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1. OIE STANDARDS
Presentation by MARYAM ZAKARIYA
OIE JUNIOR AMBASSADOR
REFERENCES: OIE well, WHO website,OIE standards
YOUTUBE LINKS

2. Introduction
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My name is Maryam Zakariya. I am in my fifth year out of six years at
the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. I am currently an OIE Junior
Ambassador(Feb-July).
The OIE which stands for The World Organization For Animal Health
formerly The Office International des Epizooties is an organization
that is involved in coordinating, supporting and promoting animal
disease control.

3. History
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To properly understand the importance of OIE Standards, I would quickly
explain a brief history lessons.
In the last century, rinderpest was a very terrible disease that had decimated
lots of farms. The origin of rinderpest can be traced to a ship coming from
India which docked in the ports of Europe. It offloaded some animals and
during the process brought Rinderpest to Europe. The outcome of this was
very terrible as lots of Animals were affected. This also brought the
emergence of OIE in 1924 and the OIE created THE OIE INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS as a way to monitor and prevent transboundary disease spread.

4. What are OIE Standards?
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The OIE standards are facts/codes containing information about how trading and
importation of animal products and animals should be done. It contains information
about global diseases and how they should be handled.
It contains how to notify the OIE about outbreaks of animal diseases.
It contains appropriate methods for diagnosing, preventing and controlling diseases.
The OIE international standards also help countries monitor and detect more than 100
animal diseases affecting aquatic and terrestrial animals and even zoonotic disease.
I feel these standards are of importance to everyone especially veterinarians because
you can advise clients who may be interested in importing animals or international
trading of animals. It’s also important to everyone because you can get information
about diseases affecting your animals from this standards. It can also help you to know
more about Zoonotic diseases; the OIE standards contains information about diseases
of international concerns and so of these diseases are zoonotic. So you can get to know
more about these selected diseases and therefore know how to control or prevent
yourself from getting infected with them.

5. Importance/ benefits of OIE Standards
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It serves as a reference for WTO to help safeguard international animal trading In animals and animal
products
They strengthen animal health world wide
It helps keep our animals healthy…and healthy animals ensures constant supply of food for the nation and
also income for the farmers.
It helps countries monitor and detect more than 100 animal diseases
It helps prevent pandemic spread of diseases because if a country has a disease outbreak and it notifies
the OIE about such diseases, other countries would be notified of such disease and prevention and control
methods can be put in place preventing a pandemic outbreak.
Note; pandemic diseases are basically cross boundary diseases that can spread and affect several
countries
It defines quality of veterinary services
It ensures safety of international trade while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers
It improves animal health and welfare as well as veterinary public health worldwide

6. How are these OIE standards developed?
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Diseases affecting aquatic and terrestrial animals as well as other issues affecting animals are identified
by animal health and welfare experts around the world.
The OIE then requests its specialist commissions to review previously established standards. They do this
by using current scientific information to study diseases then they develop and review existing
If needed, groups consisting of experts related to a particular topic/ issue may be created
The findings/ reports collated by this body is passed around to OIE delegates.
The OIE delegates consists of a single member of each country and Nigerian’s delegate is Dr olaniran Alabi.
The delegates read this reports and make comments about it, they then pass this information back to the
bodies who then take notes of what each delegate member has commented and review the reports. This
takes place twice a year.
A general session is the held in MAY every year where each delegate member has the opportunity of
finalizing the OIE Standards
Each delegate would have developed a position as regards the standards. Then during the event,
delegates vote to either adopt the text or return it for further work
It should be noted that implementation of OIE standards take 2-3years most times but in urgent situations
new standards can be implemented within one year.
After the standards are implemented, each delegate has to ensure that his/her country implements the
standards.

9. What makes up the OIE standards?
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The OIE standards consists of two manuals and two codes
Codes
Terrestrial code
Aquatic code
Manuals
Terrestrial manual
Aquatic manual

11. codes
• The codes addresses animal health and zoonosis, animal welfare,
animal production food safety

13. Manual
• The manuals provide a harmonized approach to diseases diagnosis by
describing the internationally agreed laboratory diagnostic technique.

15. Terrestrial codes
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Terrestrial codes focuses on terrestrial animals and consists of two
volumes. The terrestrial codes aim at improving terrestrial animal’s
welfare and veterinary public health.
It aims at ensuring safe trade of animals and animal products.
The terrestrial codes has two volumes.

17. Volume1 of the terrestrial code consists of
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General measures and systems setup for early detection, notification and control of
pathogens and zoonotic agents including their spread across borders
Quality of veterinary services and public health
Animal disease diagnosis, prevention, surveillance and control
Animal disease notification
Antimicrobial resistance
Import risk analysis, international veterinary certification, trade measures and procedures.

18. Volume2 of the terrestrial code consists of:
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Disease specific chapters designed to prevent introduction of the
diseases in importing countries
The nature and risk reduction measures applicable to the traded
commodity are taken into account as well as the animal health status
of the country

19. Terrestrial manual
• The manual provides internationally agreed diagnostic laboratory
methods and requirements for the production and control of vaccines
and other biological products

20. Aquatic Codes
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It aims at improving the health and welfare of aquatic animals world wide
It ensures safe trade of aquatic animals and their products
It defines general measures, systems to setup for early detection, notification
controls of pathogens in aquatic animals and products and prevention of their
spread across borders
Quality of aquatic animal health services
Aquatic animal disease prevention, surveillance and control
Aquatic animal diseases notifications
Prudent use of antimicrobials
Welfare of farm fish

21. Aquatic manuals
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It provides a standardized approach to the list of the diagnosis of the
diseases listed in aquatic codes to facilitate health certification for
trade in aquatic animals and aquatic products.
The OIE Aquatic animal commission is responsible for compiling the
manual and circulating the chapters.

22. One health Approach in curbing zoonotic
diseases

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Zoonotic diseases, or zoonoses, are diseases shared between animals
– including livestock,
wildlife, and pets – and people. They can pose serious risks to both
animal and human health and may have far-reaching impacts on
economies and livelihoods.
Zoonotic diseases are commonly spread at the human-animal-
environment interface – where people and animals interact with each
other in their shared environment.
Zoonotic diseases can be foodborne, waterborne, or vector-borne, or
transmitted through direct contact with animals, or indirectly by
fomites or environmental contamination

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In zoonotic disease events and emergencies, lack of joint preparation
and established mechanisms for collaboration can result in confusion
and delay responses, and can lead to poorer health outcomes.
For endemic zoonotic disease threats, the lack of coordinated
planning,information sharing, assessment, and control activities
across all relevant sectors can obstruct and complicate the
implementation of effective disease control programmes.

25. One health approach
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Health issues at the human-animal-environment interface cannot be
effectively addressed by one sector alone.
Collaboration across all sectors and disciplines responsible for health
is required to address zoonotic diseases and other shared health
threats at the Human-animal-environment interface (1-12).
This approach to collaboration is referred to as One Health.

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'One Health' is an approach to designing and implementing
programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple
sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public
health outcomes.
One Health is a collaborative, multidisciplinary, and multisectoral
approach that can address urgent, ongoing, or potential health threats
at the human-animal-environment interface at subnational, national,
global, and regional levels.
This approach includes ensuring balance and equity among all the
relevant sectors and disciplines 2.

27. Why is one health approach important?
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Many of the same microbes infect animals and humans, as they share the
eco-systems they live in. Efforts by just one sector cannot prevent or
eliminate the problem. For instance, rabies in humans is effectively prevented
only by targeting the animal source of the virus (for example, by vaccinating
dogs).
Information on influenza viruses circulating in animals is crucial to the
selection of viruses for human vaccines for potential influenza pandemics.
Drug-resistant microbes can be transmitted between animals and humans
through direct contact between animals and humans or through
contaminated food, so to effectively contain it, a well-coordinated approach
in humans and in animals is required.

28. Who are the people that make up the one
health approach?
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Many professionals with a range of expertise who are active in different sectors, such as
public health, animal health, plant health and the environment, should join forces to
support One Health approaches.
To effectively detect, respond to, and prevent outbreaks of zoonoses and food safety
problems, epidemiological data and laboratory information should be shared across
sectors. Government officials, researchers and workers across sectors at the local,
national, regional and global levels should implement joint responses to health threats.
WHO works closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to promote multi-sectoral
responses to food safety hazards, risks from zoonoses, and other public health threats
at the human-animal-ecosystem interface and provide guidance on how to reduce these
risks.