There are two governments that claim to represent China - the People's Republic of China (PRC) based on the mainland and the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taiwan. Both accept the One China principle that Taiwan is part of China, but they disagree on which government is legitimate. Most countries follow the One China policy of only recognizing one or the other to maintain diplomatic relations. While the US initially supported the ROC, it switched recognition to the PRC in 1972. Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions of China with a high degree of autonomy under the One Country, Two Systems framework.

1. ONE CHINA POLICY

2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

3. HOW MANY CHINAS ARE OUT THERE??
Peoples Republic of China (PRC)
•China
Republic of China (ROC)
•Taiwan

4. • After the end of Chinese civil war in 1949, Kuomintang
(Nationalists) under the leadership of chiang kai shek
retreated to the island of Taiwan , after being defeated
by communists(led by Mao Zedong).
• Chiang kai Shek ruled for 20 years as a military
dictator.

5. ONE CHINA PRINCIPLE
• Both the ROC & PRC accept that mainland china and the
island of Taiwan are part of one china that they are not 2
but one china.
• The point of contention is the legitimacy of both the
governments.
• No official diplomatic relationship between china & Taiwan.

6. ONE CHINA POLICY
• The policy or view that there is only state called
“china ”, despite the existance of 2 governments that
claim to be “China”.
• Countries seeking diplomatic relations with PRC
must break official relations with ROC and vice
versa.

7. COUNTRIES RECOGNIZING PRC

8. COUNTRIES RECOGNIZE ROC

9. WHICH CHINA DOES USA RECOGNIZE AND
SUPPORT ???
• In 1949 when communist PRC was established USA didn’t
supported it, as USA was supporter of democracy.
• Prior to 1971, as PRC was a cold war ally of USSR, and
fully communist USA provided diplomatic , military
support to ROC.
• The Vietnam war and sino soviet split forced USA to
normalise relations with PRC.
• PRC also wanted to balance an aggressive USSR and
sought friendly terms.

10. • A war took place between
China and USSR in 1969.
• In 1972 USA president
Nixon Visited PRC, accepted
“one china ” to normalise
relations with PRC.
• 1979 – officially broke off
ties with ROC but still has
good relations and is a huge
arms suppliers.

11. CURRENT SCENARIO
• Trump threatens of “ one china
policy ” to get better terms and
conditions on trade with china.
• China doesn’t budget at all.
• Finally, Trump says “one china
” policy shall be respected. (on
10th Feb 2017)
• $ 600 billion dollar trade in
between China & USA.

12. HONG KONG & MACAU
• One country ,two systems: is a constitutional principle
formulated by Deng Xiaoping, the Paramount Leader of
the People's Republic of China (PRC), for
the reunification of China during the early 1980s.
• He suggested that there would be only one China, but
distinct Chinese regions such as Hong Kong
and Macau could retain their own economic and political
systems.
• Under the principle, each of the two regions could
continue to have its own political system, legal, economic
and financial affairs, including external relations with
foreign countries.

14. ARE HK AND MACAU SOVEREIGN
COUNTRIES??
• No ,rather SAR operated.
• Hong Kong Special Administration Region (SAR) of PRC .
• Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of PRC.
• “Relatively autonomous ” but part of china.

15. LEVEL OF AUTONOMY
• Own Government, multi party legislatures.
• Legal systems, police forces.
• Currency & customs
• Sports teams, official languages(HK- Cantonese, English, Macau- portugese,
Cantonese)
• Postal systems
• Educational systems
• Substantial competence in external relations

16. • History:
• MACAU : Portugese colony and trading port since 16th century.
• HK: Ceded to Britain by china under the treaty of NANKING (1842) after the 1st
opium war.
• 1898 to 99 years
Under china’s control
Military forces No embassies
World & UN
accept them as
a part of china

17. THE TRANSFER OF TERRITORIES
• In 1984,a Sino-British joint declaration allowed HK to retain its capitalist economic
system and own currency (the hong kong dollar, legal systems, legislative systems,
people’s rights and freedom for 50 years).
• Similar agreement with Portugal in 1987.
• Umbrella Revolution : 2014
1997
1999
2047-???Hong Kong
2049-???Macau

18. THANK YOU
• By: Ashish Kumar Gouda
• Cognizen, NITRKL