The document summarizes the history of photography from its origins using camera obscuras to early photographic processes like daguerreotypes and calotypes. It then covers the development of glass plate negatives and dry plate processing in the late 1800s. Finally, it discusses major innovations in color photography and the transition to digital photography in the late 20th century.

1. The History of Imaging Conventional/Silver Processes

2. Visual Communication began with Cave Art

3. Continued with Hieroglyphics

4. Then lead into Drawing/Painting

5. Aiding Drawing/Painting with Camera Obscura

6. Camera Obscura The earliest camera obscura s were actually rooms with a hole in the wall at one end, which projected an image (upside down) on the wall at the opposite end. These were eventually made portable to a box that could be carried around and pointed at various scenes to project an image on a ground-glass screen. An artist could then trace the scene from the ground glass onto paper.

7. The first “ photo•graph ” (Light Drawing) Name: Helio•graph (Sun Drawing) Date/Location: c.1826/France Creator: Nicéphore Niépce (nee•say• fawr nyeps) Materials: Pewter plate Bitumen of Judea Oil of Lavendar Equipment: Camera Obscura Exposure time: Eight hours Disadvantages Long exposure times Poor image quality Unique image (non-reproducible)

8. First Popular Photographic Process Name: Daguerreotype Date/Location: Announced 1839 France Creator: Jacques Mandé Daguerre (da• gherr ) Materials: Siver-plated copper sheet Iodine Mercury Sodium thiosulfate Exposure time: 15 - 30 seconds Not go for any motion Advantage: beautiful, durable, grainless image Disadvantages Exposure times still too long Difficult to view Poisonous chemicals Non-reproducible

9. First Reproducible Process Name: Calo•type (beautiful impression) or Talbotype Date/Location: 1839/England Creator: William Henry Fox Talbot Materials: Silver chloride Paper Silver iodide/Gallo nitrate Exposure time: 5 seconds Advantage: silver NEGATIVE image could be reproduced Disadvantage: paper base obscured detail of the reproduced images

10. Wet-Plate Process Name: Collodion wet-plate (also Ambrotype & Tintype ) 1851/England Frederick Scott Archer Materials: Glass plate Collodion (nitrocellulose/ether/alcohol) Silver chloride, Silver iodide,Silver nitrate Exposure time: 5 seconds Advantages: Transparent (glass) base produced sharp, clear images Negative image could be printed on paper for limitless reproduction Disadvantages: Must be exposed and developed wet Exposure times still too long.

11. Notable Glass Plate Taken by Alexander Gardner in 1865, the picture of Abraham Lincoln has A jagged line that appears upper-right corner of the photograph and slashes through the top of Lincoln ’ s head. It ’ s a crack in the glass-plate negative due to careless handling by the photographer or his assistant. This is one of the last images of the President before being assonated two months later.

12. 1871/England Richard L. Maddox Materials: Glass plate Gelatin emulsion (increased sensitivity of silver compounds) Silver salts Exposure time: under 1 second Advantages: Motion-stopping exposure times Plates could be exposed dry Dry-Plate Process: Gelatin Emulsion

13. Other Improvements to Conventional Photography Projection printing (enlarging) allowed use of smaller negatives/smaller cameras Emulsion coated onto flexible film allowed roll-film (George Eastman of Eastman Kodak) Color Images 1861 an additive color process 1869 subtractive color theory developed 1907 Autochrome process 1935 Kodachrome film introduced

14. 1936 : Development of Kodachrome, the first color multi-layered color film; development of Exakta, pioneering 35mm single-lens reflex (SLR) camera 1963 : First color instant film developed by Polaroid; Instamatic released by Kodak; 1973 : C-41 color negative process introduced. (That ’ s what we still use today for color neg. film.) 1990 : Adobe Photoshop released.

15. 1991 : Kodak DCS-100, first digital SLR 2000 : Camera phone introduced in Japan by Sharp/J-Phone 2001 : Polaroid goes bankrupt 2004 : Kodak ceases production of film cameras