OPERANT CONDITIONING
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BF Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning which argues that behavior is shaped by its consequences rather than associations to stimuli. Operant behavior is voluntary and influenced by reinforcement or punishment that increases or decreases the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring. Skinner researched operant conditioning using a Skinner Box which could deliver rewards or punishments on different reinforcement schedules like continuous, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval schedules.
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
- 2. BF Skinner American psychologist who is best known for his contributions to behaviorism and his development of the theory of operant conditioning. Argued that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences, rather than by associations between stimuli and responses.
- 3. Respondent vs Operant Behaviour Respondent behavior refers to automatic, involuntary, and reflexive responses to a stimulus. These responses are typically innate and do not require any prior learning. Operant behaviour is voluntary behaviour that is shaped and maintained by its consequences. The consequences can either be positive (rewards) or negative (punishments), and they determine whether the behaviour is more or less likely to occur again in the future.
- 4. Skinner Box
- 5. Reinforcement and Punishment Reinforcement refers to any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. while punishment refers to any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
- 6. TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT Positive reinforcement occurs when a desirable consequence is added after a behaviour Negative reinforcement occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed after a behaviour
- 7. TYPES OF PUNISHMENT Positive punishment occurs when an undesirable consequence is added after a behaviour Negative punishment occurs when a desirable stimulus is removed after a behaviour
- 8. Schedule of Reinforcement A schedule of reinforcement refers to the frequency and timing of the delivery of reinforcement in response to a behaviour.
- 9. Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF) Every occurrence of the desired behavior is reinforced. Useful for establishing and initially strengthening a behavior. It provides immediate feedback and creates a strong association between the behavior and the reinforcement. But it can also lead to rapid extinction if reinforcement is suddenly withdrawn. It may not be sustainable in the long term due to resource limitations or the potential for habituation.
- 10. Fixed Ratio Reinforcement(FR) Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses. Typically result in high response rates and are often used to increase the frequency of a behavior. It's important to strike a balance between the fixed ratio and the effort required, as extremely high ratios can lead to fatigue or decreased motivation over time.
- 11. Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement Reinforcement is delivered after an average number of responses, but the exact number varies unpredictably. Variable ratio schedules tend to be more resistant to extinction.
- 12. Fixed Interval (FI) reinforcement Reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after a set amount of time has passed. The response rate may drop immediately after receiving reinforcement and gradually increase as the next interval comes to an end. This schedule might not necessarily lead to the highest level of performance or consistent engagement throughout the interval.
- 13. Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement The first response is rewarded after an average, yet variable, period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement. The variability in the reinforcement schedule prevents you from predicting exactly when reinforcement will be provided.
- 14. PRINCIPLE OF SHAPING The technique used in operant conditioning to teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps or successive approximations toward the desired behavior. Shaping involves systematically reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the target behavior, gradually guiding the subject to exhibit the desired behavior.