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Marie Bourguignon - ASA-CSSA-SSSA - 2014-11-3
- 1. KENAF, A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE AND MULTI-PURPOSES BIOMASS CROP Yield, Morphology, Composition, and Quantity and Quality of Pyrolysis Products from Kenaf Grown in Iowa Iowa State University Marie Bourguignon, Department of Agronomy Ken Moore, Department of Agronomy Robert Brown, BRT Department ASA-CSSA-SSSA Conferences Long Beach, CA November 3rd, 2014
- 2. What we know about Hibiscus cannabinus? FIBER FEED FUEL Bast Core
- 3. ? ? What we do NOT know about kenaf?
- 4. •Annual multi-purposes crop •Similar to tree: high content in cellulose and hemicellulose •High biomass potential and high heat of combustion •Alternative land use, other than corn and soybean biodiversity! •Carbon sequester potential •No disease issues in northern latitude but no viable seed development Why kenaf could be an alternative crop ?
- 5. 1. Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa 2. Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa 3. Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel Main Goals of this Inter-Disciplinary Project
- 6. • 8 varieties: ‘Dowling’, ‘Everglade 41’, ‘Everglade 71’, ‘Gregg’, ‘PF2’, ‘SF459’, ‘Tainung 2’, ‘Whitten’ • RCBD with 4 replications, 2004 – 2007 • SAS 9.3, proc glm Material and Methods OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Dowling Everglades 71 Gregg SF459 Everglades 41 Whitten Tainung 2 PF2 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 Gregg SF459 Dowling Everglades 41 Tainung 2 Whitten Everglades 71 PF2 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 Tainung 2 PF2 Dowling Everglades 71 Gregg Everglades 41 Whitten SF459 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 Everglades 71 Dowling Whitten PF2 Tainung 2 Gregg SF459 Everglades 41
- 7. Yield (kg/ha) Population (plant/a) P-value 0.0005 <.0001 2004 8037 (c) 64180 (d) 2005 10969 (a) 158611 (a) 2006 8651 (c) 91647 (c) 2007 10072 (b) 131935 (b) http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/climodat/index.phtml?network=IACLIMATE&station=IA0200&report=17 Results:Yield, Population and Climate OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa Month JanuaryFebruary M arch April M ay June July August Septem berO ctoberN ovem berD ecem ber AverageTemperature(oF) 0 20 40 60 80 CumulativePrecipitation(In) 0 5 10 15 20 25 2004 2005 2006 2007 30 years long-term Temperature Precipitation
- 8. Results:Yield and Population OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa Dow ling Evergl41 Evergl71 G regg PF2 SF459 T2 W hitten Yield(kg/ha) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Variety: p-value = 0.013 AB ABC BC BC D CD A BC
- 9. Results: Morphology P-value 2004 2005 Stem Diameter 0.0364 14.4 cm 12.4 cm Leaf:Stem 0.0041 0.47 0.38 The morphology and chemical composition of kenaf were influenced by year and variety factors, but in different ways. OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa
- 10. Results: Morphology OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa D ow lingEvergl41Evergl71 G regg PF2 SF459 T2W hitten StemHeight(cm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Variety: p-value = 0.0300 D ow lingEvergl41Evergl71 G regg PF2 SF459 T2W hitten Core:BastRatio 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Variety: p-value = 0.0003
- 11. Results: ChemicalComposition OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa Lignin Composition(%) 0 20 40 60 80 Cellulose Composition(%) 0 20 40 60 80 D ow lingEvergl41Evergl71G regg PF2 SF459 T2 W hitten Hemicellulose Composition(%) 0 20 40 60 80 Bast Core Bast: p-value = 0.0011 Core: p-value = NS Bast: p-value = NS Core: p-value = 0.0023 Bast: p-value = NS Core: p-value = NS
- 12. OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel Material and Methods • 5 varieties: ‘Dowling’, ‘Everglade 41’, ‘Gregg’, ‘Tainung 2’, ‘Whitten’, ‘Tainung 2’ • Bast, Core • 2004, 2005 • Micro-pyrolyzer-GC-FID: • Column UA 1701 • 40 °C for 3 min 250 °C for 6 min
- 13. OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products Time (Minutes) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Counts 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 ABCDEF I J GH KL O PQ R S T U V W MN Time (Minutes) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Counts 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 ABEF H KL Q W M
- 14. OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products • Most of the time, core produced more of these compounds than bast • Dramatic for peak K Peaks A B E F H K L M Q W Counts 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 Bast Core Stem Component: p-value < 0.05
- 15. OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products • All varieties vary in terms of quantity of A and Q compounds • What are those compounds?Are they valuable for bioenergy? Economically? Year * Variety: p-value < 0.05 A Q 2004 2005 2004 2005 Counts 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Dowling Everglades 41 Gregg Tainung 2 Whitten
- 16. • Yield:Tainung 2, Dowling, Everglades 41 seem to be the most promising • Quality and quantity of fibers: • Stem height and core:bast ratio are variety dependent • Best forTainung 2 andWhitten • Pyrolysis products: • Some clear differences between core and bast • Less clear differences between varieties • More mass spectrometry work to do! Conclusion
- 17. Acknowledgements • Dr. Ken Moore & his team: • Roger Hintz • Trish Patrick • Jérémie Bouriot • DaniWilson, Pedro Infante and Zaib Muhammad • Dr. Robert Brown & his team • Ryan Smith • RajeevaThilakaratne • Kwang Kim • Committee • Dr. Sotirios Archontoulis • Dr. Andrew Lenssen • Dr. Douglas Stokke • Dr. Ben Goff
- 18. THANKYOU! Questions? Iowa State University Marie Bourguignon, Department of Agronomy marieb@iastate.edu
Editor's Notes
- By 2050, the world population is likely to be 9.1 billion, the atmospheric CO2 concentration 550 ppm, the ozone concentration 60 ppb, the climate warmer by ca 2°C (Jaggard et al., 2010) and the fossil fuel reserves most likely will be depleted (Saidur et al., 2011a). This indicates that measures must be taken to satisfy future population needs, i.e. increase food and energy production, and to protect our environment. So far, energy has received the most attention. Motivation to return to a bioeconomy: Environmental quality National Security Excess Agricultural Production Rural Development
- Malvacae family, annual herbaceous dicot, well adapted to tropical and subtropical areas Mostly a non-food, fiber-crop in rope, textile and pulp industry Inner core (60-65%) with short fibers and outer bast (35-45%) with long and valuable fibers Reinforce filler in plastics 10-16 cm fiber length. Bill Loftus CEO/Inventor Environmental Building Products Inc. Herbaceous lignocellulosic plants like kenaf for production of agro-pellets, biogas or bioethanol based on 2nd generation crop/fuel chain; Oil, starch, sugars, lignocellulose
- Kenaf could be a promising alternative crop for the US, especially in term of bioenergy Currently, no data on kenaf phenology and no prediction model for crop biomass and leaf morphology in the U.S. Papers on kenaf models in India, China, Europe, Australia but NOT IN THE U.S.! Map: red: seed production, green: commercial activity
- Heat of combustion: T2: bark 3710 cal/g; core 3999 cal/g Everglades 41: bark 3809 cal/g; core 4070 cal/g
- In a world of petroleum economy, we have to switch to a bioeconomy. Hypotheses: 1) observe differences between varieties and years and be able to select one or two varieties that would represent promising alternative crops for Iowa; 2) detect varieties that have different composition of fibers which could be useful information for process and utilization of kenaf in the Midwest; and 3) identify different potentials for bast versus core fibers and between kenaf varieties, corn and pine. Differences + hopefully ended up with a protocol to grow kenaf
- With regards to plant population, reflecting plant germination, it seems that T2 and Everglades41 had higher germination rate, especially in 2005 Air Temperature (°C) Cumulative Precipitation (mm) 2004 9 oC 750 mm 2005 9.5 792 2006 10.3 592 2007 9.5 815
- Yield was influenced by year and variety, not the interaction. Overall the two years, T2, Dowling and Everglades41 had the highest yield.
- Stem diameter and leaf:stem ratio were higher in 2004 than 2005, although 2004 was colder over the year, wetter in the spring and drier in the fall than 2005. Only stem height and core:bast ratio were variety dependent and, in both cases, T2 and Whitten seemed to reach the highest rate. Overall, T2 and Whitten reached height of ~270cm and were composed by more core than cast, which does not give us a lot of valuable fibers.
- Stem diameter and leaf:stem ratio were higher in 2004 than 2005, although 2004 was colder over the year, wetter in the spring and drier in the fall than 2005. Only stem height and core:bast ratio were variety dependent and, in both cases, T2 and Whitten seemed to reach the highest rate. Overall, T2 and Whitten reached height of ~270cm and were composed by more core than cast, which does not give us a lot of valuable fibers.
- Mostly composed by 60% cellulose, 20% hemicellulose, less than 10% of lignin
- Pyrolysis no air FID: flame ionization detector The GC oven temperature program began with a 3 min hold at 40oC followed by heating to 250oC at 10oC/min. The final temperature was held for 6 min. Electron ionization mode. Ev41 Bast vs Core
- 23 Peaks: Most of the peaks represent compounds more released in bast than in core. No evidence of variety effects. 10 Peaks: present in all the samples able to compare within each other
- 23 Peaks: Most of the peaks represent compounds more released in bast than in core. No evidence of variety effects. 10 Peaks: present in all the samples able to compare within each other
- 23 Peaks: Most of the peaks represent compounds more released in bast than in core. No evidence of variety effects. 10 Peaks: present in all the samples able to compare within each other
- By 2050, the world population is likely to be 9.1 billion, the atmospheric CO2 concentration 550 ppm, the ozone concentration 60 ppb, the climate warmer by ca 2°C (Jaggard et al., 2010) and the fossil fuel reserves most likely will be depleted (Saidur et al., 2011a). This indicates that measures must be taken to satisfy future population needs, i.e. increase food and energy production, and to protect our environment. So far, energy has received the most attention. Motivation to return to a bioeconomy: Environmental quality National Security Excess Agricultural Production Rural Development