This document discusses procedures and functions in Oracle. Procedures are reusable blocks of SQL and PL/SQL code that perform a specific task and are stored in the database. There are two types of procedures - anonymous and stored. Stored procedures have a unique name and can accept parameters. Functions are similar to procedures but return a single value. Both procedures and functions can take input parameters of different types. The document provides examples of creating and calling a procedure and function.

1. 1Using ORACLE®Procedures and Functions

2. 2ProceduresA procedure is a collection of SQL and procedural statements that perform a specific task and are assigned a unique name within the schema and stored in the database.Advantages of Procedures:Dividing the program into smaller manageable unitsStored in compiled form , hence improve performance.Enable creation of reusable code.DBA can grant/revoke privileges to users to access procedures, hence better security.Reduce network traffic as they are stored in the database .

3. 3Types of Procedures There are two kinds of procedures:Anonymous: These procedures do not have a name assigned to them. It is complied each time when the user submits its source code to the database server. Stored : Unlike anonymous, stored procedures have a unique name assigned to them and are stored in the compiled form in the database. NOTE: Only Stored procedures can accept parameters and does not use the DECLARE BLOCK.

4. 4Procedure SyntaxSYNTAX:CREATE [/REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name [(parameter datatype),…...][LANGUAGE { ADA|C|….|SQL}ASStatement 1;…..…… Procedure body. SQL/PLSQL statements….….END;To execute the procedure:EXEC procedure_name;

5. 5Procedure ExampleCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE InfoTable_procAScounter number;c_name varchar2(15);BEGINDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('in order');counter :=10;loopselect name into c_name FROM ConTable where ID=counter;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(c);EXIT WHEN counter<1;END LOOP;end;

6. 6FunctionA function is a stored sub-routine that returns one value and as only input parameters.A stored function is same as a procedure except for the procedure keyword is replaced by the keyword function and it carries out a specific operation and returns a value.As functions do not take output parameters it must be assigned to a variable in the program.SYNTAX:CREATE OR REPLACE FUNTION function_name (<parameter list>)RETURN <return_type>ASvariable declarations if any……BEGINStatement1……END

7. 7Function Example CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1( n IN NUMBER)RETURN NUMBERAS c NUMBER(4); Variable declarationf NUMBER(4);BEGIN c:=1; f:=1;WHILE (c<=n) LOOP Function Bodyf:=f*c; c:=c+1; END LOOP;RETURN f;END; This function when executed calculates the factorial of the parameter n.

8. 8ParametersBoth PROCEDURE or FUNCTION take different parameters. There are three different types of parameters :

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