blur in sunlight and room whereas it was clear
in darkness. Tables below illustrates the results.
The design of the device is simple and portable. The distances were not set arbitrarily,
different distances were examined and the optimum gap size was selected. The camera had
to be placed in a certain distance from the patient hand in order to show the veins clearly
and the gap between the base and the circuit casing is to be suitable for all human hand
sizes and not very close to the LEDs in order to get the best results.
4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
From the result Table 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 it is proven that our AdaptVein is successful to locate
vein finder in different light condition and with different range of skin tone. However,
AdaptVein function well in dark condition since it can provide clear image of veins
regardless any type of skin tone. For the skin tone range from 1 to 35 which are categories
as fair, normal and dark skin, the vein is visible when AdaptVein in use. But for very dark
skin which range in 36, the vein cannot be visible anymore. This shows that our product
viewing limitation is at the skin tone range of 36.
Table 4.2.1:Result outcome for variety type of skins Table 4.2.2: Result outcome for different light
conditions
Figure 4.2.3: Range of skin tones based on von
Luschan's chromatic scale
19. 19
4.4 CONCLUSION
Venipuncture and IV catherization technique is one of the fundamental skill that doctors
and nurses need to be expert in. Studies have shown that, most of the people that had gone
through the technique experience pain and result sense of fear amongst majority of them.
To solve the problem, many medical device of vein locator has been invented to minimize
the human error and ease the medical staff to use the technique.
With the current technologies, many vein locator devices has been established but it is
complex and expensive. Therefore, this project has come out with an invention known as
AdaptVein to add improvement on vein locator by using a simple concept and come out
with a low cost solution to locate veins.
By using the concept of Infrared Red penetration, we have successfully producing a
portable vein locator that was small in size and easily can be carried anywhere without
having any difficulties. As for the prototype of AdaptVein, we have carried out an
experiment to test its functionality and ability to detect vein. By collecting data from variety
types of skin, it shows that AdaptVein able to detect vein of people with variety skin colour
from range of light, fair to dark skin.
Besides, we have found that this AdaptVein can locate vein easily when it is tested in dark
condition. This product still have its own limitation where it unable to operate well under
bright condition and hard to detect vein of people with thick skin. Therefore, for future
works, many things need to be more improve. Lastly, we have successfully design a low
cost vein locator that provide real time image through camera phone. With this entire
improvement, we believe that this AdaptVein shows a promising high potential to be
commercialize as it large value of contribution that help to improve technology in medical
sector.
4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
There are some of the problems that need to be encounter for future works as improvement
in this product. The images of the vein that appeared on the camera phone was not too clear
and sometimes it is blur. To get a clearer and sharp images of the vein, an apps or software
for image filter which can be installed in the cell phone can be developed. This will help
the vein detection to be easier and clearer.
Besides, use better LED with higher peak emissions wavelength for high infrared
penetration. By using LED with higher wavelength, it will give higher penetration to the
user skin, thus it will not require the user to put their hand very close and in contact with
the LED light.
Recommendations to come out with a new and better design of the product also need to be
considered. To ensure ease of use and comfortableness of the product, a specific design to
prevent refraction of red LED light and modification on the place to inject can be made to
improve the functionality of the product. On top of that, the current AdaptVein only able
20. 20
to operate well when it is in the dark or at room condition, thus a research can be conducted
on how to make it able to detect even under the sunlight to able the system to operate in
any condition.
5.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
5.1 PROGRESS MONITORING
WEEK
ACTIVITY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ice Breaking Session
Brainstorming Sessions
Research Meetings
Proposal
Progress Report
Development of Project
Improvement of Project
Evaluation on Fabrication of Project
Poster & Project Demonstration
Oral Presentation
SEDEX
Peer Evaluation
Final Report
Complete Tasks
Tasks in Progress
Planned Tasks
21. 21
Haseenjit Kaur (PE)& Afiaa Balqis (CV)
- Set HSE requirements of the project as well
HSE requirements during fabrication and
development of the project.
- Modify parts of the design that needs
adjusting during the "improvement phase"
Keeson Kon (CE)
- Does further detailed research regarding
the project.
- Researches materials needed for the
fabrication of the project.
AbdulRahman Mohammed (ME)
- Design the body (casing) of the project
based on mechanical aspects.
Roslina binti Rosli (EE)
- Designs a suitable circuit that can be used.
- Creates the circuit needed for the project.
FUNDAMENTAL
ENGINEERING
5.2 TASK ALLOCATION
PROJECT DIRECTOR
HASEENJIT KAUR KHAIRA (PE)
-Organizes weekly meetings
-Coordiantes progress of the project
- Allocates tasks &ensures the tasks are
completed as scheduled
-Advices group on HSE regulations.
SECRETARY
AIFAA BALQIS (CV)
- Advices group regarding concept of the
design of the project.
-Prepares minutes of meetings
- Takes charge of documentation
TREASURER
ABDULRAHMAN MOHAMMED (ME)
-Advices group regarding the mechanical
aspect of the project.
- Manages the project's account flow
- Keeps track of all invoices, bills, & funding
related documetation.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HEAD
KEESON KON (CE)
- Advices group on fabrication and
development of the project.
-Advices group on materical usage
ASSISTANT PROJECT DIRECTOR
ROSLINA BINTI ROSLI (EE)
- Advices group on electrical and elecronical
aspects of the project
-Monitor group's progress
22. 22
6.0 REFERENCES
S. Crisan, J. G. Tarnovan and T. E. Crisan, "A Low Cost Vein Detection System Using Near
Infrared Radiation," 2007 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, San Diego, CA, 2007, pp. 1-
6. doi: 10.1109/SAS.2007.374359
Shi Zhao, Yiding Wang and Yunhong Wang - “Extracting Hand Vein Patterns from Low-Quality
Images: A New Biometric Technique Using Low-Cost Devices”, Fourth International
Conference on Image and Graphics.
Wang Lingyu and Graham Leedham, “Near- and Far- Infrared Imaging for Vein Pattern
Biometrics,” Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Conference on Video and Signal Based
Surveillance(AVSS‟06)
