The document summarizes several studies conducted between 2004-2006 and 2014-2015 on growing kenaf in Iowa. It examines the effects of seed density, row spacing, nitrogen fertilizer, and planting date on kenaf yield, morphology, and fiber composition. The studies found that yield was maximized at 247,000 seeds/ha and May planting date. Nitrogen fertilizer improved fiber quality but did not increase yield after soybeans. Row spacing and seed density significantly impacted fiber characteristics in complex ways. Overall, kenaf can be grown successfully in Iowa and offers opportunities for agricultural diversity and industrial applications.
International Food Policy Research Institute/ Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (IFPRI/ ESSP)and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) Coordinated a conference with Agriculutral Transformation Agency (ATA) and Ministry of Agriculutrue (MoA) on Teff Value Chain at Hilton Hotel Addis Ababa on October 10, 2013.
This document summarizes research on kenaf, an annual multi-purpose crop, grown in Iowa for fiber, feed, and fuel. The research evaluated 8 kenaf varieties for optimal yield, morphology, and quality of bast and core fibers for bioenergy. Tainung 2 and Dowling varieties yielded highest. Morphology varied by variety and year. Pyrolysis showed core produced more compounds than bast for energy. Further analysis is needed to identify compounds and evaluate varieties for optimal biofuel production in Iowa.
How Boston is becoming the best place in the world for BigCo/startup/academic...Scott Kirsner
Presentation I gave November 18th at the MassTLC's Transform conference, focusing on the Boston area's advantages for large companies seeking to collaborate with startups and academic researchers.
Hemp can be used as a raw material for paper making. It grows quickly within a growing season and produces high yields of fiber. Hemp fiber is long, soft, and durable. The stem is divided into hemp core and hemp bast. Hemp bast comprises the majority of the fiber. Using hemp can help address shortages of wood fiber as demand for paper increases. Hemp requires less fertilizer and energy than wood in pulp production. The document discusses hemp cultivation, harvesting, processing, and properties of hemp pulp and paper. It finds that paper made from hemp fiber has good strength properties.
This document summarizes an expert consultation on the role of crop improvement in India and emerging partnerships. It discusses the contributions of plant sciences to crop production during the Green Revolution, lessons learned, and future challenges. It notes unprecedented agricultural production increases over the last 60 years but also emerging problems like malnutrition, declining yields and resources. Future strategies proposed include raising productivity on small farms, increasing incomes with low-cost technologies, managing natural resources sustainably, and partnerships between India and other countries on issues like climate change adaptation. Recent successes with crops like Bt cotton, soybean, potatoes, and basmati rice are highlighted.
Agricultural growth in Ethiopia (2004-2014): Evidence and driversessp2
1) Agricultural growth in Ethiopia from 2004-2014 was driven by increases in area cultivated, yields, and adoption of improved technologies like fertilizer and seeds.
2) Key drivers included expanded agricultural extension services, improved connectivity and education, and incentives for adoption of modern inputs.
3) Ethiopia invested heavily in agriculture over the past decade, expanding extension workers and improving informational efficiency, which supported agricultural intensification and modernization.
This document summarizes organic farming research projects at the University of Nebraska. It discusses three main grants focused on improving organic farming systems across the state. The first grant aims to create certified organic research plots, improve production through research, and extend results to the public. The second grant supports developing wheat cultivars and cropping systems optimized for organic production. The third grant provides research on organic nutrient management, weed control methods, and their impact on biodiversity. Key areas of research discussed include cover crops, weed control through flaming, breeding wheat varieties for organic systems, and assessing biodiversity using the Healthy Farm Index. The document emphasizes developing partnerships with organic organizations and farmers to support the research.
Post-harvest losses in Ethiopia: measures and associates essp2
This document summarizes preliminary results from a study on post-harvest losses in Ethiopia conducted by researchers from FAO-MAFAP and IFPRI-ESSP. Some key findings include:
- Around 40-50% of households storing cereal crops reported losses during storage, with losses averaging around 5-7% of stored quantities.
- Factors associated with higher losses included higher household wealth, proximity to urban areas, and higher humidity during storage. Higher seasonal price gaps and temperatures were linked to lower losses.
- Most households stored crops for 3-6 months, and losses generally increased the longer crops were stored. The majority of households reported minor losses of 1-10% of stored quantities.
International Food Policy Research Institute/ Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (IFPRI/ ESSP)and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) Coordinated a conference with Agriculutral Transformation Agency (ATA) and Ministry of Agriculutrue (MoA) on Teff Value Chain at Hilton Hotel Addis Ababa on October 10, 2013.
This document summarizes research on kenaf, an annual multi-purpose crop, grown in Iowa for fiber, feed, and fuel. The research evaluated 8 kenaf varieties for optimal yield, morphology, and quality of bast and core fibers for bioenergy. Tainung 2 and Dowling varieties yielded highest. Morphology varied by variety and year. Pyrolysis showed core produced more compounds than bast for energy. Further analysis is needed to identify compounds and evaluate varieties for optimal biofuel production in Iowa.
How Boston is becoming the best place in the world for BigCo/startup/academic...Scott Kirsner
Presentation I gave November 18th at the MassTLC's Transform conference, focusing on the Boston area's advantages for large companies seeking to collaborate with startups and academic researchers.
Hemp can be used as a raw material for paper making. It grows quickly within a growing season and produces high yields of fiber. Hemp fiber is long, soft, and durable. The stem is divided into hemp core and hemp bast. Hemp bast comprises the majority of the fiber. Using hemp can help address shortages of wood fiber as demand for paper increases. Hemp requires less fertilizer and energy than wood in pulp production. The document discusses hemp cultivation, harvesting, processing, and properties of hemp pulp and paper. It finds that paper made from hemp fiber has good strength properties.
This document summarizes an expert consultation on the role of crop improvement in India and emerging partnerships. It discusses the contributions of plant sciences to crop production during the Green Revolution, lessons learned, and future challenges. It notes unprecedented agricultural production increases over the last 60 years but also emerging problems like malnutrition, declining yields and resources. Future strategies proposed include raising productivity on small farms, increasing incomes with low-cost technologies, managing natural resources sustainably, and partnerships between India and other countries on issues like climate change adaptation. Recent successes with crops like Bt cotton, soybean, potatoes, and basmati rice are highlighted.
Agricultural growth in Ethiopia (2004-2014): Evidence and driversessp2
1) Agricultural growth in Ethiopia from 2004-2014 was driven by increases in area cultivated, yields, and adoption of improved technologies like fertilizer and seeds.
2) Key drivers included expanded agricultural extension services, improved connectivity and education, and incentives for adoption of modern inputs.
3) Ethiopia invested heavily in agriculture over the past decade, expanding extension workers and improving informational efficiency, which supported agricultural intensification and modernization.
This document summarizes organic farming research projects at the University of Nebraska. It discusses three main grants focused on improving organic farming systems across the state. The first grant aims to create certified organic research plots, improve production through research, and extend results to the public. The second grant supports developing wheat cultivars and cropping systems optimized for organic production. The third grant provides research on organic nutrient management, weed control methods, and their impact on biodiversity. Key areas of research discussed include cover crops, weed control through flaming, breeding wheat varieties for organic systems, and assessing biodiversity using the Healthy Farm Index. The document emphasizes developing partnerships with organic organizations and farmers to support the research.
Post-harvest losses in Ethiopia: measures and associates essp2
This document summarizes preliminary results from a study on post-harvest losses in Ethiopia conducted by researchers from FAO-MAFAP and IFPRI-ESSP. Some key findings include:
- Around 40-50% of households storing cereal crops reported losses during storage, with losses averaging around 5-7% of stored quantities.
- Factors associated with higher losses included higher household wealth, proximity to urban areas, and higher humidity during storage. Higher seasonal price gaps and temperatures were linked to lower losses.
- Most households stored crops for 3-6 months, and losses generally increased the longer crops were stored. The majority of households reported minor losses of 1-10% of stored quantities.
This document describes a study that aimed to develop a nutrient kit for increased growth and yield of vegetables grown in grow bags. The study standardized the nutrient requirements of tomatoes, brinjal, and chilli grown in grow bags. It involved 7 treatments with different levels of recommended NPK fertilizers applied to the crops. Parameters measured included plant growth, yield characteristics, media analysis, and physiological parameters. The results will be used to develop a nutrient kit tailored for grow bag grown vegetables like tomato, brinjal, and chilli.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effects of tillage and nutrient management practices on wheat grown after rice. Some key points:
- Wheat is the second most important crop in India after rice, accounting for 31.5% of food grain. Average wheat yield in India is 31.2 q/ha.
- Rice and wheat are the dominant crops in India, occupying 42 and 29.64 million hectares respectively and contributing 75% of food needs.
- Tillage practices like zero tillage, reduced tillage, and bed planting can help save time, costs, and irrigation water compared to conventional tillage. Nutrient management should match application to crop requirements to improve yields and reduce losses.
This document provides information on the morphometric characteristics and productivity of two goat breeds, Barbari and Chokla, and one sheep breed, Chokla. For the Barbari breed, it describes their distribution, conformation, weight and height measurements, kidding rates, milk production, meat growth rates, and carcass composition. For the Chokla goat, it outlines their physical characteristics and wool production. Finally, it lists various metrics for the Chokla sheep breed including weight, wool fiber traits, reproductive rates, mortality rates, and carcass traits.
Ram P. Sah analyzed constraints to Nepal's seed system. The national seed system includes public institutions, international collaborators, private sector, and farmer communities. Cereal production has grown but seed replacement rates remain low (<10%). Major constraints include inadequate variety choice, ineffective seed planning and supply, low seed quality assessment capacity, and limited private sector participation. Policy interventions are needed to promote a demand-driven, efficient seed industry through quality control, proactive policies and regulations, infrastructure updates, and public-private partnerships.
The document provides information about the supervising committee and outline for a presentation on maize farming in Jajarkot, Nepal. It includes 3 members of the supervising committee and their roles. The presentation outline covers an introduction to agriculture and maize in Nepal and Jajarkot, a statement of the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, results and discussions, conclusions, and acknowledgements.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
This document discusses the status and future of cassava production. It begins by reviewing historical trends of increasing cassava yields in various countries from 1961 to 2009. While yields of 30-40 tons per hectare are possible with good management, most countries have not reached yield potential. The document then discusses lessons learned, including the importance of sustained investment in research, genetic improvement, and integrated production/market systems. Going forward, the document calls for developing new cassava varieties with traits for high yields, pest/disease resistance, and specific end uses. This will require revitalizing national research programs with new technologies, such as genomics, phenomics, and marker-assisted breeding. The overarching vision is to develop cassava
The PPP describes the journey of rice breeding in India. It also describes the present status of rice breeding in respect of biotic and abiotic stresses in view of climate change. It also suggests some strategical points for future rice breeding programme.
This document outlines the methodology for a study on the adoption of recommended maize production practices among farmers in Jajarkot District, Nepal. The study will assess the adoption level of practices like pre-ploughing, use of recommended varieties, row planting, and pest/disease control. It will analyze how socioeconomic factors like gender, education, and training influence adoption. Sixty farmers will be surveyed using random sampling. Data collection methods will include interviews, observations, and reviews of secondary sources. Results will be analyzed using statistical tests to identify relationships between adoption and factors like education, training, and exposure to extension services. The findings can help stakeholders improve outreach and support for recommended practices.
Dr. Rod Hill - Controlling the Cost of Beef Production Through Improving Feed...John Blue
Controlling the Cost of Beef Production Through Improving Feed Efficiency - Dr. Rod Hill, University of Idaho Department of Animal & Veterinary Science, from the 2012 Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture, March 26 - 29, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at: http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-decreasing-resources-increasing-regulation-advance-animal-agriculture
This document summarizes a study on maize-potato intercropping in Tigray, Ethiopia. Intercropping was found to increase land productivity and total yields compared to sole cropping. The highest land equivalent ratio of 1.58 was found for the treatment of one row of maize intercropped with two rows of potato, indicating a 58% yield advantage over sole crops. This treatment is recommended as a viable option for smallholders to improve food security and increase income through more efficient use of land. Further research on different locations, seasons, and crop combinations could help optimize the maize-potato intercropping system.
This document discusses recent trends in forage production, quality, and preservation in India. It begins with an introduction to the importance of forage and livestock in India's economy. It then covers classifications of forage crops, challenges in forage production, and the supply and demand scenario. Recent approaches to improve forage production through intensified systems, quality varieties, and nutrient management are described. Methods of conserving forage through hay, silage, and recent trends are outlined. Research studies on hydroponic fodder production, variety trials, and micronutrient application are summarized.
This document summarizes baseline surveys conducted on chickpea production. It provides key findings from the surveys in India, Ethiopia, and Canada. The main points are:
1) India is the largest producer and importer of chickpeas, accounting for 87% of global production and 30% of imports. Canada and Australia are major exporters.
2) Sample sizes for the surveys ranged from 270-700 farmers in regions studied.
3) Surveys found differences in incomes, assets, yields and costs between regions. For example, Ethiopian farmers had the lowest incomes but highest yields.
4) Major constraints to chickpea production identified were high seed costs, low yields, and pest
The document summarizes the progress of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program in Tehri Garhwal, India between 2006-2012. [1] It shows increasing adoption rates among farmers, with over 4,700 farmers and 341 hectares in 2010. [2] Key benefits for farmers included higher yields, less water and seed needed, and reduced costs. [3] The organization's future plans were to train 7,000 farmers in SRI and 2,000 in the System of Wheat Intensification by expanding to additional blocks in Tehri Garhwal district.
The document summarizes the progress of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program in Tehri Garhwal, India between 2006-2012. [1] It shows increasing adoption rates among farmers, with over 4,700 farmers and 341 hectares in 2010. [2] Key benefits for farmers included higher yields, less water and seed needed, and reduced costs. [3] The organization's future plans were to train 7,000 farmers in SRI and 2,000 in the System of Wheat Intensification by expanding to additional blocks in Tehri Garhwal district.
This document summarizes research on crop rotations in Iowa. A 2-year corn-soybean rotation is compared to 3-year and 4-year rotations that include oats, red clover, and alfalfa. The longer rotations require more labor but use 86-96% less nitrogen fertilizer and 97% less herbicide. Soil quality improves with longer rotations, which also have similar or higher yields compared to the 2-year system. Integrating livestock through manure application provides nitrogen to the crops and improves the economics and environmental sustainability of the farming system.
Silviculture for Smallholders: improving local forestry value chainsCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by James Roshetko from ICRAF given during the Forests Asia Summit in the discussion forum "Equitable development: Improving livelihood benefits for smallholders in the forestry value chain" focuses on understanding farmer systems and farmer silviculture. It shows the Farmer demo trials and recommendations as well.
This document summarizes an action research project conducted in the village of Tahtajpur, India. The objectives were to gather first-hand data on village demographics, livelihoods, and dynamics through household surveys, transect walks, and other participatory research methods. Key findings include agriculture being the main livelihood but productivity is declining, irrigation relying on diesel which is problematic in summer, and potential for vegetable and mushroom cultivation. Recommendations focus on training in best agriculture practices, introducing cash crops, and forming a farmers group for economic benefits.
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This document describes a study that aimed to develop a nutrient kit for increased growth and yield of vegetables grown in grow bags. The study standardized the nutrient requirements of tomatoes, brinjal, and chilli grown in grow bags. It involved 7 treatments with different levels of recommended NPK fertilizers applied to the crops. Parameters measured included plant growth, yield characteristics, media analysis, and physiological parameters. The results will be used to develop a nutrient kit tailored for grow bag grown vegetables like tomato, brinjal, and chilli.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effects of tillage and nutrient management practices on wheat grown after rice. Some key points:
- Wheat is the second most important crop in India after rice, accounting for 31.5% of food grain. Average wheat yield in India is 31.2 q/ha.
- Rice and wheat are the dominant crops in India, occupying 42 and 29.64 million hectares respectively and contributing 75% of food needs.
- Tillage practices like zero tillage, reduced tillage, and bed planting can help save time, costs, and irrigation water compared to conventional tillage. Nutrient management should match application to crop requirements to improve yields and reduce losses.
This document provides information on the morphometric characteristics and productivity of two goat breeds, Barbari and Chokla, and one sheep breed, Chokla. For the Barbari breed, it describes their distribution, conformation, weight and height measurements, kidding rates, milk production, meat growth rates, and carcass composition. For the Chokla goat, it outlines their physical characteristics and wool production. Finally, it lists various metrics for the Chokla sheep breed including weight, wool fiber traits, reproductive rates, mortality rates, and carcass traits.
Ram P. Sah analyzed constraints to Nepal's seed system. The national seed system includes public institutions, international collaborators, private sector, and farmer communities. Cereal production has grown but seed replacement rates remain low (<10%). Major constraints include inadequate variety choice, ineffective seed planning and supply, low seed quality assessment capacity, and limited private sector participation. Policy interventions are needed to promote a demand-driven, efficient seed industry through quality control, proactive policies and regulations, infrastructure updates, and public-private partnerships.
The document provides information about the supervising committee and outline for a presentation on maize farming in Jajarkot, Nepal. It includes 3 members of the supervising committee and their roles. The presentation outline covers an introduction to agriculture and maize in Nepal and Jajarkot, a statement of the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, results and discussions, conclusions, and acknowledgements.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
This document discusses the status and future of cassava production. It begins by reviewing historical trends of increasing cassava yields in various countries from 1961 to 2009. While yields of 30-40 tons per hectare are possible with good management, most countries have not reached yield potential. The document then discusses lessons learned, including the importance of sustained investment in research, genetic improvement, and integrated production/market systems. Going forward, the document calls for developing new cassava varieties with traits for high yields, pest/disease resistance, and specific end uses. This will require revitalizing national research programs with new technologies, such as genomics, phenomics, and marker-assisted breeding. The overarching vision is to develop cassava
The PPP describes the journey of rice breeding in India. It also describes the present status of rice breeding in respect of biotic and abiotic stresses in view of climate change. It also suggests some strategical points for future rice breeding programme.
This document outlines the methodology for a study on the adoption of recommended maize production practices among farmers in Jajarkot District, Nepal. The study will assess the adoption level of practices like pre-ploughing, use of recommended varieties, row planting, and pest/disease control. It will analyze how socioeconomic factors like gender, education, and training influence adoption. Sixty farmers will be surveyed using random sampling. Data collection methods will include interviews, observations, and reviews of secondary sources. Results will be analyzed using statistical tests to identify relationships between adoption and factors like education, training, and exposure to extension services. The findings can help stakeholders improve outreach and support for recommended practices.
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More presentations at: http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-decreasing-resources-increasing-regulation-advance-animal-agriculture
This document summarizes a study on maize-potato intercropping in Tigray, Ethiopia. Intercropping was found to increase land productivity and total yields compared to sole cropping. The highest land equivalent ratio of 1.58 was found for the treatment of one row of maize intercropped with two rows of potato, indicating a 58% yield advantage over sole crops. This treatment is recommended as a viable option for smallholders to improve food security and increase income through more efficient use of land. Further research on different locations, seasons, and crop combinations could help optimize the maize-potato intercropping system.
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This document summarizes baseline surveys conducted on chickpea production. It provides key findings from the surveys in India, Ethiopia, and Canada. The main points are:
1) India is the largest producer and importer of chickpeas, accounting for 87% of global production and 30% of imports. Canada and Australia are major exporters.
2) Sample sizes for the surveys ranged from 270-700 farmers in regions studied.
3) Surveys found differences in incomes, assets, yields and costs between regions. For example, Ethiopian farmers had the lowest incomes but highest yields.
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The document summarizes the progress of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program in Tehri Garhwal, India between 2006-2012. [1] It shows increasing adoption rates among farmers, with over 4,700 farmers and 341 hectares in 2010. [2] Key benefits for farmers included higher yields, less water and seed needed, and reduced costs. [3] The organization's future plans were to train 7,000 farmers in SRI and 2,000 in the System of Wheat Intensification by expanding to additional blocks in Tehri Garhwal district.
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This document summarizes an action research project conducted in the village of Tahtajpur, India. The objectives were to gather first-hand data on village demographics, livelihoods, and dynamics through household surveys, transect walks, and other participatory research methods. Key findings include agriculture being the main livelihood but productivity is declining, irrigation relying on diesel which is problematic in summer, and potential for vegetable and mushroom cultivation. Recommendations focus on training in best agriculture practices, introducing cash crops, and forming a farmers group for economic benefits.
Similar to Oral - Multivariable - Marie Bourguignon (20)
1. Optimal agricultural practices for
growing kenaf in Iowa
November 17th, 2015
Marie Bourguignon1, Ken Moore1, Sotirios Archontoulis1,
Roger Hintz1, Brian Baldwin2.
1 Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University
2 Plant & Soil Sciences Department, Mississippi University
2. What we know about kenaf…
Core
Short and
porous fibers
Bast
Long and valuable
fibers
4. What we do NOT know about kenaf…
?
What is its potential
for fuel ?
5. Experiment 2004 - 2005 - 2006
Treatment Unit 2004 - 2005 - 2006
Cultivar Tainung 2
Seed Density seed ha-1 185,000 278,000 370,000
Row Spacing cm 20 38 76
N Fertilizer kg ha-1 0 168
Planting Date early, late May, early June
Data Collected
Morphological
Yield, population, height & diameter,
core:bast ratio
Chemical Fiber analysis (NDF, ADF, ADL, Ash)
7. Stem height & diameter:
Smaller stem when too crowded
Larger stem in low densities and when planted in May
Core:bast ratio:
More core when planted in May and not crowded
More bast when planted later and at 8”
Adding N reduced the ratio in 2004
Morphology 2004 - 2005
8. Fiber composition 2004 - 2005
BAST CORE
Cellulose 60 %
• Date * row * density
• N slightly better
52 %
• Higher in 2005
• N beneficial but only in
2004
Hemicellulose 16 %
• Very low in 2005
• Row * density
• N not always
beneficial
21 %
• Row * density
• N beneficial but only in
2004
Lignin 5%
• Row * density
• N not always
beneficial
9 %
• Higher in 2005
• Better when planted end
of May
• N beneficial but only in
2005
Not enough information about N
No information on the growth over time
9. Experiment 2014 - 2015
Treatment Unit 2004 - 2005 - 2006 2014 - 2015
Cultivar Tainung 2 Tainung 2, Whitten
Seed Density seed ha-1 185,000 278,000 370,000 247,000 370,000
Row Spacing cm 20 38 76 38 76
N Fertilizer kg ha-1 0 116850 0 56 112 168 224
Planting Date Early, late May, early June Only one
Data
Collected
Morphological
Yield, population, height &
diameter, core:bast ratio
Yield, population, height &
diameter (biweekly)
LAI (monthly), core:bast ratio
Chemical
Fiber analysis (NDF, ADF, ADL,
Ash)
Fiber analysis (NDF, ADF, ADL,
Ash), %C, %N
10. Yield 2014
2014 yield was only influenced by seed density
(247,000 > 370,000)
Population varied among variety and field practices
11. Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
LAI
0
1
2
3
0 kg ha
-1
56 kg ha
-1
112 kg ha
-1
168 kg ha
-1
224 kg ha
-1
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Height(cm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
247,000 seed ha
-1
370,000 seed ha
-1
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Diameter(mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25 0 kg ha
-1
56 kg ha
-1
112 kg ha
-1
168 kg ha
-1
224 kg ha
-1
Growth 2014
T2 was thicker than
Whitten except for 76 cm
and 370,000 seed ha-1
12. Fiber quantity and quality
BAST CORE
Cellulose 55 %
• Low N often beneficial
but variety dependent
52 %
• Variety * management
practices
Hemicellulose 13 %
• Variety * management
practices
• High N often beneficial
20 % • Unaffected at all
Lignin 6 % • Unaffected at all 10 % • Higher in Tainung 2
Total Ash 9 %
• Higher for Whitten or in
wide rows
• High in low N
4 %
• Higher for Tainung 2
• High in low N
C 42 % • Row * density * N 46 % • Unaffected at all
N 1.0 % • Higher with N 0.7 % • Higher with N
Fiber quantity: Whitten (1.6) had higher core:bast
ratio than Tainung 2 (1.5)
13. All factors had an effect, in variable ways
Trade-off between yield and quantity of fibers
Planting date: May seems better
Nitrogen:
No effect on yield when planted after soybean
But high effect on fiber composition
Relatively easy to grow in Iowa
Could bring diversity to agriculture and industry
Conclusions
Introduction
Annual, dicot, herbaceous and non-native. Malvaceae family.
Introduced in the US during WWII
Here is a picture of two varieties of kenaf: Tainung 2 and Whitten
Here are some other pictures of its flower and seeds.
The particularity of kenaf lays in its stem, which is composed of an outer bast with long and valuable fibers; and an inner core, with much shorter and porous fibers.
Kenaf is mostly grown for its fibers. Its stem can be used for paper pulp, rope, textile, bioplastic and biocomposite.
Very few studies have been looking at the leaves for feed purposes.
But kenaf has raised more and more interests for fuel purposes and could be used as a herbaceous lignocellulosic feestock.
Herbaceous lignocellulosic plants like kenaf for production of agro-pellets, biogas or bioethanol based on 2nd generation crop/fuel chain;
Oil, starch, sugars, lignocellulose
Glass fiber: 2 $/kg vs kenaf: 0.4-0.55 $/kg
Right now, India and China are the leaders of kenaf production. In the US, it is grown mostly in the South.
Very few kenaf studies have been conducted in the Midwest, especially in Iowa, where kenaf could be a promising crop.
There are multiple questions we can ask ourselves.
But for today, we will focus on the management practices.
Over 10 years, kenaf experiments were conducted in Iowa, looking at the seed density, row spacing, N fertilizer and planting date effects on kenaf growth.
This was a RCBD with Split plots. 3 SD, 3 RS, 3 PD and 2 N rates. The data collected were relative to the morphology and the chemistry associated with kenaf fibers.
Let’s focus on the yield first, because this is always what we are interested in.
Here is a graph with the yield for each treatment: 3 SD (3 colors), the 3 RS and the 3PD (different shades).
For 2004, there was a lot of variability. Most of the “crowded” plots performed well.
For 2005, the yield was overall lower than 2004 and it also presented variations, but less dramatic. Planting in June was in general not a good thing.
In 2006, planting late was even worse. The best yields were for 8” but
Planting at 8’ is far more variable and depends more on the planting date than planting at 15” or 30”.
….
Looking at the morphology, stem H & D were the best when it was not “too crowded”. Stems were larger in low densities, aspecially when planted in May.
Core:bast ratio: low densities planted in May improve core portion and RS of 8” + planted later improves bast portion. All are in % so it relative to the plant.
N effect: increased bast production but only in 2004, relatively to the plant.
This is the composition of bast and core. Bast had, in general, more cellulose but less hemicellulose and lignin than core.
Each of the part were, in some ways, affected by the management practices. For example, cellulose in bast was higher when planted in wide rows in May or in tight rows in June. Hemicellulose in the bast was quite different from one year to another. In 2005, there was more cellulose and lignin in the core than in 2004.
Note the effect of N that is not that dramatic.
Overall, this study has shown some interesting results but it lacked information about gradual N rates (only 0 or 150 lb/a) and no information on the growth over time.
In 2014 – 2015, a new design was made. Still a RCBD with Split-plot with this time, two cultivars (explain the two varieties), 2 RS, 2 SD, only one planting date and this time, 5 N rates.
Data collected were similar but H&D every two weeks and LAI monthly, + %C and %N at harvest.
From 2004 to 2006, the overall yield was about 9 t/ha and influenced by all management practices except N. In 2014, the yield was similar and only influenced by seed density, but still not by N (see fig). Also, the two varieties behaved similarly.
Over the growing season, seed density also influenced the height. Diameter and LAI, however, were different among N rates starting in August.
Larger diameters were achieved when plants were not crowded, which was also found in the previous study. Varieties became different on the diameter aspect too. T2 was in general thicker than Whitten except for 30” and 150,000 s/a.
This is the composition of bast and core. Bast had, in general, more cellulose but less hemicellulose and lignin than core.
Each of the part were, in some ways, affected by the management practices. For example, cellulose in bast was higher when planted in wide rows in May or in tight rows in June. Hemicellulose in the bast was quite different from one year to another. In 2005, there was more cellulose and lignin in the core than in 2004.
Note the effect of N that is not that dramatic.
Overall, this study has shown some interesting results but it lacked information about gradual N rates (only 0 or 150 lb/a) and no information on the growth over time.
Lets wrap those 4 years into one slide.
Overall, kenaf could be relatively easy to grow in Iowa and could bring diversity to its agriculture and industry.