This document provides information on optical fiber communication and fiber cable manufacturing. It discusses that an optical fiber consists of a core and cladding, with the core having a higher refractive index to guide light. It then summarizes the different types of optical fibers including single mode, multi-mode, step index, and graded index fibers. The document also outlines some of the common materials used to make optical fibers and fiber cables and describes three main methods for manufacturing optical fiber preforms: MCVD, OVD, and VAD.

1. Optical Fiber Communication
Fiber Cables & Manufcturing

3. • An optical fiber is essentially a waveguide for
light
• It consists of a core and cladding that
surrounds the core.
• The index of refraction of the cladding is less
than that of the core, causing rays of light
leaving the core to be refracted back into the
core.
• A light-emitting diode (LED) or laser diode
(LD) can be used for the source

4. System
A failure anywhere along this link will cause the entire link to fail
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5. Limitations of copper based
network
•Expansions make
congestions in MDF
•B/W LIMITED.
•Loop Resistance
restricts the length of
operation.

6. Advantages of Optic Fibre
• More Bandwidth - Thousands of Channels
• Low Loss - 0.5db per km
• Less number of Repeaters
• Electro Magnetic Immunity
• Small size & Light Weight - Easy to handle
• Greater Safety - No Electric Hazards
• Higher Security

7. Did you know?
• A small optical fiber can carry more data than a
large copper cable.
• It is a unidirectional technology.
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8. OF Cable

9. What is it made of?
• Pure Glass
• Silica
• Plastic
• Fluoride
• Phosphates
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10. Types

11. Based on Modes/Size of Core/No. of
Signals
• Single mode – there is only one path for light
to take down the cable. This fiber has a core
diameter of 8 to 9 microns, which only
allows one light path or mode

12. Structure of single-mode
fiber
 1. Core: 8 µm diameter
 2. Cladding: 125 µm
dia.
 3. Buffer: 250 µm dia.
 4. Jacket: 400 µm dia.
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Single mode Structure

13. • Multimode –
if there is more than one path.This fiber has a
core diameter of 50 or 62.5 microns (sometimes
even larger)

14. Step index fiber
• The refractive index of core is constant
• The refractive index of cladding is also constant
• The light rays propagate through it in the form of
meridiognal rays which cross the fiber axis during
every reflection at the core cladding boundary.

15. Graded Index fiber
• In this type of fiber core has a non uniform
refractive index that gradually decrease from the
centre towards the core cladding interface.
• The cladding has a uniform refractive index.
• The light rays propagate through it in the form of
skew rays or helical rays. They do not cross the fiber
axis at any time.

17. Types based on Application
• Loose Tube Cable
Coated Fiber
Outer Jacket
Steel Tape Armor
Inner Jacket
Aramid Strength Member
Binder
Interstitial Filling
Central Member
(Steel Wire or Dielectric)
Interstitial Filling
Loose Tube Cable
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18. • Tight buffered Cable
Glass Fiber
Thermoplastic Overcoating
or Buffer
PVC Jacket (Non-Plenum) or Fluoride
Co-Polymer Jacket (Plenum)
Fiber Coating
Aramid Strength Member
Tight-buffered Cable
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19. 19

21. Optical Fiber in Sea
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22. Plastic optical fiber
• Plastic optical fiber (POF) (or Polymer optical fibre)
is an optical fiber that is made out of polymer.
Similar to glass optical fiber, POF transmits light
(for illumination or data) through the core of
the fiber.

24. Pigtail Fiber
• A fiber pigtail is a single, short, usually tight-
buffered, optical fiber that has an optical
connector pre-installed on one end and a
length of exposed fiber at the other end.

25. Patch Cord
• A fiber optic patch cord is a fiber optic cable capped
at either end with connectors that allow it to be
rapidly and conveniently connected to CATV, an
optical switch or other telecommunication
equipment. Its thick layer of protection is used to
connect the optical transmitter, receiver, and the
terminal box. This is known as "interconnect-style
cabling"

26. Microfludic Fiber
• micro means one of the following features:
• small volumes (µL, nL, pL, fL)
• small size
• low energy consumption
• effects of the micro domain
Typically fluids are moved,
mixed, separated or
otherwise processed.
So its very small size Fibers.

27. Dark Fiber
• Dark fiber is optical fiber infrastructure
(cabling and repeaters) that is currently in
place but is not being used.

28. Manufacturing Fiber Cable
Done by 3 Methods:-
• Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD)
• Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD)
• Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD)

29. Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition
(MCVD)
• A hollow, rotating glass tube is
heated with a torch
• Chemicals inside the tube
precipitate to form soot
• Rod is collapsed to crate a
preform
• Preform is stretched in a
drawing tower to form a single
fiber up to 10 km long

30. Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition
(MCVD)

31. Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD)
• A mandrel is coated with a porous preform in
a furnace
• Then the mandrel is removed and the preform
is collapsed in a process called sintering
– Image from csrg.ch.pw.edu.pl

32. Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD)
• Preform is fabricated
continuously
• When the preform is
long enough, it goes
directly to the drawing
tower
– Image from csrg.ch.pw.edu.pl

33. Drawing Apparatus
• The fiber is drawn from
the preform and then
coated with a protective
coating

35. Thank you