Presentation on organ donation and experimentation. Legal provision of organ donation and history of human experimentation.

2. Organ donation is the process whereby an
individual allows his/her organ to be removed
and transplanted to another person, legally,
either by consent while the
donor is alive or dead with
the assent of the next of
kin.

3.  Live donation
A living person can donate only one kidney,
some part of the liver or a part of the
pancreas.
 Donation after brain death
A brain-dead donor can donate both kidneys
and lungs, heart, liver, intestine, pancreas
and other tissues.

5.  For living donors, organ donation typically
involves extensive testing before the
donation, including psychological evaluation
to determine whether the would-be donor
understands and consents to the donation.
 For dead donors, the process begins with
verifying that the person is undoubtedly
deceased to ensure no remaining signs of
life.

6.  Declaration of the brain death.
 Information is sent to the transplant coordination unit.
 A team of transplant coordinator, surgeons, anesthesiologists,
nurses and other supportive staff is mobilized.
 Transplant coordinators and doctors counsel the patient’s
relative for organ donation and performing necessary
investigation.
 A written consent is taken from the family member.
 The donor is taken to the operation theatre and the organ is
removed.
 The donor’s body is handed over to the family.
 Recipient counselling and organ allocation is done.
 Organ procurement, preservation and transport.
 Necessary documentation and organ transplantation.

7.  Although no official data exist on the number
of kidney and liver failures in Nepal, it has
been estimated that annually there are 3,000
kidney failure patients and 1,500 liver failure
patients.
 The numbers increase every year. Most of
them die without proper medical care and
transplant. But, so far, only 13 live donor liver
transplants have been done with the first
case in 2016.

9. Organ donation in Nepal is done as per the
Human Body organ transplantation act, 1998;
its amendment in 2016; and
its regulation issued in 2016.
As per the act, the buying and selling of organs
is a punishable offence with both fines and
imprisonment.

10. Medical experimentation
refers to the testing and
evaluation of a new drug
or procedure on subjects
in order gain knowledge
about advancing medical
and public health.

11.  The practice of medical experimentation is an
ancient one, found among physicians in ancient
Greece and Rome, the Arab and Ottoman
Empires, and especially in European medical
practice during the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries.
 During World War II, experimentation was part
of the state-sanction behavior of Nazi doctors
within the broader program of extermination of
races considered inferior or of targeted political
groups.

13.  Sterilization Experiments
These experiments were
Conducted on the inmates of
Auschwitz, Ravenbrick & other
Camps to prevent reproduction
of Russians, Poles, Gypsies, and
Jews who were preserved from
extermination in order to perform
labor.

14.  High-Altitude (Low Pressure) Experiment
Inmates of the Dachau concentration camp in
1942 were locked in an airtight pressure chamber
and the pressure was altered to simulate
atmospheric conditions at very high altitude
without oxygen.

15.  Poison Experiments
Russian inmates of Buchanwald were injected
with poisons, sometimes administered through
poison bullets.
The aim was to observe
victims' reactions to the
poison up to the point
of death.

16. It is a set of ethical principles developed in the
wake of Nazi atrocities—specifically the
inhumane and often fatal experimentation on
human subjects without their consent.
1. Voluntary consent is necessary.
2. Result must be for the greater good of the
society.
3. It should be based on previous knowledge.

17. 4. Experiments should avoid physical and mental
sufferings.
5. Experiment should not be conducted if there is
risk of death or disability.
6. Risk and benefit.
7. Facilities must to be provided that protects the
subject from the risk.
8. Staffs should be competent.
9. Participants can withdraw the study anytime.
10. Staffs can discontinue the experiment
anytime.

18. THANK YOU