Organic cotton is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional cotton that does not use synthetic pesticides, fertilizers or GMOs. It accounts for about 0.7% of global cotton production currently. While organic cotton cultivation benefits the environment and health, adoption has been slow due to lack of government support, high certification costs and limited market awareness. International organizations are working with countries to develop organic cotton programs and improve the supply chain to increase production and market share over time.
This document summarizes information about cotton production in the United States. It notes that cotton is grown on fewer than 32,000 farms across 17 southern states, with 10.566 million acres planted in 2010. Cotton yield is measured in 480-pound bales, with the average 2005-2009 yield being 826 pounds of lint per acre. The cotton crop requires fertility, is planted and grows through vegetative stages before flowering and boll development over several months. Harvesting is a critical process where cotton is mechanically picked or stripped before ginning and baling.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Drought and heat stress in late sown wheat and mitigation strategies Ramesh Acharya
This document summarizes research on the impacts of late sowing and heat/drought stress on wheat crops in Nepal. It finds that late sowing, which is common due to the rice-wheat cropping system, reduces wheat yields significantly. Heat and drought stress during flowering and grain filling also limit yields. The document outlines several mitigation strategies, including advancing the planting date using no-till methods, growing early maturing varieties, using mulching and irrigation scheduling, and developing heat/drought tolerant wheat varieties.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
This document discusses various quality parameters of cotton fiber including those related to ginning percentage, earliness index, fiber fineness, maturity, length, strength and uniformity ratio. It describes the four main cultivated cotton species and their fiber characteristics. Methods for evaluating these parameters using instruments like the micronaire, fibrograph and stelometer are also outlined. The document notes that fiber quality improvement has been achieved through breeding and biotechnology techniques like hybridization and Bt. cotton varieties.
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.Mehboob Latief
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
This document summarizes information about cotton production in the United States. It notes that cotton is grown on fewer than 32,000 farms across 17 southern states, with 10.566 million acres planted in 2010. Cotton yield is measured in 480-pound bales, with the average 2005-2009 yield being 826 pounds of lint per acre. The cotton crop requires fertility, is planted and grows through vegetative stages before flowering and boll development over several months. Harvesting is a critical process where cotton is mechanically picked or stripped before ginning and baling.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Drought and heat stress in late sown wheat and mitigation strategies Ramesh Acharya
This document summarizes research on the impacts of late sowing and heat/drought stress on wheat crops in Nepal. It finds that late sowing, which is common due to the rice-wheat cropping system, reduces wheat yields significantly. Heat and drought stress during flowering and grain filling also limit yields. The document outlines several mitigation strategies, including advancing the planting date using no-till methods, growing early maturing varieties, using mulching and irrigation scheduling, and developing heat/drought tolerant wheat varieties.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
This document discusses various quality parameters of cotton fiber including those related to ginning percentage, earliness index, fiber fineness, maturity, length, strength and uniformity ratio. It describes the four main cultivated cotton species and their fiber characteristics. Methods for evaluating these parameters using instruments like the micronaire, fibrograph and stelometer are also outlined. The document notes that fiber quality improvement has been achieved through breeding and biotechnology techniques like hybridization and Bt. cotton varieties.
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.Mehboob Latief
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
Cotton, origin, Floral structure & biology, Breeding Techniques, ChallengesSrikanth H N
Cotton is an important crop grown in over 80 countries. The document discusses the taxonomy of cotton including its four main cultivated species, centers of origin, and genetic composition. It summarizes India's role as the largest producer and consumer of cotton globally, as well as details on production, state distribution, and high-yielding varieties used. Breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization, and biotechnology are outlined. Pests, diseases, and future research priorities are also mentioned.
The document discusses crop residue management techniques for disc seeders. It recommends retaining stubble in a uniform, spread out manner to provide agronomic benefits while limiting problems for disc seeders like increased handling difficulties. Specific techniques discussed include maintaining high stubble levels, inter-row sowing to minimize disc interaction with residue, and using knife rollers and spreading/chopping equipment to reduce stubble density and improve furrow closure. Crop residue cutters are designed to improve stubble handling by removing residue, improving cutting, or clearing a path, and should provide adjustability and flotation for varying conditions.
Plastic materials like polyethylene, acrylic/polyester, polyester, and fiberglass reinforced plastics are common cladding materials for greenhouses. Polyethylene is relatively short-lived but transmits 85-88% of sunlight. Acrylic/polyester combines weatherability and heat resistance but is susceptible to wind damage. Polyester has excellent transmittance and heat resistance but limited widths. Fiberglass reinforced plastics are more impact resistant than glass but proper installation is important. Shade nets made of plastic are also used as cladding to protect crops from weather.
The document discusses various cropping systems in India and approaches for evaluating their efficiency. It provides background on cropping systems, including definitions and types like intercropping, mixed cropping, and sequential cropping. It also lists some major cropping systems in India and discusses conventional indices used to evaluate systems based on factors like land equivalent ratio and crop equivalent yield. Recent approaches discussed for evaluation include system productivity, profitability, relative production efficiency, land use efficiency, and energy efficiency. Tables provide examples of data analyzing different cropping systems using these metrics.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
This document provides an overview of integrated farming systems. It discusses that integrated farming systems aim to sustainably produce high quality food, feed, fiber and renewable energy using soil, water, air and natural resources with minimal pollution. It notes that integrating crops, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and other enterprises can supplement farmer income and employment while better recycling farm wastes. The document outlines objectives and advantages of integrated farming systems, including improved land productivity and income stability. It also lists potential system components and provides details on dairy farming and common cattle breeds in India.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
The document discusses government schemes and policies related to rice marketing in India. It outlines schemes to increase rice production through distribution of quality seeds and investments in irrigation. It also discusses policies for rice procurement and support of minimum prices. Government agencies regulate rice trade and storage, and collect and share agricultural market information to support farmers and the rice economy.
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
1. Cumbu Napier is a hybrid fodder grass developed from Pennisetum purpureum and P. americanum with a chromosome number of 2n = 20, 21.
2. Varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University include CO1-CO5 which are high yielding and suitable for growing throughout the year in Tamil Nadu.
3. CO-3 has characteristics of profuse tillering, high yield potential, high nutritional content, quick regeneration, and palatability with resistance to pests and diseases.
Pigeon pea is an important pulse crop that is widely grown in India. It is high in protein and nutrients. Pigeon pea varieties recommended for Uttar Pradesh include UPAS-120, Pusa-855, Type-17, Type-7, Type-21, Azad, Narendra Arhar-1, and Amar. Pigeon pea grows well in sandy loam to clayey loam soil and requires proper land preparation, treatment, and spacing between 15-30 cm for optimal growth and yields.
Nursery raising under protected structuresChanda Kumari
This document discusses raising nurseries of warm season vegetable crops under protected structures. It describes the advantages of protected structures for nurseries, including enabling year-round production and protection from adverse weather. It outlines different types of protected structures and nursery beds. The document discusses components of protected structures, best practices for sowing, nutrient and pest management, and constraints. Modern nursery facilities include automated irrigation, fertigation, temperature and humidity control systems. Seed priming and treatments can improve germination rates.
This document discusses the process of retting jute plants to extract the fibers. It begins with an introduction to jute as an important natural fiber crop and raw material. There are then sections that describe the different types of retting processes, including dry and wet retting. Wet retting involves submerging bundled jute plants in water for 8-30 days to allow microbes to loosen the fibers from the stalk. The document provides details on best practices for wet retting, such as water temperature and depth of submergence. It also notes potential issues like under-retting or over-retting fibers. Finally, it compares traditional and improved retting methods and discusses factors that influence fiber quality.
Non-monetary inputs play an important role in sustainable cropping systems. Some key non-monetary inputs include tillage practices, time of sowing, plant population, choice of crops and varieties, pest management, and weed management. For example, minimum or zero tillage can reduce costs while maintaining yield through improved soil health. Proper timing and plant spacing are also crucial for optimizing yields. Selecting drought-tolerant or pest-resistant varieties suited to local conditions helps maximize productivity with fewer purchased inputs. Integrated pest management and intercropping can also control pests and weeds at low cost. Together, optimizing these non-monetary factors through agroecological practices is important for profitable and sustainable
1) Harvesting of rubber, known as tapping, involves making controlled wounds in the bark of rubber trees to extract the latex. Tapping is done by skilled tappers and involves different tapping systems and intensities.
2) The latex extracted during tapping is processed into preserved latex concentrates, dried sheet rubber, or dry crepe rubber. Processing involves centrifuging, coagulation, rolling, and drying of the latex.
3) Rubber yields and quality vary based on factors like clone, age, soil fertility, climate, and tapping skill. Annual yields in South India are around 375kg/ha for seedlings and 900-1000kg/ha for budded plantations.
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
This document discusses the role of agroforestry in mitigating climate change. It begins by defining climate change and its causes, then outlines some of the impacts on agriculture like reduced crop yields. It notes that deforestation and land use changes contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The document then discusses strategies for carbon sequestration, identifying agroforestry as a key approach. Various agroforestry models are presented, and a case study shows higher carbon storage in a silvopastoral system compared to natural grassland. The conclusion is that agroforestry can significantly help mitigate climate change by storing carbon while providing other benefits.
1. The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture. It is expected to affect agricultural productivity and shift crop patterns due to factors like increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events.
2. Studies have shown that increases in temperature could reduce yields of crops like rice and wheat. Climate change may also lead to a change in suitable areas for growing certain crops. Rain-fed agriculture is expected to be more severely impacted than irrigated agriculture.
3. The impacts of climate change on agriculture could have wide-ranging implications for issues like food security, trade, livelihoods, and water conservation in India given the country's dependence on agriculture. Adaptation and mitigation strategies will
Cotton production has significant environmental impacts due to the extensive use of chemicals. Globally, cotton farming uses nearly $1.8 billion worth of pesticides annually, accounting for 10% of the world's pesticides. Many of the pesticides used are highly toxic and were banned in Western countries. Their overuse has damaged local ecosystems and contaminated water supplies. Fertilizer use also pollutes waterways. However, education programs are helping farmers reduce chemical reliance and adopt more sustainable practices.
This document discusses eco cotton and the challenges of sourcing sustainable eco cotton for merchandisers. It provides background on eco cotton and defines it as cotton grown without pesticides from non-GMO plants. It then outlines some of the key challenges merchandisers face in sourcing eco cotton, such as higher prices, issues with quality standards, supplier capacity, and perceptions of value. The document concludes that consumer demand will be an important driver to help address these challenges and expand the market for eco cotton products.
Cotton, origin, Floral structure & biology, Breeding Techniques, ChallengesSrikanth H N
Cotton is an important crop grown in over 80 countries. The document discusses the taxonomy of cotton including its four main cultivated species, centers of origin, and genetic composition. It summarizes India's role as the largest producer and consumer of cotton globally, as well as details on production, state distribution, and high-yielding varieties used. Breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization, and biotechnology are outlined. Pests, diseases, and future research priorities are also mentioned.
The document discusses crop residue management techniques for disc seeders. It recommends retaining stubble in a uniform, spread out manner to provide agronomic benefits while limiting problems for disc seeders like increased handling difficulties. Specific techniques discussed include maintaining high stubble levels, inter-row sowing to minimize disc interaction with residue, and using knife rollers and spreading/chopping equipment to reduce stubble density and improve furrow closure. Crop residue cutters are designed to improve stubble handling by removing residue, improving cutting, or clearing a path, and should provide adjustability and flotation for varying conditions.
Plastic materials like polyethylene, acrylic/polyester, polyester, and fiberglass reinforced plastics are common cladding materials for greenhouses. Polyethylene is relatively short-lived but transmits 85-88% of sunlight. Acrylic/polyester combines weatherability and heat resistance but is susceptible to wind damage. Polyester has excellent transmittance and heat resistance but limited widths. Fiberglass reinforced plastics are more impact resistant than glass but proper installation is important. Shade nets made of plastic are also used as cladding to protect crops from weather.
The document discusses various cropping systems in India and approaches for evaluating their efficiency. It provides background on cropping systems, including definitions and types like intercropping, mixed cropping, and sequential cropping. It also lists some major cropping systems in India and discusses conventional indices used to evaluate systems based on factors like land equivalent ratio and crop equivalent yield. Recent approaches discussed for evaluation include system productivity, profitability, relative production efficiency, land use efficiency, and energy efficiency. Tables provide examples of data analyzing different cropping systems using these metrics.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
This document provides an overview of integrated farming systems. It discusses that integrated farming systems aim to sustainably produce high quality food, feed, fiber and renewable energy using soil, water, air and natural resources with minimal pollution. It notes that integrating crops, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and other enterprises can supplement farmer income and employment while better recycling farm wastes. The document outlines objectives and advantages of integrated farming systems, including improved land productivity and income stability. It also lists potential system components and provides details on dairy farming and common cattle breeds in India.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
The document discusses government schemes and policies related to rice marketing in India. It outlines schemes to increase rice production through distribution of quality seeds and investments in irrigation. It also discusses policies for rice procurement and support of minimum prices. Government agencies regulate rice trade and storage, and collect and share agricultural market information to support farmers and the rice economy.
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
1. Cumbu Napier is a hybrid fodder grass developed from Pennisetum purpureum and P. americanum with a chromosome number of 2n = 20, 21.
2. Varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University include CO1-CO5 which are high yielding and suitable for growing throughout the year in Tamil Nadu.
3. CO-3 has characteristics of profuse tillering, high yield potential, high nutritional content, quick regeneration, and palatability with resistance to pests and diseases.
Pigeon pea is an important pulse crop that is widely grown in India. It is high in protein and nutrients. Pigeon pea varieties recommended for Uttar Pradesh include UPAS-120, Pusa-855, Type-17, Type-7, Type-21, Azad, Narendra Arhar-1, and Amar. Pigeon pea grows well in sandy loam to clayey loam soil and requires proper land preparation, treatment, and spacing between 15-30 cm for optimal growth and yields.
Nursery raising under protected structuresChanda Kumari
This document discusses raising nurseries of warm season vegetable crops under protected structures. It describes the advantages of protected structures for nurseries, including enabling year-round production and protection from adverse weather. It outlines different types of protected structures and nursery beds. The document discusses components of protected structures, best practices for sowing, nutrient and pest management, and constraints. Modern nursery facilities include automated irrigation, fertigation, temperature and humidity control systems. Seed priming and treatments can improve germination rates.
This document discusses the process of retting jute plants to extract the fibers. It begins with an introduction to jute as an important natural fiber crop and raw material. There are then sections that describe the different types of retting processes, including dry and wet retting. Wet retting involves submerging bundled jute plants in water for 8-30 days to allow microbes to loosen the fibers from the stalk. The document provides details on best practices for wet retting, such as water temperature and depth of submergence. It also notes potential issues like under-retting or over-retting fibers. Finally, it compares traditional and improved retting methods and discusses factors that influence fiber quality.
Non-monetary inputs play an important role in sustainable cropping systems. Some key non-monetary inputs include tillage practices, time of sowing, plant population, choice of crops and varieties, pest management, and weed management. For example, minimum or zero tillage can reduce costs while maintaining yield through improved soil health. Proper timing and plant spacing are also crucial for optimizing yields. Selecting drought-tolerant or pest-resistant varieties suited to local conditions helps maximize productivity with fewer purchased inputs. Integrated pest management and intercropping can also control pests and weeds at low cost. Together, optimizing these non-monetary factors through agroecological practices is important for profitable and sustainable
1) Harvesting of rubber, known as tapping, involves making controlled wounds in the bark of rubber trees to extract the latex. Tapping is done by skilled tappers and involves different tapping systems and intensities.
2) The latex extracted during tapping is processed into preserved latex concentrates, dried sheet rubber, or dry crepe rubber. Processing involves centrifuging, coagulation, rolling, and drying of the latex.
3) Rubber yields and quality vary based on factors like clone, age, soil fertility, climate, and tapping skill. Annual yields in South India are around 375kg/ha for seedlings and 900-1000kg/ha for budded plantations.
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
This document discusses the role of agroforestry in mitigating climate change. It begins by defining climate change and its causes, then outlines some of the impacts on agriculture like reduced crop yields. It notes that deforestation and land use changes contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The document then discusses strategies for carbon sequestration, identifying agroforestry as a key approach. Various agroforestry models are presented, and a case study shows higher carbon storage in a silvopastoral system compared to natural grassland. The conclusion is that agroforestry can significantly help mitigate climate change by storing carbon while providing other benefits.
1. The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture. It is expected to affect agricultural productivity and shift crop patterns due to factors like increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events.
2. Studies have shown that increases in temperature could reduce yields of crops like rice and wheat. Climate change may also lead to a change in suitable areas for growing certain crops. Rain-fed agriculture is expected to be more severely impacted than irrigated agriculture.
3. The impacts of climate change on agriculture could have wide-ranging implications for issues like food security, trade, livelihoods, and water conservation in India given the country's dependence on agriculture. Adaptation and mitigation strategies will
Cotton production has significant environmental impacts due to the extensive use of chemicals. Globally, cotton farming uses nearly $1.8 billion worth of pesticides annually, accounting for 10% of the world's pesticides. Many of the pesticides used are highly toxic and were banned in Western countries. Their overuse has damaged local ecosystems and contaminated water supplies. Fertilizer use also pollutes waterways. However, education programs are helping farmers reduce chemical reliance and adopt more sustainable practices.
This document discusses eco cotton and the challenges of sourcing sustainable eco cotton for merchandisers. It provides background on eco cotton and defines it as cotton grown without pesticides from non-GMO plants. It then outlines some of the key challenges merchandisers face in sourcing eco cotton, such as higher prices, issues with quality standards, supplier capacity, and perceptions of value. The document concludes that consumer demand will be an important driver to help address these challenges and expand the market for eco cotton products.
Organic vs non organic fabric- rachel summerlinMark McGinley
The document discusses the environmental and health impacts of different fabrics like polyester, rayon, cotton, and organic cotton. It notes that polyester manufacturing emits greenhouse gases and uses large amounts of water and energy. Rayon is made from wood pulp but forests are often cleared for production. Cotton is one of the most pesticide-intensive crops and pesticides can harm workers and contaminate water sources. The document advocates for organic cotton which avoids toxic chemicals and promotes sustainability through practices like composting and natural fertilizers. Choosing organic and fair trade clothing can help protect the environment and people's health.
ETHICAL CONSUMERISM AN OPPORTUNITY FOR INDIAN HANDCRAFTED AND HANDLOOM TEXTIL...Noorani Biswas
The document discusses ethical consumerism and its opportunities for the Indian handcrafted and handloom textile sectors. It covers topics like green and ethical fashion, ethical alternatives in fashion like organic cotton and wool, cellulosic fibers, bio-based alternatives and natural dyes. It also discusses global innovation for sustainability in the textile and apparel industry. The document contains research on the current scenario of the Indian handloom and handicraft sectors and analyzes the opportunities created by ethical consumerism that can help their growth, along with the challenges they face.
1. Bt cotton was among the first transgenic crops developed for commercial use by transferring a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that codes for a protein toxic to cotton bollworm pests.
2. Global adoption of Bt cotton has risen dramatically since its introduction in 1996 due to significant economic and production advantages for farmers including reduced insecticide use and increased yields and income.
3. Studies show Bt cotton reduces insecticide use by up to 94.5 million kilograms globally between 1996-2008, lowering production costs and environmental impacts while increasing farm profits by $7.5 billion over the same period.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is cultivated without these chemicals. It takes three years after switching to organic methods for the cotton to be certified organic and free of chemical residues. Farmers in India organize to produce organic cotton through associations like the Vidarbha Organic Farmers Association in order to have a cleaner, safer approach to cotton cultivation.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is grown without these chemicals. It is identified by labels like organic, green, and eco-friendly cotton. Farmers in India have formed organizations to promote organic cotton cultivation and sell to buyers in countries like Japan. Organic cotton production in India makes up 15% of global supply.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is grown without these chemicals. It is identified by labels like organic, green, and eco-friendly cotton. Farmers in India have formed organizations to promote organic cotton cultivation and sell to buyers in countries like Japan. Organic cotton production in India makes up 15% of global supply.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is grown without these chemicals. It is identified by labels like organic, green, and natural cotton. Farmers in India have formed organizations to promote organic cotton cultivation and sell to buyers in countries like Japan. Organic cotton production in India makes up 15% of global supply.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is cultivated without these chemicals. It takes three years after switching to organic methods for the cotton to be certified organic and free of chemical residues. Farmers in India are organizing to produce organic cotton in response to consumer demand and environmental and health concerns about conventional cotton cultivation.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is cultivated without these chemicals. It takes three years after switching to organic methods for the cotton to be certified organic and free of chemical residues. Farmers in India organize to produce organic cotton through associations like the Vidarbha Organic Farmers Association in order to have a cleaner, safer approach to cotton cultivation.
Lecture 11 organic and naturally coloured cottonAdane Nega
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and production methods. It focuses on organic cotton cultivation in India as an alternative to conventional cotton production which relies heavily on pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Organic cotton production avoids the use of chemicals and is better for the environment, human health and small farmers. Several organizations in India are working to promote organic cotton cultivation and provide certification.
Lecture 11 organic and naturally coloured cottonAdane Nega
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and fibres. It talks about how conventional cotton cultivation uses fertilizers and pesticides that harm the environment and human health. It promotes using organic cotton which is grown without chemicals. It also discusses other natural fibres and ensuring sustainable production, use and disposal of textiles to reduce environmental impact.
Lecture 11 organic and naturally coloured cottonAdane Nega
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and fibres. It talks about how conventional cotton cultivation uses fertilizers and pesticides that harm the environment and human health. It promotes using organic cotton produced without chemicals, and growing fibres like naturally coloured cotton. It outlines the three ecologies of production, use and disposal and standards for identifying truly eco-friendly products.
Lecture 11 organic and naturally coloured cottonAdane Nega
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and fibres. It talks about how conventional cotton cultivation uses fertilizers and pesticides that harm the environment and human health. It promotes using organic cotton produced without chemicals, and growing fibres like naturally coloured cotton. It outlines the three ecologies of production, use and disposal and standards for identifying truly eco-friendly products.
Lecture 11 organic and naturally coloured cottonAdane Nega
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and fibres. It talks about how conventional cotton cultivation uses fertilizers and pesticides that harm the environment and human health. It promotes using organic cotton which is grown without chemicals. It also discusses naturally colored cotton varieties that are grown and harvested without synthetic inputs. Overall, the document promotes adopting more sustainable and eco-friendly practices across the entire textile production process, from fiber cultivation to disposal after use.
The document discusses the environmental issues with plastic bags and presents an alternative of organic cotton bags. It notes that plastic bags take 1000 years to break down, release toxic chemicals, and are mistaken as food by marine animals. Over 100,000 marine mammals die each year from eating plastic bags. The document then highlights the benefits of organic cotton bags, including that organic cotton production uses no pesticides and protects farm workers and communities' health. It outlines the 10 steps of organic bag production from farming to shipping.
Cotton is one of the most widely produced crops worldwide, with China, India, the US, and others producing over 80% of the global supply. However, cotton farming has significant environmental impacts due to the large amounts of pesticides used, which represent 10% of the world's pesticides. Many of the chemicals used are highly hazardous but are still used in developing countries. The risks of chemical pollution extend beyond farms as rain can carry chemicals into water systems, potentially contaminating wildlife, water, and food. While education programs are helping to address these issues, cotton farming remains heavily reliant on dangerous chemicals.
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and organic cotton cultivation. It notes that conventional cotton production relies heavily on pesticides and fertilizers that harm the environment and human health. Organic cotton is identified as a more sustainable alternative that maintains soil health and uses natural pest control methods. While organic cotton production in India is still low compared to conventional cotton, some farmers' groups have successfully grown organic cotton in various states.
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and organic cotton cultivation. It notes that conventional cotton production relies heavily on pesticides and fertilizers that harm the environment and human health. Organic cotton is identified as a more sustainable alternative that maintains soil health and uses natural pest control methods instead of chemicals. The document outlines the benefits of organic cotton cultivation for the environment and farmers.
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2. The history of dyeing dates back thousands of years, with synthetic dyes being discovered in the 19th century.
3. Yarn dyeing produces a softer, higher quality thread compared to most common piece dyeing. Modern package dyeing machines allow for economical, automated yarn dyeing.
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- It optically scans the fibers from base to tip to analyze fiber length parameters like mean length and uniformity index.
- These measurements provide objective and reproducible analysis of fiber length and uniformity compared to other testing methods.
- The document outlines the machine components, testing process, data analysis, and limitations of the fibrograph method.
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Organic cotton
1. 1
organic cotton
Introductions:
Environment issues; like air, sound, land and water pollution, global worming;
have got utmost importance globally. Since long, developed and industrial
countries have been trying every possible way to control and reduce
environment pollution. For last few years, developing and least developing
countries have showed their interest on environment issues. Control on
environment pollution means control over health hazards, diseases of human
beings, animals, and plants. Finally, safe planet for it’s creatures.
Textile and Clothing (T&C) sector is one of the biggest environment polluters in
industrial sectors. The textile industry is largely based upon the agriculture
system. We get cotton through agriculture system. Cotton is the most important
and extensively used raw material in T&C industry. It (cotton) provides almost
50% of the global fiber requirement. Cotton fibers are processed in textile
industry and eventually we get clothing that we wear.
When cotton is cultivated in traditional/conventional method, it pollutes
environment (soil, water and air pollution, soil erosion) and does harm to the
stakeholders (health risk for farmers, producer and consumers, killing animals
and plants). Because, fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides are used in
conventional cotton cultivation extensively. According to statistics, the
conventional cotton crops occupies 3% of the world cultivated areas but it
represents 25% of pesticides and 10% of insecticides brought in the world. That
is why; cotton is the most pesticide-dependent crop (after corn and soybean
cultivation) in the world and one of the biggest environment polluters in
agriculture sector. Growing cotton accounts for 2.6% of the world’s yearly water
usage.
It is found that a basic T-shirt made of conventional cotton requires 1/4 pound
of harmful chemicals (pesticide, insecticide, processing chemicals, dyes,
2. 2
auxiliaries) while a jeans contains 1/3-pound harmful chemicals. That means if
someone simply wears a jeans and a T-shirt, s/he wears more than half a
pound of chemicals. As per Seasalt (Organic clothing company), as many as
8000 chemicals can be used in the process of turning cotton into a T-shirt. To
grow the fiber for a man’s dress shirt requires 414.5 gallons (1570litre) of
water.
Conventional cotton cultivation is taking toll on our environment and human
health as a whole. But there is one best method to cultivate cotton, which
dramatically delivers best quality cotton while respecting the environment and
human beings- organic agriculture (organic cotton cultivation). OC is grown
using methods and materials that have a low impact on the environment. OC is
also well known as Bio-Cotton. Consumers to buy textile products made of OC
by considering few points like ethical & moral issues (i.e. environment
protection, sustainable development) and consciousness (health hazards).
Disasters brought by Traditional Cotton Cultivation:
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 20,000 deaths occur in
developing countries each from the poisoning by agriculture pesticides used on
crops, of which many, due to their relative toxicity, can be attributed to cotton.
Information disclosed by Soil Association, in Benin in West Africa, 24 people
died due to poisoning from cotton pesticides in 2000. According to Organic
Trade Association (OTA), in 1999, a work crew (a group of people) re-entered a
cotton field about 5 hours after it was treated with tribufos and sodium chlorate
(re-entry should have been prohibited for 24 hours). 7 among them
subsequently sought medical treatment and 5 have had ongoing health
problems.
3. 3
What is organic cotton?
Organic cotton is grown using methods and materials that have a low impact on the
environment. Organic production systems replenish and maintain soil fertility, reduce the use of
toxic and persistent pesticides and fertilizers, and build biologically diverse agriculture. Third-
party certification organizations verify that organic producers use only methods and materials
allowed in organic production. Organic cotton is grown without the use of toxic and persistent
pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. In addition, federal regulations prohibit the use of genetically
engineered seed for organic farming. All cotton sold as organic in the United States must meet
strict federal regulations covering how the cotton is grown.
How much organic cotton is grown globally?
According to the 2011 Textile Exchange Organic Cotton Farm & Fiber Report, approximately
151,079 metric tons (MT) of organic cotton (693,900 bales) were grown on 324,577 hectares
(802,047 acres) in 2010-2011. Organic cotton now equals 0.7 percent of global cotton
production.
Organic cotton was grown in 20 countries worldwide in 2010-11, led by India, and including (in
order of rank): Syria, China, Turkey, United States, Tanzania, Egypt, Mali, Kyrgyzstan, Peru,
Pakistan, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Benin, Paraguay, Israel, Tajikistan, Brazil, Nicaragua, and
Senegal. Approximately 219,000 farmers grew the fiber.
4. 4
What is the value of the global organic cotton market?
According to a report by Textile Exchange 2010 Global Market Report on Sustainable
Textiles, global sales of organic cotton apparel and home textile products reached an
estimated $5.16 billion in 2010. This reflects a 20 percent increase from the 2009
market. Companies reported significant growth in their organic cotton programs, and
increased adoption of standards. Approximately 219,000 farmers grew the fiber.
How is the apparel industry involved with organic cotton?
Apparel companies are developing programs that either use 100 percent organically
grown cotton, or blend small percentages of organic cotton with conventional cotton in
their products. There are a number of companies driving the expanded use of domestic
and international organic cotton. For a current list of OTA members with products
containing organic fiber.
How fast is the organic fiber market growing?
In 2011, organic fiber sales in the United States grew by 17.1 percent over the previous year, to
reach $708 million, according to the Organic Trade Association’s 2012 Organic Industry Survey.
The future looks promising, with organic fiber products appearing in more mainstream outlets,
led by large and small U.S. textile retailers alike.[2]
History of Organic Farming:
Before 1900’s farming was organic, as the farmers didn’t have knowledge on
chemical and its utilization. But after 1900, chemicals got utilization as urea and
DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane). Urea is nitrogen-release fertilizer and
DDT is an organochlorine pesticide that has been used as an insecticide in
agriculture and to combat insect vectors of diseases such as malaria and
5. 5
typhus. During 1960’s and 1970’s the concept of organic food became a
separate entity to the ‘normal’/conventional food.
According to Datamonitor, a world-leading provider of premium global business
information, the global organic food market was about USD 36.7 billion in 2006,
USD 43.5 billion in 2007 and USD 52 billion in 2008. On average the market
growth of organic food is about 20%.
According to Organic Exchange (OE), a non-profit organization, global OC
apparel and home textile products market was about $3.2 billion in 2008, which
represent a 68% increase from the $1.9 billion market in 2007. It is estimated
$4 billion market in 2009 and a $5.3 billion market in 2010. The amount of OC
farmers grew worldwide in 2007/08 increased 152 percent.
Organic Farming:
According to Agriculture and Rural Development, European Commission,
Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on crops rotation, green
manure, compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation, etc., to
maintain soil productivity and control pests, excluding or strictly limiting the use
of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, and genetically modified
organisms (GMO).
6. 6
Similarly OC means the cotton that is grown without using chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and GMO seeds. In conventional cotton
production GMO seeds are harvested which are treated with fungicides or
insecticides, applies synthetic fertilizers and herbicide, and requires intensive
irrigation. On the contrary, in OC cultivation, untreated seeds are used, instead
of fertilizers, crops rotation are done to build suitable soil, physical efforts are
applied to inhibits weed germination, mixture of chillies, garlic and soap are
used to deter pests without destroying their predators.
According to Hierarchy of Pollution Control, growing OC belongs to the ‘Pollution
Prevention’ (also known as source reduction), which is the act of eliminating the
pollutant before it is generated.
Cotton Production in Bangladesh:
Cotton production in Bangladesh was 7705 tones in fiscal year 2007-08. Next
fiscal year of 2008-09 cotton production increase about 19.5% to 9200 tones. It
is forecasted for the year of 2009-10 cotton production 9500 tones while cotton
consumption in the same year forecasted 669,500tones. It means that
Bangladesh produces only 1.42% of its total demand of cotton.
In the year of 2008-09 total 32,600 hectares areas were harvested for 9200
tones of cotton production in Bangladesh. People Tree, an ecological clothing
label, which is certified by the Soil Association and Fairtrade Foundation, has
7. 7
launched a campaign to boost the preparation of cotton grown organically from
0.6 to 10% by 2010.
As a part of promotion of growing OC, People Tree is working to convert
conventional cotton cultivation into OC cultivation. People Tree started pilot
projects at Waster Concern in Bogra district and Swallows in Thanapara. To get
trained agriculturalists in the projects, the organization had sent human
resources to Agrocel in India. These pilot projects have been successful,
resulting good fiber length organic cotton (length same as Indian organic
cotton) production. Bangladesh Cotton Development Board and Mohipur
Agriculture Training Institute (MATI) played active roles as well. Experts’
opinioned Bangladeshi climate is quite suitable to produce OC. Experts
confirmed that cultivating OC is beneficial to our farmers because farmers could
get higher price of organic cotton than that of traditional cotton while organic
cotton production is lower due to no use of fertilizers, pesticides and
insecticides.
Advantages of Organic Cotton:
Fig: Fish Diagram showing advantages of OC
8. 8
Developing OC cultivation in Bangladesh through Adoption and
Diffusion Process:
Adoption and Diffusion is well-known process/theory concerning the spread of
new innovation, ideas or technology in a community. Adoption process is,
simply, the acceptation of innovation/ideas and Diffusion is a process by which
the spread of a new idea (innovation) from its source of innovation or creation
to its ultimate users or adopters.
Understanding diffusion and adoption processes are crucial for growing
awareness about OC and its prospects and potential in agriculture society and
for the country. Applying this process is essential in spreading OC concepts and
its stronger acceptance in concern societies. In most cases, success came in
sociology, political science, civics, marketing, management, public health,
communications, economics, education, and technology, by applying this
Adoption and Diffusion Theory.
The acceptance and spread of OC are not up to the mark, as expected by the
global promoters of OC concept. The reasons of the failure can be summarized
as: government’s intervention through subsidized price of high yield seeds,
pesticides and fertilizers while buying organic seed in higher cost; lack of
regular training, motivation, supports from promoters; need for improved policy
and lobbying; lack of effective market communication and costly OC
certification; few vendors for OC; little that has known experimentally about
growing and processing of OC; and, long list of quality and technical issues.
International Organizations for OC Program Development:
International organizations; namely Organic Exchange, Fair Trade Foundation,
Institute for Marketecology (IMO), Soil Association, Oxfam, Control Union
(formerly known ‘SKAL’, EcoCert; have developed new information, tools, and
business models for helping countries/companies develop and implement OC
programs. Well-known agency in the world ‘ECOCERT’ is responsible for
9. 9
inspecting its conformity with the following standards: Ecocert Fair Trade
Standards, EC 2092/91 Standards (European Standards), USDA NOP Standards
(American Standards), JAS Standards (Japanese Standards) while another well-
known agency ‘SKAL’/Control Union is responsible for EC 2092/91 standards
and USDA NOP standards. Only fiber certifications are ‘OE 100 Organic
Standard’ and ‘OE Blended Standard’ while full product certification is done
under ‘Global Organic Textile Standard’ (GTOS).
Conclusion:
Organic raised cotton is gradually winning over new ground both on the farm
and in the market places by crossing barriers like awareness, negative
perception, distrust, availability and price. Consumers’ desire for ethical
products is the principal force for offering organic cotton products. I believe that
organic cotton is the best for clothing for environmental and humanitarian
reasons and especially best for a child’s sensitive skin. Wearing non-organic
cotton has not been proven to be directly bad for our health but growing non-
organic cotton has serious impact on environment, and on those who farm the
raw materials. At this moment, organic cotton is considered only for niche
market demand and products, but as the awareness is increasing on
environment protection and therefore for organic cotton, within short time may
capture main market. I believe that government; private sector and producer
associations each have necessary roles to play in promoting and facilitating
cultivation or organic cotton and its marketability. They should develop supply
chain relationship all the way back to the farmers, empower small-scale
farmers, train and educate farmers. They should also create the supply chain of
OC (raw cotton to final cotton products) with ‘Pull Strategy’ while present supply
chain is based on ‘Push Strategy’. It is very easy for Bangladesh to become
100% organic cotton producing country as we cultivate very lower amount of
cotton.[1]
10. 10
References:
[1].Bangladesh Cotton and Products Annual (GAIN Report Nr. BG9007)
Article: Eco-labelling Applications in the Textile and Apparel Sector in Turkey by
TuranAtilgan
http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/home_en
http://www.organicexchange.org/Documents/08_annual.pdf
www.ota.com/organic/environment/cotton_environment.html
www.ota.com
www.imo.ch
www.coral.rose.typepad.com
Rogers, E. M.(2003).Diffusion of innovations.
Organic Exchange. (2008). Organic cotton market
report. www.organicexchange.org
PAN Germany.(2007). Organic cotton—background information.
http://www.pan-germany.net/baumwolle/en/index.htm
[2].https://organiccottonplus.com/pages/learning-center