The Brazilian social protection system includes contributory programs that provide income substitution for risks like pensions, disability, and unemployment, as well as non-contributory programs. Women are disproportionately represented among the "inactive" population not covered by contributory programs. The Bolsa Familia cash transfer program aims to reduce poverty and promotes education and health through conditional cash transfers. Coordinated housing programs also aim to support women beneficiaries. However, the subsidiary protection system is still based on a breadwinner model that does not adequately address women's roles in unpaid care work.
The document provides an overview of demographic, economic, and quality of life trends in the Gauteng City-Region (GCR) based on census and survey data. Some key points:
1. The population of Gauteng province has grown rapidly, increasing by over 2.9 million between 2001-2011 to a total of 12.3 million people, which represents 23.7% of South Africa's total population.
2. Gauteng contributes disproportionately to South Africa's economy, representing 36% of national GDP while only comprising 2% of the country's total land area. However, unemployment in Gauteng remains the highest among OECD metro-regions.
3. Access to basic
Report on National Review and Monitoring of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nepal
This report is a result of nine months qualitative and quantitative study on the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 5, 8, 13, out of which Goal 3 and 5 are being reviewed in High Level Political Forum (HLPF) as the government presents the Voluntary National Review (VNR) stating the national progress on SDGs.
Approaches by african countries in the implementation and localization of sd ...Dr. Jack Onyisi Abebe
This report presents governments’ approaches to the localization and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with specific reference to seven countries: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The report was developed through a collaborative process with selected governments via their representatives, UN Women country/multi-country offices and other stakeholders in East and Southern Africa. Initial data and information were collected from a regional consultation on Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the African Union’s Agenda 2063.
A presentation by Shane Norris as part of the Practicalities of Cohort and Longitudinal Research panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
This presentation presents the first-ever overview of the wellbeing of older people around the world. It brings together internationally comparative data on older people’s income, health, education and employment, and how supportive they feel their environment is.
Overview of institutional gender audit reportCGIAR
This presentation was given by Lemlem Abebe (EIAR), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document discusses a career in local government in Australia. It provides an overview of the Centre for Local Government at UTS which conducts research, training and consultancy to support the local government sector. It also discusses the Australian Centre of Excellence for Local Government which was established in 2009 as a federal government funded consortium to support the sector. The document then analyzes data from a survey of 232 Australian councils regarding their workforces, including demographics, occupations, vacancies and workforce planning issues. It finds that local government is a major employer across Australia, especially in rural and regional areas, and offers diverse career opportunities.
The document provides an overview of demographic, economic, and quality of life trends in the Gauteng City-Region (GCR) based on census and survey data. Some key points:
1. The population of Gauteng province has grown rapidly, increasing by over 2.9 million between 2001-2011 to a total of 12.3 million people, which represents 23.7% of South Africa's total population.
2. Gauteng contributes disproportionately to South Africa's economy, representing 36% of national GDP while only comprising 2% of the country's total land area. However, unemployment in Gauteng remains the highest among OECD metro-regions.
3. Access to basic
Report on National Review and Monitoring of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nepal
This report is a result of nine months qualitative and quantitative study on the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 5, 8, 13, out of which Goal 3 and 5 are being reviewed in High Level Political Forum (HLPF) as the government presents the Voluntary National Review (VNR) stating the national progress on SDGs.
Approaches by african countries in the implementation and localization of sd ...Dr. Jack Onyisi Abebe
This report presents governments’ approaches to the localization and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with specific reference to seven countries: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The report was developed through a collaborative process with selected governments via their representatives, UN Women country/multi-country offices and other stakeholders in East and Southern Africa. Initial data and information were collected from a regional consultation on Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the African Union’s Agenda 2063.
A presentation by Shane Norris as part of the Practicalities of Cohort and Longitudinal Research panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
This presentation presents the first-ever overview of the wellbeing of older people around the world. It brings together internationally comparative data on older people’s income, health, education and employment, and how supportive they feel their environment is.
Overview of institutional gender audit reportCGIAR
This presentation was given by Lemlem Abebe (EIAR), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document discusses a career in local government in Australia. It provides an overview of the Centre for Local Government at UTS which conducts research, training and consultancy to support the local government sector. It also discusses the Australian Centre of Excellence for Local Government which was established in 2009 as a federal government funded consortium to support the sector. The document then analyzes data from a survey of 232 Australian councils regarding their workforces, including demographics, occupations, vacancies and workforce planning issues. It finds that local government is a major employer across Australia, especially in rural and regional areas, and offers diverse career opportunities.
This document provides an overview of careers in local government in Australia. It discusses:
- The Centre for Local Government at UTS which conducts research, training, and consultancy to support the local government sector.
- The Australian Centre of Excellence for Local Government which is a federal government funded consortium that works on research, innovation, leadership, and workforce development for local governments.
- A national survey of over 200 local governments that collected data on their workforces including demographics, occupations, education levels, and workforce challenges to support a national workforce strategy.
- Some of the key findings of the survey including the distribution of local government employees across urban, rural, and regional areas, the aging workforce
This document summarizes a report on the world's older population published in 2012. It was prepared by UNFPA in collaboration with other UN agencies and organizations. The report assesses progress on the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing since 2002 based on input from 133 countries. It finds some improvements in policies and programs for older people but also significant gaps. It also shares findings from consultations with older people in over 40 countries on their experiences and priorities, such as concerns about poverty, healthcare costs, and abuse. Key recommendations include improving data on aging, ensuring age-inclusive policies, and greater budgeting and implementation of plans to address aging populations.
Marriage and Women’s Employment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)Economic Research Forum
Ragui Assaad - University of Minnesota
Caroline Krafft - St. Catherine University
Irene Selwaness - Cairo University
ERF 23rd Annual Conference
Regional Cooperation Peace & Development: Issues & Lessons for MENA
Amman, Jordan March 18-20, 2017
www.erf.org.eg
A presentation by Sudhanshu Handa as part of the Innovations in Design and Measurement panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
Basic income and women in an established gender-equal welfare state: Results ...BEYOND4.0
Olli Kangas & Minna Ylikännö
Debates on gendered effects of universal basic income (UBI) bifurcate into two opposing views. On one hand, UBI is seen as a strong incentive for women to stay at home and be permanently locked in their care responsibilities. On the other hand, UBI is seen as a device to increase women’s autonomy, fortify their capacity to act, and guarantee them individual income and income security. Put differently, UBI would either cement the traditional division of labour between genders and trap women at home, or it would be an empowering option for women. This type of discussion is relevant in countries with significant gender inequalities. In Finland, as in other Nordic countries, gender equality in both labour markets and families is better achieved than in most other countries. From this perspective, it is difficult to establish that the implementation of basic income would have a major impact on the position of women in these established gender-equal societies. In this study, we use survey data compiled in the context of the Finnish basic income experiment (2017–2018) to analyse the effects of basic income on employment and empowerment, with the focus on its gender effects. Our results indicate that while UBI did not affect employment in the two-year experiment and, it was positively associated with individual capacities and confidence in various aspects of life. However, the effects were universal and they did not differ between women and men. UBI is not a gender equality-related issue in the Nordic welfare states.
Creating Community Resilience to Improve Children's Well-being in Disadvantag...mjbinstitute
Evaluation of the Better Together Program, which focuses on creating community resilience by improving the well-being of children and youth and their families in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Israel. This report was prepared by Smadar Somekh, Aya Almog, and Dalia Ben-Rabi of the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute in Jerusalem.
Marriage Outcomes and Women Empowerment after Marriage:A Three Countries StoryEconomic Research Forum
Hanan Nazier- Cairo University
Racha Ramadan - Cairo University
ERF23rd Annual Conference
Regional Cooperation Peace & Development: Issues & Lessons for MENA
Amman, Jordan March 18-20, 2017
www.erf.org.eg
This document examines youth participation in governance in Nigeria. It discusses how lack of youth participation has negative effects and that Nigeria's system relies too heavily on older generations. It presents research questions on youth involvement and hypothesizes that cultural beliefs hinder participation. A survey was administered in Ikorodu and found challenges like exclusion, unemployment, and lack of access to information and services. The conclusion calls for restructuring ministries, increasing education funding, creating youth platforms, and empowering youth to demand accountability and participate positively.
The UK Office for National Statistics has launched a National Well-being Programme to measure national well-being beyond traditional economic indicators like GDP. The programme aims to establish an accepted set of national statistics on well-being across ten domains, including health, relationships, education, and the environment. So far, the programme has conducted public consultations, published initial annual reports, and added questions to household surveys on life satisfaction, feelings of worthwhileness, happiness and anxiety. Future work includes further developing measures, analyzing drivers of well-being, and providing local area well-being data. The goal is to better understand and monitor societal progress over time.
Determinants of youth unemployment in developing countries evidences from tan...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the determinants of youth unemployment in Tanzania. The study uses a multinomial logistic regression model to analyze unemployment data from Tanzania. The findings show that gender, location, education level, skills, and marital status significantly influence a youth's employment status. The study recommends that the government strengthen laws around gender balance and job market regulations to promote youth employment and ensure equal opportunities. Creating more formal jobs and reviewing education-to-work policies could also help address youth unemployment in Tanzania.
Dissertation title: Impact Assessment by Microsimulation of Universal Non-Con...G B
This document summarizes Giulio Bordon's thesis defense on assessing the impact of a universal social pension in Uganda through microsimulation. The thesis examines Uganda's current pension system and social protections for the elderly, analyzes consumption, poverty and inequality levels, and models the impact of a universal pension on these factors. Through static microsimulation using national survey data, it finds that a universal pension would significantly improve food security and school attendance among beneficiary households. However, the current benefit level may not adequately prevent poverty, and future indexing is needed to ensure adequacy over time. The thesis concludes by recommending expanding social protection and addressing informality to improve livelihoods.
After two great World wars, modernization theory equal with physical infrastructure building and industrialization was developed and practiced in the west, and also practiced later on in the developing countries as well to improve the standard of living. As a result, during the first development decade (1960- 1970). The world’s Gross International Product (GIP) increased by one trillion dollars, of which eighty percent went to the industrialized nations, and six percent to poor nations, even the developing countries achieved five percent annual growth rate at the end of first decade.
Gender statistics are defined as statistics that adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men in all areas of life (UN, 2006). Policy makers, practitioners and activists can use gender statistics to analyse and identify the differences and inequalities between women and men, their priorities and needs, and hence contribute to the development of and feedback on policies and programmes to maximum the development benefits for both women and men. The establishment and development of the gender statistics system has been increasingly critical for governmental agencies, research institutes, socio-political organizations, civil social organizations and individuals in order to advocate, develop, implement and monitor socio-economic development policies and programmes, ensuring substantive gender equality in all areas
Special Session on Transition in the Life Course in MENA: Discussion of Pape...Economic Research Forum
The document summarizes three papers presented at a special session on transitions in the life course in the Middle East and North Africa region.
The first paper by Assaad et al. examines the effect of early marriage (defined as before the median age at first marriage) on women's employment outcomes in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia. It finds early marriage significantly reduces the probability of women working, particularly in private sector jobs.
The second paper by Nazim and Ramadan assesses the influence of pre-marital bargaining power on post-marital bargaining power, as measured by decision-making, across the same three countries. It finds the association is context-specific.
The third paper by Kra
What Works: Active Labour Market Policies in Latin America and the CaribbeanVerónica Escudero
The findings from the project on active labour market policies in Latin America and the Caribbean were presented to students of the Summer School organized annually by the University of Geneva. Particular emphasis was placed on how impact evaluations of public policies are used as tools to inform policy recommendations in the work of the ILO.
Human Resource Planning and Gender Mainstreaming In the Sugar Sector: A Surve...paperpublications3
Abstract: The past decades have seen an increasing number of women in the workplace. Perhaps, this has led to a change in gender roles. While there is more openness to women joining the workforce, there is still gender inequality in the workplace. This is in contrast with the fact that women population numbers has surpassed men according to latest population statistics. The number of women seeking higher education has also doubled in recent years. Research has shown that approaches to human resources lack any reference to gender issues in organisation. The study sought to identify the relationship between human resource planning and gender mainstreaming in the sugar sector. The objectives of the study were; to evaluate the integration of gender mainstreaming in the sugar sector, to establish the influence of gender mainstreaming in human resource planning, to examine the relationship between gender mainstreaming practices and human resource planning and to identify challenges faced in integrating gender mainstreaming practices in the sugar sector. The theoretical framework for the study was based on theory of justice that advocates the principle of fairness through the process of social transformation. The study was conducted on three sugar firms within Nyanza Province (Chemelil, Muhoroni and Sony). The study population comprised of senior administrators and employees working in various departments within Muhoroni, Chemelil and Sony sugar firms. A total of 4709 respondents formed the study population where a sample size of 357 respondents was chosen. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were applied. Questionnaires, interview guides and documents analysis acted as instruments of data collection. Data collected was arranged, sorted out to remove errors, coded, entered and analysed using descriptive statistics, inferential analysis and content analysis. The presentation of results was made in tables, pie charts, graphs and narrative forms. The result shows that gender mainstreaming policy has not been implemented in the sugar sector. Independent sample t–test showed that there existed no significant difference (p>0.05) between gender of respondents and gender mainstreaming policies in the human resource planning in the three sugar industries. The three organisations have not yet achieved gender rule. A glass ceiling approach has been observed in the three sugar industry where the top positions are mainly occupied by men. The study recommends that the sugar industry should ensure full integration of gender mainstreaming policies in their human resource planning. Gender mainstreaming practices needs to be promoted in the sugar industry and training is needed for employees working in organisations to create awareness on gender issues.
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN UGANDA.docx - Hilda Namakula- UCTHilda Namakula
Uganda has one of the youngest populations in the world, with over 78% under 30 years old. However, youth unemployment remains a major challenge, with estimates that 64-83% of the unemployed are youth between 18-30 years old. The causes of high youth unemployment are multifaceted, including inadequate job opportunities, lack of skills alignment between youth and available jobs, limited access to resources, and a growing labor force outpacing job growth. In response, the Ugandan government has implemented policies like the National Youth Policy and Skilling Uganda Strategic Plan to address the problem.
Gender Equality and Gender Budgeting - Scherie NICOL, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Scherie NICOL, OECD, at the OECD-MENA Network meeting dedicated to Budgeting for Societal Outcome: Gender, Youth and SDGs Budgeting, held in Caserta, Italy, on 18-19 July 2019
The Global AgeWatch Index measures how well 96 countries are supporting their older populations, in terms of health, income, employment and education and the enabling environment.
This year, Norway comes first, replacing Sweden from last year. Apart from Japan, all the top 10 countries are again in Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Afghanistan comes bottom again.
This presentation is to help navigate the architecture, methodology and data behind the Global AgeWatch Index.
This document discusses how time use surveys can measure unpaid work and their role in policymaking. It provides an overview of a report that analyzes 257 time use surveys across 88 countries and includes 18 country case studies. The key findings are that time use surveys are the best way to measure unpaid work, several countries have used time use data to define, monitor or evaluate gender equality policies, and factors like demand-driven data, high quality collection and analysis, effective communication, and multiple uses of data can help link time use data to policy impacts.
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Marco Mir...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
This document provides an overview of careers in local government in Australia. It discusses:
- The Centre for Local Government at UTS which conducts research, training, and consultancy to support the local government sector.
- The Australian Centre of Excellence for Local Government which is a federal government funded consortium that works on research, innovation, leadership, and workforce development for local governments.
- A national survey of over 200 local governments that collected data on their workforces including demographics, occupations, education levels, and workforce challenges to support a national workforce strategy.
- Some of the key findings of the survey including the distribution of local government employees across urban, rural, and regional areas, the aging workforce
This document summarizes a report on the world's older population published in 2012. It was prepared by UNFPA in collaboration with other UN agencies and organizations. The report assesses progress on the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing since 2002 based on input from 133 countries. It finds some improvements in policies and programs for older people but also significant gaps. It also shares findings from consultations with older people in over 40 countries on their experiences and priorities, such as concerns about poverty, healthcare costs, and abuse. Key recommendations include improving data on aging, ensuring age-inclusive policies, and greater budgeting and implementation of plans to address aging populations.
Marriage and Women’s Employment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)Economic Research Forum
Ragui Assaad - University of Minnesota
Caroline Krafft - St. Catherine University
Irene Selwaness - Cairo University
ERF 23rd Annual Conference
Regional Cooperation Peace & Development: Issues & Lessons for MENA
Amman, Jordan March 18-20, 2017
www.erf.org.eg
A presentation by Sudhanshu Handa as part of the Innovations in Design and Measurement panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
Basic income and women in an established gender-equal welfare state: Results ...BEYOND4.0
Olli Kangas & Minna Ylikännö
Debates on gendered effects of universal basic income (UBI) bifurcate into two opposing views. On one hand, UBI is seen as a strong incentive for women to stay at home and be permanently locked in their care responsibilities. On the other hand, UBI is seen as a device to increase women’s autonomy, fortify their capacity to act, and guarantee them individual income and income security. Put differently, UBI would either cement the traditional division of labour between genders and trap women at home, or it would be an empowering option for women. This type of discussion is relevant in countries with significant gender inequalities. In Finland, as in other Nordic countries, gender equality in both labour markets and families is better achieved than in most other countries. From this perspective, it is difficult to establish that the implementation of basic income would have a major impact on the position of women in these established gender-equal societies. In this study, we use survey data compiled in the context of the Finnish basic income experiment (2017–2018) to analyse the effects of basic income on employment and empowerment, with the focus on its gender effects. Our results indicate that while UBI did not affect employment in the two-year experiment and, it was positively associated with individual capacities and confidence in various aspects of life. However, the effects were universal and they did not differ between women and men. UBI is not a gender equality-related issue in the Nordic welfare states.
Creating Community Resilience to Improve Children's Well-being in Disadvantag...mjbinstitute
Evaluation of the Better Together Program, which focuses on creating community resilience by improving the well-being of children and youth and their families in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Israel. This report was prepared by Smadar Somekh, Aya Almog, and Dalia Ben-Rabi of the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute in Jerusalem.
Marriage Outcomes and Women Empowerment after Marriage:A Three Countries StoryEconomic Research Forum
Hanan Nazier- Cairo University
Racha Ramadan - Cairo University
ERF23rd Annual Conference
Regional Cooperation Peace & Development: Issues & Lessons for MENA
Amman, Jordan March 18-20, 2017
www.erf.org.eg
This document examines youth participation in governance in Nigeria. It discusses how lack of youth participation has negative effects and that Nigeria's system relies too heavily on older generations. It presents research questions on youth involvement and hypothesizes that cultural beliefs hinder participation. A survey was administered in Ikorodu and found challenges like exclusion, unemployment, and lack of access to information and services. The conclusion calls for restructuring ministries, increasing education funding, creating youth platforms, and empowering youth to demand accountability and participate positively.
The UK Office for National Statistics has launched a National Well-being Programme to measure national well-being beyond traditional economic indicators like GDP. The programme aims to establish an accepted set of national statistics on well-being across ten domains, including health, relationships, education, and the environment. So far, the programme has conducted public consultations, published initial annual reports, and added questions to household surveys on life satisfaction, feelings of worthwhileness, happiness and anxiety. Future work includes further developing measures, analyzing drivers of well-being, and providing local area well-being data. The goal is to better understand and monitor societal progress over time.
Determinants of youth unemployment in developing countries evidences from tan...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the determinants of youth unemployment in Tanzania. The study uses a multinomial logistic regression model to analyze unemployment data from Tanzania. The findings show that gender, location, education level, skills, and marital status significantly influence a youth's employment status. The study recommends that the government strengthen laws around gender balance and job market regulations to promote youth employment and ensure equal opportunities. Creating more formal jobs and reviewing education-to-work policies could also help address youth unemployment in Tanzania.
Dissertation title: Impact Assessment by Microsimulation of Universal Non-Con...G B
This document summarizes Giulio Bordon's thesis defense on assessing the impact of a universal social pension in Uganda through microsimulation. The thesis examines Uganda's current pension system and social protections for the elderly, analyzes consumption, poverty and inequality levels, and models the impact of a universal pension on these factors. Through static microsimulation using national survey data, it finds that a universal pension would significantly improve food security and school attendance among beneficiary households. However, the current benefit level may not adequately prevent poverty, and future indexing is needed to ensure adequacy over time. The thesis concludes by recommending expanding social protection and addressing informality to improve livelihoods.
After two great World wars, modernization theory equal with physical infrastructure building and industrialization was developed and practiced in the west, and also practiced later on in the developing countries as well to improve the standard of living. As a result, during the first development decade (1960- 1970). The world’s Gross International Product (GIP) increased by one trillion dollars, of which eighty percent went to the industrialized nations, and six percent to poor nations, even the developing countries achieved five percent annual growth rate at the end of first decade.
Gender statistics are defined as statistics that adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men in all areas of life (UN, 2006). Policy makers, practitioners and activists can use gender statistics to analyse and identify the differences and inequalities between women and men, their priorities and needs, and hence contribute to the development of and feedback on policies and programmes to maximum the development benefits for both women and men. The establishment and development of the gender statistics system has been increasingly critical for governmental agencies, research institutes, socio-political organizations, civil social organizations and individuals in order to advocate, develop, implement and monitor socio-economic development policies and programmes, ensuring substantive gender equality in all areas
Special Session on Transition in the Life Course in MENA: Discussion of Pape...Economic Research Forum
The document summarizes three papers presented at a special session on transitions in the life course in the Middle East and North Africa region.
The first paper by Assaad et al. examines the effect of early marriage (defined as before the median age at first marriage) on women's employment outcomes in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia. It finds early marriage significantly reduces the probability of women working, particularly in private sector jobs.
The second paper by Nazim and Ramadan assesses the influence of pre-marital bargaining power on post-marital bargaining power, as measured by decision-making, across the same three countries. It finds the association is context-specific.
The third paper by Kra
What Works: Active Labour Market Policies in Latin America and the CaribbeanVerónica Escudero
The findings from the project on active labour market policies in Latin America and the Caribbean were presented to students of the Summer School organized annually by the University of Geneva. Particular emphasis was placed on how impact evaluations of public policies are used as tools to inform policy recommendations in the work of the ILO.
Human Resource Planning and Gender Mainstreaming In the Sugar Sector: A Surve...paperpublications3
Abstract: The past decades have seen an increasing number of women in the workplace. Perhaps, this has led to a change in gender roles. While there is more openness to women joining the workforce, there is still gender inequality in the workplace. This is in contrast with the fact that women population numbers has surpassed men according to latest population statistics. The number of women seeking higher education has also doubled in recent years. Research has shown that approaches to human resources lack any reference to gender issues in organisation. The study sought to identify the relationship between human resource planning and gender mainstreaming in the sugar sector. The objectives of the study were; to evaluate the integration of gender mainstreaming in the sugar sector, to establish the influence of gender mainstreaming in human resource planning, to examine the relationship between gender mainstreaming practices and human resource planning and to identify challenges faced in integrating gender mainstreaming practices in the sugar sector. The theoretical framework for the study was based on theory of justice that advocates the principle of fairness through the process of social transformation. The study was conducted on three sugar firms within Nyanza Province (Chemelil, Muhoroni and Sony). The study population comprised of senior administrators and employees working in various departments within Muhoroni, Chemelil and Sony sugar firms. A total of 4709 respondents formed the study population where a sample size of 357 respondents was chosen. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were applied. Questionnaires, interview guides and documents analysis acted as instruments of data collection. Data collected was arranged, sorted out to remove errors, coded, entered and analysed using descriptive statistics, inferential analysis and content analysis. The presentation of results was made in tables, pie charts, graphs and narrative forms. The result shows that gender mainstreaming policy has not been implemented in the sugar sector. Independent sample t–test showed that there existed no significant difference (p>0.05) between gender of respondents and gender mainstreaming policies in the human resource planning in the three sugar industries. The three organisations have not yet achieved gender rule. A glass ceiling approach has been observed in the three sugar industry where the top positions are mainly occupied by men. The study recommends that the sugar industry should ensure full integration of gender mainstreaming policies in their human resource planning. Gender mainstreaming practices needs to be promoted in the sugar industry and training is needed for employees working in organisations to create awareness on gender issues.
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN UGANDA.docx - Hilda Namakula- UCTHilda Namakula
Uganda has one of the youngest populations in the world, with over 78% under 30 years old. However, youth unemployment remains a major challenge, with estimates that 64-83% of the unemployed are youth between 18-30 years old. The causes of high youth unemployment are multifaceted, including inadequate job opportunities, lack of skills alignment between youth and available jobs, limited access to resources, and a growing labor force outpacing job growth. In response, the Ugandan government has implemented policies like the National Youth Policy and Skilling Uganda Strategic Plan to address the problem.
Gender Equality and Gender Budgeting - Scherie NICOL, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Scherie NICOL, OECD, at the OECD-MENA Network meeting dedicated to Budgeting for Societal Outcome: Gender, Youth and SDGs Budgeting, held in Caserta, Italy, on 18-19 July 2019
The Global AgeWatch Index measures how well 96 countries are supporting their older populations, in terms of health, income, employment and education and the enabling environment.
This year, Norway comes first, replacing Sweden from last year. Apart from Japan, all the top 10 countries are again in Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Afghanistan comes bottom again.
This presentation is to help navigate the architecture, methodology and data behind the Global AgeWatch Index.
This document discusses how time use surveys can measure unpaid work and their role in policymaking. It provides an overview of a report that analyzes 257 time use surveys across 88 countries and includes 18 country case studies. The key findings are that time use surveys are the best way to measure unpaid work, several countries have used time use data to define, monitor or evaluate gender equality policies, and factors like demand-driven data, high quality collection and analysis, effective communication, and multiple uses of data can help link time use data to policy impacts.
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Marco Mir...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
This document summarizes Uganda's experience in measuring women's labor force participation. It discusses data sources like censuses and national household surveys that provide information on women's work. Efforts to improve measurement include developing gender concepts, conducting consultative meetings, attaching labor modules to surveys, and analyzing existing data to identify gaps. A Gender and Productivity Survey collected detailed data on women's paid and unpaid work. Preliminary findings show higher participation rates for rural women and their concentration in unpaid family work. Institutional efforts aim to integrate women's activity lists into surveys and strengthen gender statistics capacity.
Women's participation in the labour market is dependent on a number of factors. The policies and the budget has to be gender sensitive to create an enabling environment for the women workers. We need to shift from the gender neutral approach to the gender sensitive approach.by asking the right questions during budget preparation.
Gender Budgeting - Ronnie Downes, Elena Gentili, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Ronnie Downes and Elena Gentili, OECD, at the 37th Annual Meeting of OECD Senior Budget Officials held in Stockholm on 9-10 June 2016
The document discusses measuring and addressing the gender gap across OECD countries. It provides data showing gender gaps in areas like education choices, labor force participation rates, pay, and leadership positions. It summarizes the OECD's 2013 recommendation to promote gender equality in these areas and its 2015 recommendation on gender equality in public life. It also discusses the OECD's work measuring progress, promoting women's empowerment in international forums like the G20 and G7, and efforts to end violence against women.
The OECD Development Centre’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a cross-country measure of discrimination against women in social institutions (formal and informal laws, social norms, and practices) across 160 countries. Discriminatory social institutions intersect across all stages of girls’ and women’s life, restricting their access to justice, rights and empowerment opportunities and undermining their agency and decision-making authority over their life choices. As underlying drivers of gender inequalities, discriminatory social institutions perpetuate gender gaps in development areas, such as education, employment and health, and hinder progress towards rights-based social transformation that benefits both women and men.
The SIGI covers five dimensions of discriminatory social institutions, spanning major socio-economic areas that affect women’s lives: discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, and restricted civil liberties. The SIGI’s variables quantify discriminatory social institutions such as unequal inheritance rights, early marriage, violence against women, and unequal land and property rights. Through its 160 country profiles, country classifications and unique database, the SIGI provides a strong evidence base to more effectively address the discriminatory social institutions that hold back progress on gender equality and women’s empowerment!
1) The Korean Institute for Gender Equality Promotion and Education provides gender training courses for over 500,000 government officials and the general public annually to promote gender equality and awareness.
2) Gender training aims to change awareness, knowledge, skills, and behaviors related to gender through content on stereotypes, discrimination, and analyzing projects from a gender perspective.
3) Gender training is needed for policymakers in Korea to help address issues like low birth rates, an aging society, and women leaving the workforce after having children, which are linked to challenges with work-life balance and gender roles.
WIDER knowledge and Agenda 2030 challengesUNU-WIDER
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2. Monitoring the 2030 agenda faces data challenges like gaps, lack of gender disaggregation, technical difficulties in measurement, and political obstacles. UNU-WIDER supports capacity for reliable data.
3. Success requires economic transformation, improved livelihoods, and reduced inequality. Strategic choices are needed from governments and development partners to mobilize resources and build local capacity for sustainable development.
1 Gender Mainstreaming, Education and Poverty, Elaine UnterhalterThe Impact Initiative
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As companies and governments around the world grapple with accommodating changes in the workplace, the workforce and the nature of work itself, we are pleased to be continuing our Future of Work foresight programme. Building on previous global research undertaken over the past few years, we are now looking in depth at six pivotal issues that have been prioritised as areas of major potential change. These are digital skills, soft skills, reinventing roles, the blurring of work, green jobs and digital productivity. Initially taking a European focus, with the support of Amazon, over the next couple of months a series of expert digital workshops are exploring the core shifts ahead and their implications for organisations and wider policy.
This PDF sets the scene for the dialogue both within the workshops and more widely. If you would like to be involved or have comments on the potential changes ahead, do let us know and we can accommodate. As always all discussions are under the Chatham House Rule and so there is no attribution and, as we progress with each area, we will be sharing a synthesis of all new insights and recommendations over the rest of the year.
Gender indicators and sex disaggregated datanavaneetarath
Collecting and analyzing sex-disaggregated data is important for integrating gender in research and policy. It allows researchers to identify quantitative differences between women and men in areas like health status, education levels, employment and income. Without sex-disaggregated data, the unique needs of different gender groups may be overlooked. National and international organizations have recognized the importance of gender indicators and statistics since the 1970s. Proper methods are needed to ensure sex-disaggregated data is collected accurately from both female and male respondents.
Gender indicators and sex disaggregated datanavaneetarath
Collecting and analyzing sex-disaggregated data is important for integrating gender in research and policy. It allows researchers to identify quantitative differences between women and men in areas like health status, education levels, employment and income. Without sex-disaggregated data, the unique needs of different gender groups may be overlooked. National and international organizations have recognized the importance of gender indicators and statistics since the 1970s. Proper methods are needed to ensure sex-disaggregated data is collected and analyzed accurately and addresses the experiences of both women and men.
Gender indicators and sex disaggregated datanavaneetarath
Collecting and analyzing sex-disaggregated data is important for integrating gender in research and policy. It allows researchers to identify quantitative differences between women and men in areas like health status, education levels, employment and income. Without sex-disaggregated data, the unique needs of different gender groups may be overlooked. National and international organizations have recognized the importance of gender indicators and statistics since the 1970s. Proper methods are needed to ensure sex-disaggregated data is collected accurately from both female and male respondents.
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The document summarizes key figures from the 2020 round of data collection for the Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) framework. It finds that TOSSD reporting saw considerable expansion, with 99 respondents including 10 new countries and organizations. TOSSD totals for 2020 amounted to $273 billion in pillar I and $82 billion in pillar II, for a total of $355 billion. This represents an increase of $29 billion from 2019. Additional details were disclosed, including over 75,000 previously unreported activities worth $68 billion. First-time reporting by countries like Brazil provided new transparency into South-South cooperation.
1) TOSSD data for 2020 showed total official support for sustainable development of $355 billion, including $273 billion in gross disbursements and $51 billion in private finance mobilized. This represented considerable expansion from the previous year and first-time data from several new respondents.
2) Key developments included TOSSD being adopted as a data source for SDG indicator 17.3.1 on sustainable development finance, representing major recognition. Data submitted to the UN included over 75,000 previously unreported activities totaling $68 billion in additional support.
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The two-day seminar in Pretoria, South Africa discussed experiences and opportunities for triangular cooperation among South Africa, Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members, and partner countries in Southern Africa to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda and SDGs. Key areas discussed included: 1) Increasing African partner participation and ensuring open partnerships; 2) Identifying priority areas for trilateral cooperation like science, innovation, climate change; and 3) Learning from different approaches and developing guidelines like those proposed by Canada to support effective triangular cooperation. Representatives from government agencies, civil society, private sector, and philanthropy attended to explore expanding existing partnerships and launching new trilateral initiatives in the region.
This document contains summaries from multiple expert discussions that took place at the Private Finance for Sustainable Development Conference from January 28-30, 2020. The discussions covered topics such as the role of international pension funds and domestic pension funds in financing sustainable development, the use of blended finance and impact measurement, aligning private finance with ocean conservation, and innovations to address foreign currency risks.
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The document discusses development cooperation from Arab countries and institutions between 2011-2015. It finds that:
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2) They concentrate their development activities in the Middle East and North Africa region, providing 81% of their assistance there, primarily to Egypt.
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ECIS countries provide on average USD 6.2 billion annually in development assistance. Turkey is the largest provider, contributing USD 4 billion on average annually. Most ECIS funding is allocated to fragile contexts and social infrastructure projects in lower middle income countries. While grants are the most common form of assistance, ECIS countries are increasingly engaging in innovative partnerships for development.
Reporting issues. Providers of development co-operation beyond the DAC (countries, multilateral organisations and philanthropic foundations).
WP-STAT formal meeting 1-2 July 2019.
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The International Conference on Civil Society Space discussed strategies to defend and expand shrinking civil society space. Civil society faces increasing pressure globally from states and non-state actors. Restrictions undermine development goals. Participants discussed how to promote enabling environments through multi-stakeholder partnerships and inclusive dialogue. Recommendations included strengthening CSO effectiveness, shifting support to the local level, and improving spaces for civil society participation in policymaking.
According to preliminary OECD data, $157.2 billion was mobilized from the private sector by development finance interventions from 2012-2017. Guarantees mobilized the most at $63.5 billion (40% of the total), followed by syndicated loans at $26.9 billion (17%) and direct investment in companies and SPVs at $25.5 billion (16%). In 2017 alone, $38.2 billion was mobilized, with Latin America as the main beneficiary region. The energy and financial sectors received 60% of amounts mobilized in 2017.
This document provides information on engaging civil society organizations in triangular cooperation. It discusses how triangular cooperation brings together partners from different countries to leverage their comparative advantages. It notes that while governments remain primary actors, civil society organizations are increasingly important partners that can contribute local expertise and networks. The document analyzes data on over 700 triangular cooperation projects involving civil society organizations. It finds that Africa has the strongest civil society engagement, and that projects focus on social infrastructure, governance, and long-term partnerships of 2-4 years.
The document discusses private sector engagement in triangular co-operation projects. Some key points:
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- Projects focus on infrastructure like energy and water, as well as governance. Energy projects concentrate on expanding energy access in Africa.
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2. OECD Policy Dialogue on
Women’s Economic
Empowerment
Recognising, Reducing and
Redistributing unpaid care and
domestic work
25 January 2018
3. • The need to address the burden of unpaid care work for achieving
gender equality and women’s economic empowerment was
recognised explicitly in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)
Target 5.4, which identifies “the provision of public services,
infrastructure and social protection and the promotion of shared
responsibility” as policy enablers for women’s economic
empowerment.
• The OECD is moving from the “why this is important to the “how
can we drive change” and the Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment is the platform created for addressing this
question.
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment
4. • The objective of the Policy Dialogue is to generate data,
evidence and inclusive policy guidance for policy makers and
development partners on “what works” to achieve SDG target
5.4 as an entry point for promoting women’s economic
empowerment and well-being in low- and middle-income
countries.
• The initial Dialogue with a number of countries and
development partners offers a forum to share experiences,
challenges and knowledge gaps among Dialogue members
with regard to addressing unpaid care and domestic work in
the four policy domains.
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment
5. Status of implementation and
monitoring of SDG target 5.4
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment,
25 January 2018, OECD, Paris
6. Unpaid care and domestic work in SDGs
Indicator 5.4.1 will track progress on Target 5.4
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls
Target 5.4: Recognize and value unpaid care and
domestic work through the provision of public
services, infrastructure and social protection
policies and the promotion of shared responsibility
within the household and the family as nationally
appropriate
Indicator 5.4.1: Proportion of time spent on
unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age
and location
7. Gender inequalities persist in unpaid care
and domestic work
Women: 18%, Men 7%, with clear age gradient for women
Note: Data disaggregated by age are available for 29 countries
8. Implementation: Country selection process
Data available for 83 countries covering 52% of world
population over the period 2000-2016; Disaggregated
and trend data even more limited;
Based on expensive, complex time use surveys – ad-
hoc and extra budgetary in most developing countries
Difficult to capture person-to-person activities (e.g.
children, the elderly and the sick) often overlaps with
domestic work
Challenges regarding comparability because of
different classification & methodologies
Micro data not always publicly available
Significant challenges to monitor 5.4.1
9. Institutional collaboration is necessary
• Share data & analysis related to
SDG 5 indicators, such as indic
5.4.1
(OECD contributes data for OECD
countries, ensures comparability etc.)
• Intellectual inputs to methodology
and data related to gender statistics
• Organisation of events on gender
statistics
• Mutual contributions to reports and
other knowledge products
• Joint policy briefs or analytical
reviews on gender statistics, social
norms and related topics
10. Beyond 5.4.1; How can UN Women contribute to
the policy dialogue
SDG Monitoring – First edition of Gender and SDGs monitoring
report (February, 14 2018); Chapter looks at policy options to
recognize, reduce and redistribute (3R) unpaid care and domestic
work
provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection
policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the
household and the family
“as nationally appropriate”: Still a contentious issue, research and
advocacy needed – leaders championing similar issues
Progress of the World’s Women: Families in a changing world – how
families and roles are changing, implications for care work
UN Women’s Making Every Woman and Girl Count programme:
Methodological work as a key focus area of UNW & INEGI Centre of
Excellence on Gender Statistics located in Mexico
12. EXTENDING THE OECD
TIME USE DATABASE TO
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
A Study on Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru, and South
Africa
13. The Beijing Platform for Action:
• “Improving data collection on the unremunerated work, […] such as non-market
production activities”
• “Developing methods quantifying the value of unremunerated work that is outside
national accounts, such as caring for dependents and preparing food, for possible reflection in
satellite accounts”
“Stiglitz Commission” on the Measurement of Economic
Performance and Social progress (Stiglitz et al., 2009):
• Recommendation 5: Broaden income measures to non-market activities:
• “This should start with information on how people spend their time that is comparable
both over the years and across countries. Comprehensive and periodic accounts of
household activity as satellites to the core national accounts should complement the
picture”
Measuring unpaid work is a long-standing
goal
14. Unpaid care and domestic work: housework; childcare; elderly
care; community/volunteer work; etc.
Unpaid = the individual performing this activity is not remunerated
Care and domestic = the activity provides what is necessary for the health, well-being,
maintenance, and protection of someone or something
Work = the activity involves mental or physical effort and is costly in terms of time
resources
Unpaid work and women
Time Use Surveys (TUS): record
information on how people allocate their
time across different day-to-day activities;
typically through diaries.
15. • TUS have been conducted in 65 countries (29 OECD
countries + 36 non-OECD economies): all these 36 countries
were reviewed for this project
Data issues and selection criteria:
Population coverage (e.g., national, urban, rural)
Year of the survey (TUS are conducted every 5/10 years)
Differences in precision, definition, and classification of the activities
Availability of micro data
24 hour diary vs stylized questions
Primary/secondary activities
Period over which the data have been collected
Regional coverage and different income levels (low- and middle-income countries)
6 surveys satisfied the selection criteria above, and 4 were
retained
Time Use Surveys to measure unpaid care
work
16. Australia Austria Belgium … Turkey
United
Kingdom
United States
2006 2008-09 2005 … 2006 2005 2014
1 Paid work or study 238 306 227 … 242 246 282
1.1 paid work (all jobs) 186 251 163 … 178 213 229
1.2 travel to and from work/study 25 29 27 … 40 22 21
1.3 time in school or classes 16 17 25 … 24 7 18
1.4 research/homework 11 9 12 … - 4 11
1.5 job search … 3
1.6 other paid work or study-related …
2 Unpaid work 243 203 200 … 247 201 196
2.1 routine housework 132 125 134 … 141 100 100
2.2 shopping 29 21 26 … 14 33 23
2.3 care for household members 45 34 16 … 32 48 32
2.3.1 child care … 39 30
2.3.2 adult care … 3 2
2.4 care for non household members - 3 0 … - 5
2.5 volunteering 6 4 5 … 19 3 7
2.6 travel related to household activities 32 17 19 … 40 16 26
2.7 other unpaid … 3
3 Personal care 657 642 684 … 669 587 645
3.1 sleeping 512 509 504 … 508 484 525
3.2 eating & drinking 89 79 106 … - 59 62
3.3 personal, household, and medical services + travel related to
personal care 56 54 74 … 161
44
58
4 Leisure 281 280 326 … 263 360 295
4.1 sports 19 30 23 … 7 22 18
4.2 participating / attending events 6 10 11 … 3 23 7
4.3 visiting or entertaining friends 10 70 59 … 71 84 47
4.4 TV or radio at home 140 109 135 … 122 140 152
4.5 Other leisure activities 106 62 98 … 61 92 71
5 Other 20 8 3 … 19 47 22
5.1 religious / spiritual activities and civic obligations
13 3 2 … 19
3
9
5.2 other (no categories) 7 5 1 … - 44 13
T Total 1440 1440 1440 … 1440 1440 1440
OECD time use database
http://www.oecd.org/gender/data/
17. • Time Use Surveys (TUS): record information on how people allocate
their time across different day-to-day activities.
• TUS have been conducted in 65 countries (29 OECD countries +
36 non-OECD economies): all these 36 countries were reviewed for this
project
• A number of comparability issues affect TUS, e.g. different
classifications, population coverage, simultaneity of activities, etc…
• Selection criteria:
Population coverage (e.g., national, urban, rural)
Year of the survey (TUS are conducted every 5/10 years)
Availability of micro data
Coverage of different world regions and income levels (low- and middle-income countries)
• 6 surveys satisfied the selection criteria above, and 4 were
retained
Time use surveys to measure unpaid care
work
18. Country Survey name Year
Sampled
population
Bangladesh Feed the Future 2011-2012 Rural areas only
Ethiopia
Ethiopia Time Use Survey
2013 (ETUS)
2013 National
Peru
Encuesta Nacional de
Uso del Tiempo
2010 National
South Africa A Survey of Time Use 2010 National
Selected time use surveys
19. Gender gap in unpaid work (I)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
W to M ratio of unpaid work time W to M ratio of housework time W to M ratio of childcare time
11 16
• Routine housework is the main constituent of unpaid work and childcare is the
second most important
• The gender gap in routine housework time in the four selected countries is
similar to some OECD countries
• However, a larger gender gap in childcare time can be observed
20. Gender gap in unpaid work (II)
ETH
IND
BGD
PER
ZAF KOR
IRL
NOR
R² = 0.4677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Women’s unpaid work vs. GDP/capita
ETH
IND
BGD
PER
ZAF
EST
PRT JPN
DNK
IRL
NOR
R² = 0.492
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Gender gap in unpaid work vs. GDP/capita
Women spend less time on unpaid
work as GDP/capita increases
The gender gap in unpaid work time
decreases as GDP/capita increases
21. • Indicator 5.4.1 requires to look at the time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by
sex, age and location.
• Overall, women’s childcare time increases with:
– the number of children,
– living in urban areas (+9 minutes on average),
– no particular pattern regarding the other demographic characteristics.
• Overall, women’s routine housework time increases with:
– age up to 40-50 years old, above which routine housework time decreases with age,
– marital status (+25 minutes on average),
– number of children,
– living in rural areas (+33 minutes on average),
– inverted U-shaped effect of education,
– no particular pattern regarding the other demographic characteristics.
Women are not a homogenous group…
22. • Unfortunately most TUS do not provide the required information to
link infrastructure and time spent on unpaid work
• Using the 2009 Ghana TUS we explored the effect of various
water sources and access to electricity on time use and
women’s empowerment.
• Preliminary results suggest that having electricity at one’s house
increases women’s time in paid activities (formal or informal) by 73
minutes and easier access to water decreases unpaid work time
by 25 minutes.
Infrastructures and time spent on unpaid
work
23. • Extend country coverage to other LICs and MICs depending on
data availability
• Deepen the analysis on the effect of infrastructures on time use
and women’s empowerment
• Explore the determinants of intra-household inequalities in the
use of time
• Value women’s unpaid care and domestic work
Next steps
26. Social protection
The design of social protection programmes has tended to be
gender blind, reinforcing patriarchal family structures and being
based on gender stereotypes of women as the primary caregiver,
thereby increasing rather than reducing their time poverty. This
session aims to identify: good practices in social protection that
reduce unpaid care and domestic work; knowledge and data
gaps to understand the impact of social protection policies on
women’s time use; and key actors to catalyse more gender-
responsive social protection systems.
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment
27. • Facilitator: Alessandra Heinemann (Co-ordinator,
Social Protection Project, OECD Development
Centre)
• Contributors:
– Reaching informal women workers (Rachel Moussié,
Social Protection Advisor, WIEGO)
– Gender equality in family policy in Finland (Anneli
Miettinen, Kela Social Insurance Institution, Finland)
– Brazil’s experience with cash transfers (Joana
Mostafa, Social policy and economics researcher at
the Research Institute of Applied Economics (IPEA),
Federal Government of Brazil)
Session: Social Protection
28. Gender and social protection: insights from
the Brazilian experience.
Joana Mostafa - IPEA
1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018
29. 1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018
Social Protection in Brazil
Landscape of Social Protection in Brazil
Contributory protection coupled with labor regulations – income
substitution to tackle risks that hinder “work” capacity.
Pensions, survivor, accidents and disability benefits, maternity leave
(4 months), paternal leave (5 days!), unemployment benefit (3-5
months), lumpsum benefit for unjustified layoffs, remunerated
vacations, regulated work hours, etc.
Non Contributory – benefit values depend on demographics and
poverty
BPC Old Age and Disability: income substitution.
Bolsa Família: income complement.
Social Protection Figures: “inactive” population
• Old Age Coverage: 22% of women unprotected x 13% of men.
• Disability: no data.
• Both important to protect women and to pay for caregivers.
30. 1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018
% Women % Men
36 52
Non-poor 6 13
Poor 8 6
7 6
57 78
43 22
100 100
Total Active
Total Working Age Adults
Labor/Income/Contribution Categories
Working Age Adults
Active
Inactive
Occupied
Protected
Unprotected
Unemployed
Social Protection in Brazil
Social Protection Figures: working age population
Subsidiary protection based on the Breadwinner Model
• Survivor benefits: 74% to women
• 2011 “housewife” scheme (pension, disability, sickness, child allowance):
poor HHs, women with no paid activity, lower contribution rate.
• Relevant take-up rate, but requires permanent inactivity and poverty,
has a benefit denial of 40%...after having collected contributions!
31. 1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018
Bolsa Família Program – 2003
Objective: reduce POVERTY.
Cash
• Average benefit: $100/HH/month PPP (minimum wage $500)
• Poverty lines: $85/capita and $42/capita PPP
• Benefit varies with poverty, number of children, youth and
pregnant/nursing women.
Follow up of education and health: rights based approach
Other coordinated public offers: housing (1 million houses delivered of
which 86% are entitled to women); electric bill in the name of women
with discounts of up to 65%; professional courses 66% women…
Figures
Covers 25% of the population (40 MM people)
Costs 0,5% of GDP
Substantially reduced inequality, poverty and extreme poverty
Contributed to elevating health and education status of poorer HHs
32. 1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018
Bolsa Família Program and Gender
The transfer is preferably made to women (92%) on the grounds that the
money is better spent in the benefit of children.
Feminist Critique:
Indeed, qualitative studies have shown that the managers and women
beneficiaries of Bolsa Família activate the ‘maternity condition’ to render
moral authority:
• Against the widespread prejudice of transferring money to the poor
• To legitimize women as worthy and rational beneficiaries
So in terms of discursive norm Bolsa Família adds another layer of gender
discrimination, but with contradictions, tensions and displacements.
Reinforce Gender Roles
X
Increases Autonomy
33. 1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018
Quantitative and qualitative studies also show a number of positive
results in terms of greater autonomy to women…
BF women have a 10 p.p. greater chance of taking reproductive
decisions on their own, including the use of contraceptive methods
38% of the beneficiaries say their decision power over the HH
money has increased
48% feel more financially independent
38% more respected by their partners
Indirectly, the increase in school attendance, children’s health and
domestic appliances (stability of the transfer) is a positive result for
time-use efficiency for women
Number of work-hours reduced as a result of better labor market
bargaining position: greater autonomy to flee from degrading work
Bolsa Família Program and Gender
34. 1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018
http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/eng/PRB57_Bolsa_Familia_and_women_s_autonomy.pdf
http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/eng/PRB55EN_Bolsa_Familia_gender_relation.pdf
http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/eng/PIF38_Social_protection_towards_gender_equality.pdf
Resources on Brazilian Experience
Thank you!
joana.mostafa@ipea.gov.br
35. Gender equality in
family policy in
Finland: promoting
fathers’ involvement in
childcare
Anneli Miettinen
Kela Research Unit
25.1.2018
36. Family leaves in Finland
36
Paid maternity leave, 2017: 4 mths
Paid parental leave (can be shared between
parents), 2017: 6 mths
Paid paternity leave, 2017: 2 mths
Home care leave (relatively low rate compensation
340 e/mth) up until the child turns 3 yrs (either
parent can take)
Until 2010s, fathers did not have an independent
right to family leave.
37. Family leaves for fathers
37
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Daysperfather
Fathers
Fathers on
paternity/parental
leave
Days per father
Fathers’ use of paid family leaves has gradually increased
Source: KELA Statistics on family leaves
Fathers on
paternity/parental leave
= number of fathers who
have used at least a part
of leave
Days per father =
average number of leave
days that fathers take
38. Promotion of fathers’ leaves
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Percentoffathers
Leave around birth
"Daddy-month"
Series3
Fathers on paternity leave: on paternity leave around
birth and on ’daddy-month’, % of all fathers
Source: KELA Statistics on family leaves
Impl. of ”daddy-
month” (4 wk)
Flexibility
increased
4 wk -> 6 wk
6 wk -> 9 wk
Flexibility inc.
Flexibility = father
could leave a part
of his daddy-month
to be taken later,
until the child is
1.5-2 yrs old
39. Possibilities, challenges
39
Key issues in promoting fathers’ involvement in childcare
- High financial benefit/compensation rate (in Finland: 70 %)
- Independent & non-transferable right
- Flexibility
- AND: positive attitudes of employers towards fathers on leave!
Challenges
- A considerable proportion of fathers do not use paternity leave
at all – low-income, less educated, working in manual
professions or entrepreneurs
- -> differences between families in how much well-paid family
leave (in total) they are taking
41. Public services
Public services to address unpaid care and domestic work include child care
and health care services, among others. They can alleviate women’s time
spent on unpaid care activities as well as help generate employment
opportunities for them. The public provision of care services for children
through crèches or services for the elderly, sick and disabled can redistribute
care work that may traditionally fall to women. Access to basic health
services can cut down on the amount of time women spend travelling and
waiting to receive health care for themselves or their dependents. This
session will aim to identify: existing public services that reduce and
redistribute unpaid care and domestic work; knowledge and data gaps to
understand the impact of services on women’s time use; and keys actors to
catalyse more gender-responsive service delivery.
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment
42. Facilitator: Thalia Kidder (Senior Advisor, Women’s Economic Rights, Oxfam
Great Britain)
• Contributors:
─ The Business Case for Employer-Supported Childcare in Developing
Countries (Henriette Kolb, Head, Gender Secretariat, International
Finance Corporation)
─ Care systems for promoting social justice (Luiza Carvalho, Regional
Director, Regional Office for the Americas and Caribbean, UN Women)
─ Uruguay’s experience in implementing the Care Act (Patricia Cossani,
Deputy Director, National Care System, Uruguay)
─ Linking Domestic Workers Organizing with Macroeconomic Planning
(Marina Durano, Programme Officer, Open Society Foundation)
Session: Public services
43. OECD Policy Dialogue
Tackling Childcare:
What Can Private Sector Employers Do?
Prepared by
IFC Gender Secretariat
www.ifc.org/tacklingchildcare
March 20, 2018
44. The Childcare Business & Development Case:
Good for Children, Employees, Economies &…
Good for Children:
• Benefits of ECE: Healthy development, greater capacity to learn in school,
and increased productivity in adulthood (World Bank, 2015).
• Yet, only around half of 3-5 year olds in developing countries participate in
some form of ECE, typically for a few hours daily (GBC-Education, 2016)
Good for Women’s Employment:
• Where governments support early childcare, women are more likely to
receive a formal wage (Women, Business and the Law, 2016)
• Evidence from the Caribbean, Latin America, and OECD countries
suggests that access to subsidized childcare can have a significant
positive impact on women’s employment rates and work hours (Mateo-
Diaz and Rodrigues-Chamussy, 2013; Thévenon, 2013)
Good for Economies:
• Value of unpaid care estimated at $10 trillion or 13% of global GDP
(McKinsey, 2016)
• Investing 2% of GDP in the care economy of 7 developed countries would
create more than 21 million jobs and help address challenges of aging
populations and economic stagnation (ITUC, 2016)
45. IFC’s Tackling Childcare Project
Business Case
Research
Afrifresh, S. Africa
Akamai, U.S.
Bauducco, Brazil
Borusan, Turkey
BTMU, Japan
MAS Kreeda, Jordan
Martur, Turkey
Mindtree, India
Safaricom, Kenya
Schön Klinik,
Germany
Policy Research
Desk research in 50
economies. Detailed
WBL childcare
questions rolled out
in more than 100
economies
Coverage in 2018
WBL Report
Partnerships
CGI Commitment
Partners: Care.com,
ILO, IWPR, Kidogo,
UN Global Compact,
and UN Women
Tackling
Childcare
Report launched
at the 2017
WBG/IMF
Annual
Meetings
• Housed in IFC’s Gender Secretariat, funded by WBG’s Jobs MDTF and the Gov. of Japan.
• Implemented in partnership with Women, Business and the Law (WBL) and IWPR (consultancy firm).
• Aligned with WBG’s Gender Strategy, IFC’s 3.0 vision of creating markets and cascade, and the SDGs.
• Substantiates the business case and highlights best practices for employer-supported childcare.
• Explores how government regulations can further incentivize employers to support childcare.
The WBG Advisory Council on Gender & Development
AeroMexico, Afrifresh,
Danone Nutricia,
Dialog Axiata, Grupo
M, HBL, MAS Kreeda,
Mindtree, Pandurata
Alimentos, Safaricom,
Sumitomo Chemical
AeroMexico, Afrifresh,
Danone Nutricia,
Dialog Axiata, Grupo
M, HBL, MAS Kreeda,
Mindtree, Pandurata
Alimentos, Safaricom,
Sumitomo Chemical
Phase II -
Implementation
46. New WBL Research on Employer-Supported Childcare Laws in
50 Economies:
Government Support and Oversight
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY CHILDCARE?
• Childcare covers children ages 0 to completing 2 years old
• Preschool or preprimary education starts at 3 years old
WHAT IS THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK?
• Legal obligation for employers in the private sector to support
or provide childcare
• Specific laws and regulations applicable to employer-supported
childcare
WHAT TYPE OF CHILDCARE ARE WE EXAMINING?
• Employer provided or supported on-site childcare
• Employer provided or supported off-site child care
• Private childcare centers
WHAT ARE GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES (e.g. child allowances) AND INCENTIVES (tax/non-tax)?
• Incentives for employers in the private sector to support or provide childcare
• Incentives and subsidies for private standalone childcare centers
• Support to parents with children under the age of primary education
A SPOTLIGHT ON THE QUALITY OF CHILDCARE
• Including safety standards, teacher qualifications, teacher/student ratio, licensing and registration
Source: Women, Business and the Law, 2017
47. WBL – Key Findings Across 50 Economies
Source: Women, Business and the Law, 2017
39
6 4
1
No Yes (based on # women
employed)
Yes (regardless of #
employees)
Yes (based on # of
employees, gender-neutral)
Numberofeconomies
11
Are employers legally obligated to provide or support childcare?
• 11 out of 50 economies mandate employers to provide or support early childcare: Brazil,
Chile, Ecuador, India, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, The Netherlands, Turkey, Ukraine, and Vietnam.
• To access the WBL Tackling Childcare Policy Note, click here.
49. Care Systems for SocialJustice
Luiza Carvalho, Regional Director
UNWomen for the Americas and theCaribbean
Paris , 25th January 2018
50. Major Gains and Progress
Education Women equaled
or surpassed men
In high school and tertiary level in
the majority of countries in the
region.
Social Protection Increased public spending
and coverage in pensions,
cash transfers and health
Focus of programs on women.
Almost 30% more women with
pension coverage since1990.
Labor Force
Participation
and
Employment
Increased labor
participation, access to
employment, reduction in
wage gap
From 44.5% of participation to
56.4%, rate of employment grew
to almost 50%, income disparity
reduced 9 percentage points.
Access to
personal income
Improved access toown
income
From 41,7% of women that had
no income to 28,9%.
Fertility Increased access to
contraceptives and fertility
control methods
Total Fertility Rate reduced from
3.51 to 2.26 from 1990 to 2015.
Access to modern contraception
from 44% to 60%.
51. Scenarios of Economic Empowerment
72
%
58
%
40
%
8%
17%
Labour
Force
Participatio
n
Women between 25 and
29 years who aresingle
mothers
Mothers by the
age of 19
years
Women who have
no income of their
own
6
%
30
%
59
%
19
%
31
%
43
%
Unpaid
work
(hours/wee
k)
15%
33 h/w
41 h/w
46 h/w
GLASSCEILINGS
BROKENLADDERS
STICKYFLOORS
54. Politics &Policies: Strategy1
Recognizing,
reducing and
redistributing
unpaid care and
domestic work
Subsidies and incentives
for access to critical
time saving facilities,
public goods and
utilities
• Formulate comprehensive national care
strategies;
• Improve care systems for veryyoung
children;
• Combat systemic undervaluation of paid
care work;
• Reform maternity, paternity and
parental leaves;
• Invest in basic social infrastructure such
as drinking water, sanitation, electricity.
•Basic services and utilities (water, electricity,sanitation)
• Transport and public spaces safety andquality
•Collective and time saving technologies(washing,
cleaning, cooking, access to market and income
opportunities, etc.)
•Cooperative/pooling of resources (mobility, leisure, care)
55. Politics &Policies: Strategy2
Establishing
universal and
gender-
responsive social
protection
systems
• Expand the coverage of cashtransfers
for families with children;
• Extend the coverage of cash transfersfor
older persons;
• Enhance coverage among informal
workers through contributory, non-
contributory and mixed socialprotection
schemes.
56. Politics &Policies: Strategy3
Creating more
and better jobs
and transform
labour markets
for women’s
rights
• Establish afloor of labour rights for the
entire working population;
• Establish, implement and equalize
minimum wages;
• Takeeffective measures against
employment discrimination;
• Strengthen labour inspections and direct
their efforts towards precarious
employment in highly feminized sectors;
• Increase employment opportunities for
women and promote theiradvancement
in maledominated fields
57. Politics &Policies: Strategy4
Promoting
egalitarian family
relationships that
recognize the
diversity of
households and
the rights and
obligations of
their members
• Reform maternity, paternity and
parental leaves;
• Develop robust mechanisms to
guarantee the exercise ofresponsible
fatherhood, including regular child
support payments;
• Implement integrated measures to
prevent and eliminate violenceagainst
women at the hands of their partners
and husbands.
58. Politics &Policies: Strategy5
Creating the
conditions for
women to fully
enjoy their sexual
and reproductive
health and rights:
motherhood as a
choice
• Improve and equalize access to modern
contraception;
• Prevent teenage pregnancy;
• Make comprehensive and gender-
responsive sex education universally
available;
• Remove barriers that preventpregnant
teenagers or teenage mothers from
continuing their education;
• Decriminalize the interruption of
pregnancy recognizing it as a major
public health concern.
59. Politics &Policies: Strategy6
Containing the
adverse effects of
economic
slowdown on
gender equality
• Avoid hyper-restrictive monetary
policies;
• Maintain current exchange rates orallow
for their depreciation;
• Protect social spending with positive
effects on gender equality andwomen’s
economic empowerment;
• Incorporate a gender perspectiveinto
programmes aimed at managing,
reducing and preventing the
indebtedness of countries in the
Caribbean;
• Increase tax revenues through anew
fiscal pact;
• Advance towards gender-responsive and
redistributive public spending.
60. Care Systems for SocialJustice
Increasing women´s participation in the labor market is their right as well as
an efficient means for managing demographic transition and taking advantage
of increased women´s humancapital
Care and leave policies, if adequately designed and implemented, contribute to women´s
empowerment outside and within the household, challenge gender stereotypes and discrimination in
the workplace and increase men’s responsibilities in the family
Astratified care regime will lead to orreinforce stratified socioeconomic
outcomes for both women and children. Tackling this is tackling a major
source of socioeconomic inequality
63. I was in a forum so many years ago when I heard a feminist activist describing
their strategy for change as similar to how a rice cake is baked. This is a rice
cake called bibingka. (Slide 1) Before the modern day ovens made an
appearance, the rice cake was cooked in a three-tier charcoal fired clay pot
that looks like this. (Slide 2) The bottom layer clay pot has charcoal inside it.
The middle layer is where you put the pan with the rice cake batter. The
topmost layer is a metal basin that has charcoal in it. You can’t bake the rice
cake unless you have fire at the bottom and fire at the top. The feminist
activist said that their strategy was to light up the fires of organizing and
mobilizing marginalized women at the bottom rungs of society. But they also
need to light up the fires of policymaking often made by people at the top. I
think it is an analogy worth borrowing.
The Strategy: Fire from the top, fire from the
bottom
64. My work at the Open Society Foundations is to generate a grant making portfolio that
promotes economic justice for women. Given this broad remit, the Women’s Rights
Program decided last year to work more closely on the rights of informal workers with
the objective of mobilizing the political power of women in the informal sector to claim
their rights. The focus recognizes the nature of the labor market where jobs are
increasingly precarious and the need to do something about it.
Given that the performance of care work has implications on the kind of occupations and
the amount of pay that women are able to access, domestic workers was identified as a
meaningful sector that can be targeted for grant making. We provide funding to local
organizing as well as to migrant worker organizing. Advocacy work is often targeted at
the ratification of ILO Convenion No. 189. A key grantee here is the International
Domestic Workers Federation. This portion of grant-making is about lighting the fire at
the bottom.
Fire from the bottom: Organizing and Mobilizing
Domestic Workers
65. When we first approached the Gender Working Group of the American University
Department of Economics, we were interested in supporting their teaching and
research under the Program on Gender Analysis of the Economy. We asked them
about the possibility of learning from their experience to inform potential replication
in other universities. They are how providing training to faculty members from
different countries so that they can design the gender courses and perhaps move to
change the curriculum to include these new courses. The idea is to produce a new
generation of economists and analysts who have the skills to undertake gender
analysis. We are looking to ignite the fire at the bottom by providing a grant to
Rethinking Economics, a student network based in the UK advocating to increase the
pluralism of the economics curriculum.
Fire from the top #1: Gender Analysis in Economics
Teaching and Economics Curricula
66. In course of our grant to AU, Hewlett Foundation awarded AU with a $1.8 million grant
to host a multi-disciplinary, multi-country team that will develop a care-focused
macroeconomic model using South Korea data. Feminist economists working with
sociologists will be creating tools for planners and policy makers to answer questions
related to recognition, redistribution, and reduction as a consequence of demographic
change. I recently gave AU an additional grant to undertake a feasibility study of
implementing this care-focused macro-model using Colombian data in cooperation
with the Central Bank of Colombia. This is an opportune moment since Colombia is
discussing the possibility of designing a National Care System.
I am preparing a scoping mission to South Korea and to Colombia to meet with
women’s rights organizations and domestic workers organizations to see who might be
interested in engaging with these processes. I expect that some of these organizations
will be the in-country affiliates of the International Domestic Workers Federation.
Fire from the top #2: Care-focused Macroeconomic
Policy
67. Supporting multiple actors with their own specializations is the direction we are
taking. What we hope for is synergy and complementarity among different types of
organizations so that a range of skills are brought together to work on a viable feminist
alternative. Right now, the worlds of domestic workers and macroeconomists are light
years apart. But for this portfolio, this need not be the case.
Working together to bake a rice cake
69. Infrastructure
Infrastructure is often considered to be gender-neutral yet women are
disproportionally affected by a lack of water or electricity, by poor local roads
and inadequate transport – all of which increase their time spent on domestic
tasks. By applying a gender lens to the design of public investment in
infrastructure, including information and communications technology (ICTs),
infrastructure can both save time and be a source of decent work for women.
This session will aim to identify: gender-responsive infrastructure projects
and investments that can reduce unpaid care and domestic work; knowledge
and data gaps to understand the impact of gender-blind infrastructure on
women’s time use; and keys actors to catalyse more gender-responsive
investments in infrastructure.
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment
70. Facilitator: Molly Walton (Energy Analyst, International Energy Agency)
• Contributors:
─ Women's Economic Empowerment from the KC-NCDDP experience
(Joanne Barriga Quintana, Gender Specialist, KALAHI-CIDSS Community-
Driven Development Program, Department of Social Welfare and
Development, Philippines)
─ Integrating gender equality into private sector investments (Martine
Vullierme, SVP Veolia Africa / Middle East in charge of Operations)
─ Applying a gender lens to infrastructure investment (Cynthia Kamikazi,
African Development Bank)
─ Care economy, public infrastructure and social norms: emerging findings
from the GrOW program (Arjan de Haan, Program Leader, Employment
and Growth, International Development Research Center)
Session: Infrastructure
71. Promoting Gender Equality in Public Procurement
focused in Infrastructure in the Philippines:
1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women's Economic Empowerment
25 January 2018, OECD Conference Centre
Achievements and Lessons in Engendering
Women's Economic Empowerment in rural PH
KALAHI–CIDSS National Community-Driven Development Project
73. Procurement in Community-Driven Development
gives control over decisions and resources to citizens
empowers women as members & leaders of procurement
team for subproject implementation
74. • Community Led Procurement empowers
communities by providing spaces for citizens to
Actively take part in the entire procurement process
Decide on how to address needs & control resources
Participate and manage procurement activities
Ensure accountability, transparency propose use of resource
• Community procurement provides equal
opportunities for men and women in all procurement
activities
Procurement in Community-Driven Development
75. Community Force Account
Community
executes the work
procures materials,
equipment, labor
required for the
implementation of the
project
ensure capacity to
perform such works is
available
76. Committee Membership
63% of community volunteers are women
Procurement
Team
31,039
63%
35,758
74%
751
87%
Bids & Awards
Committee
Audit &
Inventory Team
BookKeeper
Ensure balanced representation of women and men in the selection of
community volunteers in subproject implementation
Project
Implementation
31,039
63%
26,181
56%
Monitoring &
Inspectorate
25,728
54%
77.
78. Women are given equal
opportunities to
participate
Men and women have an
equal payment rate for labor
done
Community Force Account
79. Women’s participation in all capacity building activities is 62%
Community
Procurement
23,809
65%
30,910
64%
16,586
62%
5,604
62%
Community
Finance
Community
Infrastructure
Operations &
Maintenance
Establish balanced (50%) women’s participation in all community
capacity development activities generated through the project
Capacity Building Activities
80.
81.
82.
83. “We never thought that ordinary citizens like us would be
able to implement a large-scale [infrastructure] project
such as this. From the writing of the proposal to
canvassing and purchase of the materials for the
construction, to computing the salaries of the laborers and
coordinating with high-ranking local government officials,
we went through all that. We, Women, achieved all that.”
Necitas Estrella, 53 years old
head of the community volunteers
in coastal community of Rizal,
Tagkawayan, Quezon Province
84. Veolia
Activités en Afrique
Recognizing, Reducing
and Redistributing unpaid
care and domestic work
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment
Thursday 25th 2018
Martine VULLIERME
SVP Veolia Africa Middle East
85. Access Policy to Water & Energy
85
+ 155% 2,9 million inhabitants served
+ 58% 4243 standposts
+ 62% 65 490 social connections
Payment of Water & Energy with a mobile phone (Gabon, Niger)
Women are the ones who benefit from investments in water & energy access
2017 figures
86. 86
CITY TAPS – Niger
Prepaid Water Meters
Project phase 1: Pilot
20 meters deployed
Project phase 2: Experiment
1325 meters being currently
deployed in Niamey
Partnership SEEN / City Taps
Objectives
For suscribers: time and money
savings, better budget
management
For SEEN : operational savings
(shut off and reactivation costs,
invoice reminders), cash
management
87. 87
OASIS – Niger &
Project
Inspiration : la REcyclerie in Paris, Third location dedicated to circular
economy
Model : association linked with a commercial company
Co-founded with Empow’Her, association who supports women
entrepreneurs throughout the world.
Project supported by the Veolia Foundation and Veolia in 2016,
2017, 2018 and the SEEN
Sponsorship by the Niger First Lady: Lalla Malika Issoufou
Inauguration on January 18th 2018
Objectives
Train 10 000 women in 3
years
Raise awareness of 3000
visitors each year
Support 15 women
entrepreneurs
Financial autonomy of
the commercial company
in 2019
88. CARE ECONOMY, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE,
SOCIAL NORMS:
EMERGING GROW FINDINGS
Arjan de Haan
OECD Policy Dialogue
Women’s Economic Empowerment
25 January 2018
89. Syntheses (on-going) 2
GrOW partnership since 2013
Goals
• Strengthened evidence:
✓ women’s economic barriers
✓ growth -> empowerment
✓ equality -> growth
• Stronger research capacities for innovative
analysis on women’s economic empowerment
• Research used by decision-makers
Outputs after 4 years
14 research projects in 50 countries
96 Southern policy-oriented researchers
- 57 women & 39 men
33 research papers
12 working papers
9 policy briefs
11 policy instances / references
90. Findings emerging from projects GrOW
• Definitions really matter.
• Central role of the care economy in low-
income contexts.
• Reinforcing constraints and the role of
social norms.
3
Focus today
91. 40 different definitions of WEE in
25 GrOW papers
The Challenges of Measuring Women’s Economic
Empowerment: Evidence from the GrOW Program
Important distinctions – not always explicit
Objective <–> Subjective, Agency
Outcomes <–> Processes
1. Definitions - they really matter
• SDGs: gender equality more central, but indicators limited, do
they reflect gender priorities?
• No one-best WEE indicator: but need be appropriate and justified
92. Unequal burden remains
common, growing data
In low-income contexts
physical and mental depletion
(IDS research)
Low-income solutions:
- child care (Nairobi project)
- infrastructure ….
Key role of social norms
–> but by no means static 5
2. Care economy
93. • In specific contexts: priority reduce drudgery
(often rural infrastructure)
• Gender perspective poor household perspective
✓means to reduce drudgery can take different forms
✓impact female labour force participation
✓indirect impacts may be significant, cross generation
• Public works
✓can increase time burden
✓reduce drudgery unpaid work
• Access is gendered: safety and norms 6
3. Insights WEE research: prioritising infrastructure
94.
95. OECD Policy Dialogue
on Women’s Economic
Empowerment
SHARED RESPONSIBILITY
WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD
96. Shared responsibility within the household
Redistributing tasks within households addresses social norms and
expectations about women’s roles, which constitute some of the
underlying causes of gender inequality. The unequal share of unpaid
care and domestic work has an adverse impact on women’s time use
and their and ability to seek economic opportunities outside the home
and restricts their voice and agency within the home. This session will
aim to identify policies and initiatives to transform negative social
norms in the household and key entry points to address the unequal
distribution of care and domestic work in policy design and
implementation.
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment
97. • Facilitator: Ursula Keller (Gender Policy Advisor, Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation, and Co-Chair DAC Network on
Gender Equality (GENDERNET))
• Contributors:
─ Getting Men in the Kitchen in Mozambique (Julio Langa,
Research and Network Programme Manager, HOPEM, and Elisa
Mutisse, Head of the Gender Equality Promotion Department,
Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Mozambique)
─ Lessons on social norm change from DFID’s Voices for Change
Programme (Caroline Enye, Team Leader, Voices for Change
programme)
─ Challenging stereotypes in rural households (Azzurra Chiarini,
Global Coordinator, Joint Programme on Rural Women’s
Economic Empowerment, FAO/IFAD/UN Women and WFP)
Session: Shared responsibility
within the household
98. Men in the Kitchen for Gender
Equality in Mozambique
Presentation by
Julio Langa, National Coordinator, HOPEM Network
Elisa Mutisse, Head of Gender Department, Ministry of Gender,
Children and Social Affairs
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
Paris, January 2018
99. About HOPEM
• HOPEM is a network of organizations and human rights activists in
Mozambique.
• Founded in 2009, to address masculinities in human rights, gender equality and
development.
• About 32 staff in 3 offices located in Southern, Central and Northern
Mozambique
• Uses a wide range of social change initiatives.
• Close collaboration with several government departments at the Ministry of
Gender, Children and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and
others, as well as leading feminist networks such as Forum Mulher and WLSA.
• Engagement with multiple human rights and development partners (NGOs,
INGOs, UN women, UNFPA etc).
• Implemented a number of promising programs, between 2009-2017, with
funding support from multiple foundations and donors.
100. Program outline
Objectives
•Question opressing masculinities models and contribute to
gender equality.
•Increase male responsibility in unpaid care work by
strengthening relevant knowledge and skills.
•Contribute to the prevention of violence and to reducing
discrimination against women that happens as a result of rigid
division of social roles.
•Challenge and transform masculinility and femininity norms
in very practical ways.
Themes: masculinities, power, violence, gender roles, health
and hygiene, nutritional education, agro processing, cooking
of innovative recipes with full use of ingredients etc
101. Program outline (cont.)
Program components:
Regular trainings (up to 50h)
participatory sessions with mobile
kitchen
follow up sessions
media and outreach campaigns
monthly exhibitions
Catering services
Beneficiaries and geographic culture
young & young adult men <35
All provinces of Mozambique (11)
102.
103.
104. • More than 1500 young men and boys directly reached through the regular
trainings.
• Segola (2012, 2015) evaluation revealed:
89% of participants agreeing that housework should be equally shared
between women and men
95% of beneficiaries reporting to have a better understanding of
domestic violence, therefore using conversation and dialogue for
dealing with conflicts in their relationships
56% of participants reporting increased engagement in household
work
• Ongoing inclusion of MK in secondary school activities.
• Increasing number of NGOs requesting and replicating MK approach.
• Educational documentaries by the Mozambican Film Makers Association,
National TV of Mozambique, Norwegian Film School exhibiting beneficiaries
and others.
Some achievements
105. • Review the training curricula based on participants feedback
• Need of additional information on impact of the MK.
• Use of engaging, concrete and easily replicable activities.
• Multiple level interventions and learn by doing approaches
• Transformation of masculinity concepts, stereotypes and
practices demands a self reflective process by men
themselves.
• Multiple views of masculinity towards equal sharing of
responsibilities offer entry points to engage men in
supporting gender equality.
• Strong focus on benefits.
Challenges & Lessons learned
108. 9 step approach to
social norm change
1. Individual attitudes need to change
2. Individuals need to know that others in the community are
ready to change
3. Public debate and deliberations are required
4. Communities need to change together
5. Positive deviants/role models to be more publicized
6. Benefits of new behavior demonstrated
7. Influential people/early adopters spread the new norm
through organized diffusion
8. Highlight opportunities to bring behavior in line with the new
norm
9. A new set of sanctions and rewards needs to be created to
reinforce the new norm
109. Social norms marketing
• Ambition - create a movement for
gender equality, inspiring change
• Young women and men needed to get
behind this….at scale
• Marketing approach – how would it
sell? Different to
male/female/North/South
• Messaging is inspiration and
aspirational, creating a sense of
belonging
• Dosage and saturation of messaging –
key
• Creating conversations – online, radio,
physical spaces, television, music
110. So what did we achieve?
• 2.4 million young people changed attitudes
and behaviours around VAWG, women in
leadership and women in decision making
• Individuals are experiencing personal
change and taking action to diffuse gender
equality messages in both public and
private spaces
• Messages are reinforced by branded
communications which diffuses at scale and
supports personal change
• Mass media is reaching broad group of
young women and men
• Young people recognising Purple show
stronger, more positive change on women’s
leadership, women in decision making,
compared to non Purple people
111. Challenging stereotypes in rural households: the JPRWEE case
25 January 2018, OECD Policy Dialogue on WEE
112. WHAT - Outline
Integrated approach to WEE in development
projects has multiplying effects → contribution
to poverty reduction more sustainable
JPRWEE developed by FAO, IFAD, WFP and UN Women to respond to
the multiple challenges faced by rural women in a holistic way
41,000 women and 213,000 HH members directly supported
7 COUNTRIES
4 main OUTCOMES
important to recognise INEQUITABLE WORKLOADS
113. HOW – community level
Community Conversations in Ethiopia: over
6,700 members engaged in self-change process
to help eradicate gender discriminatory practices
through common “resolutions”
Dimitra clubs in Niger: 3,600 women and men –
with the help of a community radio - work together
to bring about changes in their communities
Awareness-raising and advocacy events led by
rural women activists in Kyrgyzstan for over 1000
participants
114. HOW – Household level
Household Methodologies for more equitable intra-household relations
Through a set of pictorial tools, household members build their vision for
the future
• Easy to scale up: Through pyramid
learning, in few months
participants trained in Kyrgyzstan
went from 420 to 4700
• Potential to transform gender-
based power relations
• Improve livelihoods
KEY COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABILITY
115. WHY: EMERGING LESSONS
Challenging stereotypes and working to transform gender
relations is a key strategy to promote WEE but necessary to
work at both community and HH levels
Interviews show how this twin-tracked approach has made a
significant impact on women’s lives
However, challenges remain as to how to
measure the results on unpaid care work
JPRWEE uses WEAI – includes time use. But
more should be done to build evidence
117. OECD Policy Dialogue on
Women’s Economic
Empowerment
Recognising, Reducing and
Redistributing unpaid care and
domestic work
25 January 2018
For more information contact:
Annelise.Thim@oecd.org
Editor's Notes
This is not just a women’s issue.
Two-thirds of men surveyed say they would work less if it meant they could spend more time with their children (The MenCare Campaign, 2017)
Significant opportunity for parents, employers and economies.
This project had a policy research component as well which was implemented in partnership with Women, Business and the Law.
WBL is now rolling out some of these questions and expanding the analysis to more than 100 economies, with results being covered in WBL 2018 so stay tuned for that.
Women, Business and the Law 2016 found that more women receive wages where governments provide or support childcare.
Now they have found:
GOVERNMENTS PROVIDE MORE INCENTIVES TO PARENTS & CHILDCARE CENTERS THAN TO EMPLOYERS
QUALITY AND SAFETY REGULATIONS CAN AFFECT CHILDCARE AVAILABILITY & USAGE
GAPS EXIST IN QUALITY & SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR YOUNGER AGE GROUPS
QUALITY AND SAFETY REGULATIONS ARE MORE COMMON FOR OLDER AGE GROUPS
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR CHILDCARE IS LINKED WITH INCREASED WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT
AND MORE WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT IS LINKED WITH INCREASED GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR CHILDCARE
So what did we find: Employers support childcare for a number of different reasons and in a number of different ways.