This thesis develops methods for oil pollution control strategies by predicting oil fate and slick trajectories. It summarizes the research background, problem statement, and objective. The literature review covers key processes affecting oil fate and factors influencing slick trajectories. The methodology determines criteria for oil fate, trajectories, priority areas, available equipment, and strategies. The results section presents predictions of spreading, evaporation, viscosity, emulsification and trajectory. It identifies sensitive shorelines and suitable equipment. Combating strategies like offshore recovery, dispersion, and shoreline protection are demonstrated. The conclusion is that the strategies maximize environmental protection for major oil spills in Johor, Malaysia.

1. DEPARTMENT OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
OIL FATE AND SLICK TRAJECTORY PREDICTIONS
FOR MARINE OIL POLLUTION CONTROL
STRATEGIES
(MMK1180)
NAME :
MATRIC No. :
MOHAMMED ALI AL-MUHANDES
MM091250
SUPERVISORS :
BIN AHMAD
MAIN : ASSOC. PROF. DR. ZAMANI
CO. : DR. JASWAR

2. 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
O’conneli (2006) stated that oil pollution affects on :

Fisheries and aquaculture resources ,

Tourism and,

Costal industries
In this research:

It is essential to predict the oil fate and slick trajectory

Combating strategies need to be set

Through simulation

3. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Oil pollution control strategies need to be
developed for each oil fate and slick trajectory
scenario. Since each scenario is unique and
independent, simulation method is preferred.

4. 1.3 OBJECTIVE
To develop a method of choosing oil pollution combating
strategies

5. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
i.
Oil fate; The most important processes are spreading, evaporation, dispersion
viscosity and emulsification (O’connel, 2006c).
ii.
Slick trajectory; When an oil slick is predicted to affect on high sensitive
area, this prediction helps the decision maker significantly to choose the
combating strategies.
iii.
Types of shorelines; according to geographical shape, types of beaches
and to the environmental and socio-economic activities (IPIECA 2008a).
iv.
In-hand equipment and combating strategies; the limitation of spill control
techniques must be taken into consideration in determining the most appropriate
clean up response (Persga, 2009a). All of on-scene commanders are allowed to
take whatever action is appropriate to clean up and/or mitigate the effects of an
oil spill (Ch'ng,1997).

6. CONT.
72 references have been used in the thesis

7. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Determine oil fate
and slick trajectory
criteria

Determine oil fate and
slick trajectory
Determine protection
priority and types of
shorelines
Determine
equipment and
techniques
Determine
strategy
Validation by
Case of study

8. 3.1 DETERMINATION OF OIL FATE
Item
Spreading
Evaporation
Dispersion
Viscosity
Emulsification
Using method
Lehr’s relationships (math. equation) for
major and minor diameters of ellipse
ADIOS2 (software)
ADIOS2 (software)
ADIOS2 (software)
Mackay’s relationship (math. equation)

9. 3.2 DETERMINATION OIL SLICK TRAJECTORY
The oil slick trajectory was calculated using slick
trajectory calculator software based on:

Wind effects 3% of its speed in its direction
within specific time

Current affects 100% of its speed in its direction
within the same specific time

10. 3.3 PROTECTION PRIORITY AND TYPES OF SHORELINES



Biological resources
high priority
Mangrove
Human use features
high priority
Water intake and port
Shorelines
high priority
Mangrove

11. 3.4 EQUIPMENT AND USED TECHNIQUES
Techniques
Equipment
Containment and protection booming
Booms : Fence; Air inflated; Shoreline
. .
sealing
Recovery
Skimmers: Weir; Oleophilic; Vacuum;
.
Mechanical
Pumps: Archimedean; Reciprocating;
.
Peristaltic; Diaphragm;
Centrifugal
Dispersion
spray system mounted on
workboat
Airplane
Helicopter
Clean up
Sorbents: Inorganic, Natural organic and
Synthetic
Motorized equipment
Manual equipment

12. 3.5 DETERMINE STRATEGY
Offshore recovery strategy
i.


ii.
iii.
iv.
Skimmers
pumps
Offshore dispersion strategy
Shoreline clean up and recovery strategy
Shoreline protection strategy

13. COMBATING STRATEGY FLOW CHART

14. CONT.

15. CONT.

16. 3.5.1 OFFSHORE RECOVERY STRATEGY
3.5.1.1 SKIMMERS

17. 3.5.1.2 PUMPS

18. 3.5.2 OFFSHORE DISPERSION
The applying dispersant according to equations covered the following:
Application rate Vdis (litre/hectare)
Application rate Qdis (litre/sec)
Required speed (knot)

19. 3.5.3 SHORELINE CLEAN UP AND RECOVERY STRATEGY

20. 3.5.4 SHORELINE PROTECTION STRATEGY

21. 3.6 CASE OF STUDY
The oil spill incident is simulated at area extended from 10 09’ N to
10 21’ N and from 1030 27’ E to 1030 37’ E which cover the area of
international shipping line to shoreline of south west of Johor in
Malaysia. The source of spill is considered from a vessel sailing in
the international shipping line. The spill is 500 m3 crude oil type
Arabian Medium, Amoco at 7 am.

22. 4. RESULTS
.
Oil fate
prediction
Spreadin
g
Oil slick
trajectory
Shoreline
analysis and
protection priority
In hand
equipment &
techniques
Demonstrating
combating
strategies
Tanjunj
Pelepas Port
Booms
Offshore
recovery
strategy
Skimmers
Evaporation
Dispersion
Viscosity
Emulsification
Tanjunj Bin
Power Plant
Pumps
Mangrove
Sorbent
materials
Dispersion
system
Vessels, Barges
, motorized &
manual equipment
Offshore
dispersion
strategy
Shoreline
protection
strategy
Shoreline
recovery &
clean up
strategy

23. 4.1 RESULTS OF OIL FATE PREDICTION
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Spreading
Evaporation
Dispersion
Viscosity
Emulsification

24. 4.1.1 SPREADING
9
8
7
6
Wind speed (nm)
5
Major diameter (km *0.5)
4
Minor diameter (km *0.5 )
3
2
1
0
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Prediction of changing of oil slick area from 7 a.m. to 4 pm

25. 4.1.2 EVAPORATION
Predicted quantity of evaporated oil

26. 4.1.3 DISPERSION
Predicted quantity of naturally dispersed oil

27. 4.1.4 VISCOSITY
Predicted change of viscosity of spilled oil

28. 4.1.4 EMULSIFICATION
700
600
500
400
Quantity of oil (m3)
Quantity of emulsion and oil (m3)
300
200
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Hours
Predicted quantity of oil and oil with emulsion within 9 hours

29. 4.2 RESULTS OF OIL SLICK TRAJECTORY PREDICTION

30. CONT.
4 pm
2 pm
11 am
7am
Predicted trajectory line pointed on each hour

31. CONT.
4 pm
2 pm
11 am
7 am
Predicted trajectory line by using Google earth

32. 4.3 RESULTS OF SHORELINE ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION PRIORITY
Tanjung Pelepas Port
Tanjung Bin power plant
Mangrove forest (9 km)
High sensitive areas south west of Johor (Google earth)

33. 4.4 RESULTS OF USED EQUIPMENT
Item
Types
Booms
Fence, air inflated and shore sealing
Skimmers
Offshore weir, shallow water weir, oleophilic disk,
vacuuum and toothed disc mechanical skimmers
Pumps
Peristaltic, diaphragm and centrifugal pump
Chemical
dispersant
Two arms on board extended towards port and
starboard
Additional in hand
equipments
Two oil pollution control vessels 20 knots, Three support
vessels, Storage tanks 320 cubic meters, Sorbents
material, manual and motorized equipment

34. 4.5 RESULTS OF DEMONSTRATING COMBATING STRATEGIES
4.5.1 Offshore recovery strategy

35. 4.5.1.1 STAGE ONE

36. 4.5.1.2 STAGE TWO

37. 4.5.2 OFFSHORE DISPERSION STRATEGY

38. 4.5.2.1 STAGE ONE

39. 4.5.2.2 STAGE TWO

40. 4.5.3 SHORELINE PROTECTION STRATEGY
Boo
Length of No. of
m No. booms
anchors
& weight
1
500 m
32 x 35
kg
2
500 m
32 x 35
kg
3
300 m
20 x 35
kg
4
400 m
26 x 35
kg
1
4
3
2
Protection technique for zone 1
Technique type: staggered shervon
.
configuration

41. CONT.
Boom Length of
No.
boom
No. of
anchors &
weight
1
200 m
0
2
200 m
0
3
70 m
5 x 35 kg
4
20 m
1 x 35 kg
5
1300 m
0
Technique type: staggered
shervon
and exclusive
configuration
Protection technique for Zone
two

42. 4.5.4 SHORELINE RECOVERY AND CLEAN-UP
The remained 300 m3 of oil and emulsion reached
next to tidal zone and might be scattered along the
shoreline and went into part of Johor strait.
The recovery of collected oil in the deployed
protection booms areas depend upon instant
findings and ought to be done by using oleophilic
skimmer, Shore and harbour weir skimmer
, diaphragm pump, Vacuum systems and Sorbent
materials . In addition to manual and motorized
equipment.

43. 4.5.5 RESULT OF COMBATING BASED ON PREDICTION
General budget after offshore combating

44. CONT.
Operation
Combated oil (m3)
Combated oil and
emulsion (m3)
Offshore recovery
operation (stage one)
74
103
Offshore recovery
operation (stage two)
60
83
Offshore dispersion
operation (stage one)
19
26
Offshore dispersion
operation (stage two)
13
26
Remaining
240
300
 Protection of the most environmental and economical sensitive areas such
as Tanjung Pelepas Port, Tanjung Bin steam power, most of the mangrove
shoreline up to Puteri Habour was based on prediction of the slick
trajectory.
 Large quantity of contaminate was accumulated next to the protection
booms which led to make shoreline clean-up and recovery easier and faster.

45. 5 CONCLUSION

This research simulated an oil fate and slick trajectory predictions for
marine oil pollution control strategies to reach highest environmental and
economical benefit in south east of Johor.

The developed combating strategies flow chart was applied and cover all
the strategies which are used.

The highest sensitive areas in Johor state were nominated to be protected
whenever a significant oil spillage will be happened.

Matrix of equipment, which are suitable of Johor, was listed to deal with
wide range of oil types.

Protection booming configuration to protect the highest sensitive areas was
appointed according to the special geographical area in the south east of
Johor.

46. PAPERS
Two papers still in processing to be published and entitled :

OIL FATE AND TRAJECTORY SIMULATION IN MALAYSIAN
SHORELINE

OIL POLLUTION COMBATING STRATEGIES SIMULATION
IN MALAYSIAN SHORELINE

47. Thank you
Trima kaseh