Presentation by Tshepo Molapo, at the National Sex Work Symposium, in the session 'What we know: evidence-based peer reviewed knowledge on sex work' (Boksburg, 22 August 2012).
Rural-urban differences in HIV-related stigma in Zambia. This analysis compared levels of external and internal HIV-related stigma reported by people living with HIV in urban Lusaka and rural Mkushi districts of Zambia. Results showed significantly higher proportions of respondents experienced external (85.3% vs 74.8%) and internal (95.1% vs 88.2%) stigma in rural areas. After adjusting for education levels, urban respondents were 32% less likely to experience external stigma and 43% less likely to experience internal stigma. This suggests tailored community programs are needed to address stigma differences between rural and urban areas.
Cameroon has a HIV prevalence rate of 4.3% nationally, ranging from 1.2-7.2% by region. Women have a higher prevalence of 5.6% compared to 2.9% for men. Challenges include stigma and discrimination faced by 70% of PLWHA, stockouts leading to only 33% of eligible adults and 34% of children accessing ARVs, and underfunding with only 55% of needed resources mobilized from 2011-2013. Priority interventions include behavior change communication, condom usage, voluntary counseling and testing, PMTCT, STDs, and expanding access to ARVs. Some progress has been made with increased condom distribution, 57% coverage of PMTCT among
Burden of HIV and Research Gaps Among Key Populations in Sub-Saharan AfricaHopkinsCFAR
Key populations including sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs experience disproportionately high HIV burdens in sub-Saharan Africa due to various biological, behavioral, and structural factors. HIV prevalence among female sex workers ranges from 10.9% in Eastern Europe to 36.9% in sub-Saharan Africa, where sex workers are 12 times more likely to be infected than other women. Men who have sex with men also experience high HIV prevalence, though data remains limited in sub-Saharan Africa. Combination prevention approaches including behavioral, biomedical, and structural interventions are needed to address the outsized impact of HIV on key populations.
Trend Analyses of Nationally-representative Survey Data: What story can be to...MEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Lia Florey, MEASURE DHS/ICF International, as part of a symposium organized by MEASURE Evaluation and MEASURE DHS at the 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference.
01 Setswe~Hiv Prevention Where Is The Evidence Of Interventions That WorkNicholas Jacobs
The document summarizes evidence for HIV prevention interventions that work. It discusses biomedical interventions like male circumcision, HAART, and PMTCT that have good evidence of effectiveness ranging from 60-98% based on randomized controlled trials. It also reviews behavioral interventions like HIV counseling and testing, the Stepping Stones program, and structural interventions like microfinance combined with gender training, finding some have promising evidence of effectiveness while evidence is limited or lacking for others.
This document provides information from the HIV and AIDS Data Hub for Asia-Pacific on data availability and population size estimates of people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, transgender people, and male sex workers across several countries in Asia and the Pacific region. It includes tables and charts with the countries where data is available from sentinel surveillance surveys, behavioral surveys, and population size estimates. It also provides references for the estimates and surveys.
This presentation discusses Kenya's key populations program. It defines key populations as female sex workers, injecting drug users, and men who have sex with men. It notes that these groups account for 1/3 of new HIV infections in Kenya and have much higher HIV prevalence than the general population. The presentation outlines Kenya's combination prevention approach, which includes biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions. It discusses challenges like stigma, violence, and political opposition faced by key populations. It also presents strategies to address challenges, considerations for replicating the program, and the need to scale up comprehensive interventions to reduce new HIV infections.
The document summarizes HIV epidemiology among men who have sex with men (MSM) globally and in Asia Pacific. Some key points:
- HIV prevalence among MSM ranges from under 1% to over 25% depending on the country/region, with most of Asia and Africa over 5%.
- HIV is increasing among MSM in many countries as prevalence declines elsewhere, with urban areas often having much higher rates.
- Condom use and HIV testing is low among MSM in most areas. Criminalization and stigma also limit data collection and access to services.
- MSM population size estimates vary widely but are often in the hundreds of thousands to millions in Asia Pacific countries.
Rural-urban differences in HIV-related stigma in Zambia. This analysis compared levels of external and internal HIV-related stigma reported by people living with HIV in urban Lusaka and rural Mkushi districts of Zambia. Results showed significantly higher proportions of respondents experienced external (85.3% vs 74.8%) and internal (95.1% vs 88.2%) stigma in rural areas. After adjusting for education levels, urban respondents were 32% less likely to experience external stigma and 43% less likely to experience internal stigma. This suggests tailored community programs are needed to address stigma differences between rural and urban areas.
Cameroon has a HIV prevalence rate of 4.3% nationally, ranging from 1.2-7.2% by region. Women have a higher prevalence of 5.6% compared to 2.9% for men. Challenges include stigma and discrimination faced by 70% of PLWHA, stockouts leading to only 33% of eligible adults and 34% of children accessing ARVs, and underfunding with only 55% of needed resources mobilized from 2011-2013. Priority interventions include behavior change communication, condom usage, voluntary counseling and testing, PMTCT, STDs, and expanding access to ARVs. Some progress has been made with increased condom distribution, 57% coverage of PMTCT among
Burden of HIV and Research Gaps Among Key Populations in Sub-Saharan AfricaHopkinsCFAR
Key populations including sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs experience disproportionately high HIV burdens in sub-Saharan Africa due to various biological, behavioral, and structural factors. HIV prevalence among female sex workers ranges from 10.9% in Eastern Europe to 36.9% in sub-Saharan Africa, where sex workers are 12 times more likely to be infected than other women. Men who have sex with men also experience high HIV prevalence, though data remains limited in sub-Saharan Africa. Combination prevention approaches including behavioral, biomedical, and structural interventions are needed to address the outsized impact of HIV on key populations.
Trend Analyses of Nationally-representative Survey Data: What story can be to...MEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Lia Florey, MEASURE DHS/ICF International, as part of a symposium organized by MEASURE Evaluation and MEASURE DHS at the 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference.
01 Setswe~Hiv Prevention Where Is The Evidence Of Interventions That WorkNicholas Jacobs
The document summarizes evidence for HIV prevention interventions that work. It discusses biomedical interventions like male circumcision, HAART, and PMTCT that have good evidence of effectiveness ranging from 60-98% based on randomized controlled trials. It also reviews behavioral interventions like HIV counseling and testing, the Stepping Stones program, and structural interventions like microfinance combined with gender training, finding some have promising evidence of effectiveness while evidence is limited or lacking for others.
This document provides information from the HIV and AIDS Data Hub for Asia-Pacific on data availability and population size estimates of people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, transgender people, and male sex workers across several countries in Asia and the Pacific region. It includes tables and charts with the countries where data is available from sentinel surveillance surveys, behavioral surveys, and population size estimates. It also provides references for the estimates and surveys.
This presentation discusses Kenya's key populations program. It defines key populations as female sex workers, injecting drug users, and men who have sex with men. It notes that these groups account for 1/3 of new HIV infections in Kenya and have much higher HIV prevalence than the general population. The presentation outlines Kenya's combination prevention approach, which includes biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions. It discusses challenges like stigma, violence, and political opposition faced by key populations. It also presents strategies to address challenges, considerations for replicating the program, and the need to scale up comprehensive interventions to reduce new HIV infections.
The document summarizes HIV epidemiology among men who have sex with men (MSM) globally and in Asia Pacific. Some key points:
- HIV prevalence among MSM ranges from under 1% to over 25% depending on the country/region, with most of Asia and Africa over 5%.
- HIV is increasing among MSM in many countries as prevalence declines elsewhere, with urban areas often having much higher rates.
- Condom use and HIV testing is low among MSM in most areas. Criminalization and stigma also limit data collection and access to services.
- MSM population size estimates vary widely but are often in the hundreds of thousands to millions in Asia Pacific countries.
AIDSTAR-One WHO's 2010 Recommendations for HIV Treatment: National Guideline ...AIDSTAROne
This document discusses challenges that national HIV treatment programs face in revising their guidelines based on the 2010 WHO recommendations. It highlights key changes in the WHO recommendations, including earlier initiation of ART at CD4 <350 cells/mm3, expanded first- and second-line regimens, and increased use of viral load and CD4 monitoring. While the scientific evidence supports these recommendations, resource-limited settings face challenges with adoption and implementation due to factors like limited funding and health systems constraints. The brief outlines lessons learned from countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia on successfully navigating the guideline revision process through measures such as streamlining procedures and prioritizing certain recommendations for initial implementation.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most heavily affected by HIV/AIDS, accounting for two-thirds of people living with HIV and three-quarters of AIDS deaths worldwide in 2007. Heterosexual sex is the main driver of the epidemic, though sex work, injection drug use, and sex between men are also significant factors in some countries. While many epidemics appear stable, HIV prevalence continues to grow in southern Africa and Mozambique's central and southern provinces in particular. Some countries like Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Botswana are seeing declines in HIV prevalence among youth.
This document summarizes emerging trends in HIV/AIDS in Kenya and globally. It provides key statistics on HIV prevalence rates over time in Kenya, showing a decline from 13.4% in 1999 to 5.6% in 2012. It also breaks down prevalence by age, region, and residence. The majority (57%) of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa are among women. Marginalized groups like men who have sex with men and sex workers have very high prevalence rates over 25% but face legal and social barriers to accessing health services. The document reviews strategies and terminology around HIV prevention, treatment, and awareness of HIV status.
The document summarizes the key points from a quarterly review meeting of India's National AIDS Control Programme. It provides an overview of the program, highlights achievements in reducing HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths, and outlines the vision and targets to end AIDS by 2030. Key agenda items discussed establishing ART centers in all medical colleges, eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission, implementing the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 2017, and achieving the 90-90-90 fast track targets to diagnose and treat people living with HIV. Support was requested from states to help scale up HIV testing, treatment and care.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Gender inequality poses significant barriers to women's ability to prevent and manage HIV infection. Women face higher biological and social vulnerability to HIV due to unequal power dynamics and lack of control over sexual decision making. Violence against women and girls is widespread in many parts of the world, increasing vulnerability. Fear of violence also prevents women from accessing HIV testing, treatment and support services. Addressing gender inequality is critical to effectively respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
This document summarizes the position statement of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) regarding routine HIV screening. The ACPM supports routine HIV screening for all adolescents and adults ages 13-64, as well as pregnant women, based on evidence that risk-based screening is inadequate and leads to low testing rates, lack of HIV status awareness, and late diagnoses. The ACPM endorses opt-out consent procedures, use of rapid HIV tests, streamlined counseling separate from screening, and linking patients to treatment. The organization also recommends annual repeat testing for high-risk groups and repeat testing every 5 years for the general population.
This document discusses women and HIV globally and in Myanmar. It notes that HIV is still a leading cause of death for women aged 15-49 worldwide. In Asia, the proportion of people living with HIV who are women has increased from 19% in 2000 to 35% in 2008. Women are often vulnerable due to being partners of men in high-risk groups. The document recommends improving HIV testing and treatment services for women, developing targeted prevention for at-risk groups of women, and promoting socioeconomic support to reduce stigma faced by women living with HIV.
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS data and programs in Palestine between 2008-2013. Some key points:
- New HIV infections increased from 45 in 2008 to 72 in 2011, with the majority of cases in males ages 25-49.
- Most transmission is through heterosexual intercourse (56%) followed by infected blood (17%).
- Knowledge of HIV among Palestinian women is high but knowledge of prevention and testing locations is lower.
- International donors provide 73% of HIV/AIDS funding while domestic sources provide 27%.
- Palestine operates 12 clinics and 2 drop-in centers that provide medication and psychosocial support to people living with HIV, with 17 of 21 cases receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Using Maps for Prevention, Planning, and Targeting Experiences from SwazilandMEASURE Evaluation
Using mapping techniques, researchers were able to estimate HIV prevalence at a granular level across Swaziland's regions. This allowed the country to better target its HIV prevention efforts. The analysis used routinely collected data to produce estimates for administrative levels down to 16 square kilometers. This continuous monitoring approach provided valuable information not available from other surveys, which have smaller sample sizes and do not occur regularly. The maps showed HIV prevalence varied significantly across regions, from 12.8-56%, and revealed dense populations of people living with HIV to strategically locate prevention and treatment services.
Poster presentation: Stigma Index Kenya, Nigeria, Zambiagnpplus
A summary of the Stigma Index report of Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia by GNP+
For more information on The People living with HIV Stigma index and Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia, visit the the GNP+ PLHIV stigma index website: http://www.stigmaindex.org/
You can download the poster presentation from http://www.gnpplus.net
Understanding the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in RwandaMEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes a model used to analyze the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Rwanda. The model divides the population into risk groups and estimates the distribution of new HIV infections among these groups. The results suggest that heterosexual transmission accounts for 85% of new infections, with the highest-risk group being individuals reporting one sexual partner in the last 12 months. The model has limitations due to crude groupings and limited data on high-risk groups. Improved research and surveillance are recommended.
HIV Self-Testing in the context of South AfricaCarmen Figueroa
This document discusses HIV self-testing in South Africa. It notes that while South Africa's HIV/AIDS program is doing well overall, movement towards improving testing rates, particularly among men and youth, has been slow. HIV self-testing has the potential to help increase testing among these groups but its introduction in South Africa has also been slow due to various ethical, regulatory, and policy issues. Now that guidelines have been developed, self-testing can be considered as a way to augment South Africa's HIV response by improving testing rates among populations that have been under-tested so far.
A discussion of HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgenders in the Asia Pacific & Global HIV epidemics and the implications of this data for the region and for AFAO members. This presentation was given at the 2008 AFAO HIV Educators Conference.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
1. The document summarizes Malaysia's HIV/AIDS situation and recommendations for interventions. It reports that while HIV transmission is declining overall, sexual transmission now accounts for over 50% of new cases, especially among heterosexuals and men who have sex with men. 2. Key recommendations include expanding access to antiretroviral treatment, strengthening prevention services for at-risk groups, and implementing proven interventions like condom promotion and harm reduction programs. 3. Achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets of diagnosing 90% of HIV cases, treating 90% of those diagnosed, and virally suppressing 90% of those treated is an important goal.
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
This document provides a regional overview of HIV/AIDS trends in Asia and the Pacific from 1990-2013. It summarizes that there are currently 4.8 million people living with HIV in the region, with new infections declining significantly since 2001 but remaining largely unchanged in the past 5 years. Treatment coverage has increased substantially, with 1.56 million people now on ART, however this is still only about one-third of those in need. The challenges ahead include addressing gaps in prevention for key populations and along the treatment cascade.
HIV/AIDS data Hub Asia Pacific -Malaysia 2014Dr. Rubz
This document provides a summary of HIV/AIDS data for Malaysia across multiple indicators:
- HIV prevalence is highest among key populations like people who inject drugs, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men. Condom use and safe injection practices have increased over time but remain below optimal levels.
- The number of reported HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths has declined in recent years. Most HIV transmissions are through heterosexual contact and injecting drug use.
- Vulnerability remains high as many key populations lack comprehensive HIV knowledge and access to prevention programs, testing, and treatment.
- Government spending on HIV has increased but more funding needs to be directed towards programs for key populations at higher
This document outlines an intervention strategy to address the high prevalence of HIV in young men who have sex with men (MSM) in Alexandria, Virginia. The strategy involves conducting bi-monthly support group sessions over 10 months led by a part-time facilitator. The goals are to increase knowledge of HIV/STD prevention, decrease risky behaviors like unprotected sex and binge drinking, and ultimately lower new HIV cases in the target population by 5% within a year. Participants will be recruited through various community locations and incentives will be provided to encourage attendance. The intervention is evidence-based and aims to move participants through stages of behavior change. Objectives, activities, evaluations and a budget are included in the plan.
This document summarizes the status and management of HIV/AIDS in India. It finds that India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with high prevalence states accounting for over half of infections. The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups and spread primarily through unprotected sex and injection drug use. The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, STI management, condom promotion, blood safety programs, counseling/testing, and care/treatment. While prevalence is declining overall, some low prevalence states are seeing rises, emphasizing the need to sustain prevention efforts.
This document summarizes the status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India. Some key points:
- India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with prevalence highest in the southern and northeastern states.
- The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups like sex workers, clients of sex workers, men who have sex with men, and injection drug users.
- Unsafe sex, lack of condom use, and injection drug use fuel transmission. Migration and the low status of women also increase vulnerability.
- The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, care/treatment, and prevention education through NACP programs.
AIDSTAR-One WHO's 2010 Recommendations for HIV Treatment: National Guideline ...AIDSTAROne
This document discusses challenges that national HIV treatment programs face in revising their guidelines based on the 2010 WHO recommendations. It highlights key changes in the WHO recommendations, including earlier initiation of ART at CD4 <350 cells/mm3, expanded first- and second-line regimens, and increased use of viral load and CD4 monitoring. While the scientific evidence supports these recommendations, resource-limited settings face challenges with adoption and implementation due to factors like limited funding and health systems constraints. The brief outlines lessons learned from countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia on successfully navigating the guideline revision process through measures such as streamlining procedures and prioritizing certain recommendations for initial implementation.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most heavily affected by HIV/AIDS, accounting for two-thirds of people living with HIV and three-quarters of AIDS deaths worldwide in 2007. Heterosexual sex is the main driver of the epidemic, though sex work, injection drug use, and sex between men are also significant factors in some countries. While many epidemics appear stable, HIV prevalence continues to grow in southern Africa and Mozambique's central and southern provinces in particular. Some countries like Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Botswana are seeing declines in HIV prevalence among youth.
This document summarizes emerging trends in HIV/AIDS in Kenya and globally. It provides key statistics on HIV prevalence rates over time in Kenya, showing a decline from 13.4% in 1999 to 5.6% in 2012. It also breaks down prevalence by age, region, and residence. The majority (57%) of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa are among women. Marginalized groups like men who have sex with men and sex workers have very high prevalence rates over 25% but face legal and social barriers to accessing health services. The document reviews strategies and terminology around HIV prevention, treatment, and awareness of HIV status.
The document summarizes the key points from a quarterly review meeting of India's National AIDS Control Programme. It provides an overview of the program, highlights achievements in reducing HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths, and outlines the vision and targets to end AIDS by 2030. Key agenda items discussed establishing ART centers in all medical colleges, eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission, implementing the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 2017, and achieving the 90-90-90 fast track targets to diagnose and treat people living with HIV. Support was requested from states to help scale up HIV testing, treatment and care.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Gender inequality poses significant barriers to women's ability to prevent and manage HIV infection. Women face higher biological and social vulnerability to HIV due to unequal power dynamics and lack of control over sexual decision making. Violence against women and girls is widespread in many parts of the world, increasing vulnerability. Fear of violence also prevents women from accessing HIV testing, treatment and support services. Addressing gender inequality is critical to effectively respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
This document summarizes the position statement of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) regarding routine HIV screening. The ACPM supports routine HIV screening for all adolescents and adults ages 13-64, as well as pregnant women, based on evidence that risk-based screening is inadequate and leads to low testing rates, lack of HIV status awareness, and late diagnoses. The ACPM endorses opt-out consent procedures, use of rapid HIV tests, streamlined counseling separate from screening, and linking patients to treatment. The organization also recommends annual repeat testing for high-risk groups and repeat testing every 5 years for the general population.
This document discusses women and HIV globally and in Myanmar. It notes that HIV is still a leading cause of death for women aged 15-49 worldwide. In Asia, the proportion of people living with HIV who are women has increased from 19% in 2000 to 35% in 2008. Women are often vulnerable due to being partners of men in high-risk groups. The document recommends improving HIV testing and treatment services for women, developing targeted prevention for at-risk groups of women, and promoting socioeconomic support to reduce stigma faced by women living with HIV.
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS data and programs in Palestine between 2008-2013. Some key points:
- New HIV infections increased from 45 in 2008 to 72 in 2011, with the majority of cases in males ages 25-49.
- Most transmission is through heterosexual intercourse (56%) followed by infected blood (17%).
- Knowledge of HIV among Palestinian women is high but knowledge of prevention and testing locations is lower.
- International donors provide 73% of HIV/AIDS funding while domestic sources provide 27%.
- Palestine operates 12 clinics and 2 drop-in centers that provide medication and psychosocial support to people living with HIV, with 17 of 21 cases receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Using Maps for Prevention, Planning, and Targeting Experiences from SwazilandMEASURE Evaluation
Using mapping techniques, researchers were able to estimate HIV prevalence at a granular level across Swaziland's regions. This allowed the country to better target its HIV prevention efforts. The analysis used routinely collected data to produce estimates for administrative levels down to 16 square kilometers. This continuous monitoring approach provided valuable information not available from other surveys, which have smaller sample sizes and do not occur regularly. The maps showed HIV prevalence varied significantly across regions, from 12.8-56%, and revealed dense populations of people living with HIV to strategically locate prevention and treatment services.
Poster presentation: Stigma Index Kenya, Nigeria, Zambiagnpplus
A summary of the Stigma Index report of Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia by GNP+
For more information on The People living with HIV Stigma index and Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia, visit the the GNP+ PLHIV stigma index website: http://www.stigmaindex.org/
You can download the poster presentation from http://www.gnpplus.net
Understanding the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in RwandaMEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes a model used to analyze the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Rwanda. The model divides the population into risk groups and estimates the distribution of new HIV infections among these groups. The results suggest that heterosexual transmission accounts for 85% of new infections, with the highest-risk group being individuals reporting one sexual partner in the last 12 months. The model has limitations due to crude groupings and limited data on high-risk groups. Improved research and surveillance are recommended.
HIV Self-Testing in the context of South AfricaCarmen Figueroa
This document discusses HIV self-testing in South Africa. It notes that while South Africa's HIV/AIDS program is doing well overall, movement towards improving testing rates, particularly among men and youth, has been slow. HIV self-testing has the potential to help increase testing among these groups but its introduction in South Africa has also been slow due to various ethical, regulatory, and policy issues. Now that guidelines have been developed, self-testing can be considered as a way to augment South Africa's HIV response by improving testing rates among populations that have been under-tested so far.
A discussion of HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgenders in the Asia Pacific & Global HIV epidemics and the implications of this data for the region and for AFAO members. This presentation was given at the 2008 AFAO HIV Educators Conference.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
1. The document summarizes Malaysia's HIV/AIDS situation and recommendations for interventions. It reports that while HIV transmission is declining overall, sexual transmission now accounts for over 50% of new cases, especially among heterosexuals and men who have sex with men. 2. Key recommendations include expanding access to antiretroviral treatment, strengthening prevention services for at-risk groups, and implementing proven interventions like condom promotion and harm reduction programs. 3. Achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets of diagnosing 90% of HIV cases, treating 90% of those diagnosed, and virally suppressing 90% of those treated is an important goal.
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
This document provides a regional overview of HIV/AIDS trends in Asia and the Pacific from 1990-2013. It summarizes that there are currently 4.8 million people living with HIV in the region, with new infections declining significantly since 2001 but remaining largely unchanged in the past 5 years. Treatment coverage has increased substantially, with 1.56 million people now on ART, however this is still only about one-third of those in need. The challenges ahead include addressing gaps in prevention for key populations and along the treatment cascade.
HIV/AIDS data Hub Asia Pacific -Malaysia 2014Dr. Rubz
This document provides a summary of HIV/AIDS data for Malaysia across multiple indicators:
- HIV prevalence is highest among key populations like people who inject drugs, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men. Condom use and safe injection practices have increased over time but remain below optimal levels.
- The number of reported HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths has declined in recent years. Most HIV transmissions are through heterosexual contact and injecting drug use.
- Vulnerability remains high as many key populations lack comprehensive HIV knowledge and access to prevention programs, testing, and treatment.
- Government spending on HIV has increased but more funding needs to be directed towards programs for key populations at higher
This document outlines an intervention strategy to address the high prevalence of HIV in young men who have sex with men (MSM) in Alexandria, Virginia. The strategy involves conducting bi-monthly support group sessions over 10 months led by a part-time facilitator. The goals are to increase knowledge of HIV/STD prevention, decrease risky behaviors like unprotected sex and binge drinking, and ultimately lower new HIV cases in the target population by 5% within a year. Participants will be recruited through various community locations and incentives will be provided to encourage attendance. The intervention is evidence-based and aims to move participants through stages of behavior change. Objectives, activities, evaluations and a budget are included in the plan.
This document summarizes the status and management of HIV/AIDS in India. It finds that India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with high prevalence states accounting for over half of infections. The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups and spread primarily through unprotected sex and injection drug use. The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, STI management, condom promotion, blood safety programs, counseling/testing, and care/treatment. While prevalence is declining overall, some low prevalence states are seeing rises, emphasizing the need to sustain prevention efforts.
This document summarizes the status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India. Some key points:
- India has an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV, with prevalence highest in the southern and northeastern states.
- The epidemic is concentrated among high-risk groups like sex workers, clients of sex workers, men who have sex with men, and injection drug users.
- Unsafe sex, lack of condom use, and injection drug use fuel transmission. Migration and the low status of women also increase vulnerability.
- The national response involves targeted interventions for high-risk groups, care/treatment, and prevention education through NACP programs.
Estimation of HIV incidence in Malawi from cross-sectional population-based s...Humphrey Misiri
This document summarizes a study that estimated HIV incidence rates in Malawi using cross-sectional population data from 2004. The researchers formulated a recurrence relation to model population prevalence over time based on a piecewise-constant force of HIV infection that adjusts for natural and HIV-induced mortality. They estimated parameters by maximum likelihood and assessed model fit. Estimated HIV incidence per 100,000 person-years was 610 for men aged 15-24, 2700 for men 25-34, and 1320 for men 35-49. For women it was 2030 for 15-24, 1710 for 25-34, and 1730 for 35-49. The method provides a simple way to estimate incidence from cross-sectional prevalence data
Estimation of HIV incidence in Malawi from cross-sectional population-based s...Humphrey Misiri
This document summarizes a study that estimated HIV incidence rates in Malawi using cross-sectional HIV prevalence data from the 2004 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. The researchers developed a recurrence relation to model population prevalence over age groups as a function of age-specific force of infection (FOI) and mortality rates. They estimated parameters by maximum likelihood and assessed model fit. Estimated HIV incidence per 100,000 person-years was highest for females ages 15-24 (2030) and males ages 25-34 (2700), and lowest for males ages 15-24 (610). The method provides a simple way to simultaneously estimate incidence and prevalence from single-time-point cross-sectional data.
CHLAMYDIA AND PERIODIC SCANNING 2Chlamydia and Periodic Scann.docxbartholomeocoombs
CHLAMYDIA AND PERIODIC SCANNING 2
Chlamydia and Periodic Scanning Among Sex Workers
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Course Number
Instructor’s Name
Date
Introduction
In recent years, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have increased at an alarming rate. 20% of the population in the US have had an STI since 2018 and their treatment cost has been approximately $16 billion. Among the STDs that have been on the rise include chlamydia. Chlamydia is an infection that affects both men and women and damages their reproductive organs. Because of this, it becomes hard for women to become pregnant and sometimes causes fatal ectopic pregnancy. Florida is among the worst affected population by STDs, and it ranks 7th supporting data shows that from 2010 to 2019, the rates of chlamydia in Florida rose an astonishing 313%. This condition is easily curable, but the shame people must get treated for STDs is the main cause of the high increase rates in of the disease.
It has been noted that this STD is particularly on the rise among young people aged 15-29. This population has been known for having unprotected and rampant sexual engagements. According to the most recent state data available, the illness affected 105,058 people overall in 2018. Florida reported 85,278 chlamydia infections among those between the ages of 15 and 29, which is a treatable bacterial STD. The number of cases the department reported in 2016 grew to 94,719 in 2017, reaching 100,002. Groups with the highest risk of developing an STD were identified by the health department as being young adults (15–24), gay and bisexual men, and those who have had several sex partners. According to the health department, 3 out of 4 STD carriers in Florida are between the ages of 15 and 29.
PICOT Question
For asymptomatic ureteral and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection, would periodically screening sex workers be beneficial to reduce incidence and prevalence rates at the community level when compared to communities without intervention in six months?
Vulnerable Population
Sex workers are exposed to many health hazards including STDs such as Chlamydia, AIDs, gonorrhea, and syphilis. The most rampant of them all among sex workers and normal people in the population is chlamydia. The disease is bad if left unchecked but easily cured when it is detected and treated early. It affects the reproductive system to an extent it may cause ectopic pregnancy or even destruction of the uterus. Sex workers are highly subjected to this disease as they are mostly dealing with the most sexually active age group which carries the largest infection rate. The number of cases the department reported in 2016 grew to 94,719 in 2017, reaching 100,002. Groups with the highest risk of developing an STD were identified by the health department as being young adults (15–24), gay and bisexual men, and those who have had several sex partners. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in females can cause pelvic.
Risks, Vulnerabilities, and Burden of HIV among Key Populations in West and C...LINKAGES
This document summarizes a systematic review of HIV prevalence among key populations in West and Central Africa. The review identified 76 studies reporting HIV prevalence among female sex workers (34.9%), men who have sex with men (17.7%), people who inject drugs (3.8%), and clients of sex workers (7.3%). It also discusses the history of epidemiological research on key populations in the region and increasing drug trade in West Africa. The author proposes convening a panel to discuss the types of evidence, policies, and programmatic approaches needed to improve HIV outcomes for key populations in West and Central Africa.
8. hepatitis c prevention in hr for pwid finalantoine piaton
This document summarizes key points from a training on hepatitis C prevention in harm reduction for people who inject drugs (PWID). It discusses the differences between HIV and HCV transmission, global epidemiology of HCV among PWID, prevalence data in sub-Saharan Africa, and HCV transmission risks in injection and non-injection drug use. It also covers harm reduction strategies like needle and syringe programs, opioid substitution therapy, hepatitis B vaccination, and improving knowledge of HCV among PWID, prevention teams, medical staff, and communities. Group activities are included to discuss improving outreach to underserved groups and assessing various harm reduction program components.
1) The study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
2) HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. Estimated HIV incidence rates were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni.
3) Pregnancy incidence rates were 4.8/100 person-years in Madibeng and 7.0/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common.
4) The
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for participation in microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence. The study found HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common. The populations were found to be suitable for microbicide trials if HIV incidence remains sufficiently high over time.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in Madibeng, North-West Province and Mbekweni, Western Cape, South Africa for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
The study found an HIV prevalence of 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months in the cohort studies were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Incidence rates estimated by cross-sectional BED testing were similar. Pregnancy incidence rates were also determined.
Nearly all participants expressed a willingness to participate
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
MSM in sub-Saharan Africa face low levels of access to HIV services. Only 47% reported easy access to condoms, 19% to lubricants, 48% to HIV testing, 27% to HIV treatment, and 14% to HIV educational materials targeted at MSM. Access is affected by three main factors: relationships with healthcare providers, experiences of homophobia and violence, and engagement with the local MSM community. Improving access will require addressing stigma from providers, discrimination, involvement of MSM community organizations, and creating a more supportive legal and social environment.
Voluntary medical male circumcision vs hiv prevention...evidence.Adeniji Victory
Voluntary Medical Male circumcision has been proven to be an evidence based route of HIV prevention . Its also envisaged that the cost of HIV treatment in the next ten year can be reduced by tenth fraction with an elaborate VMMC performed in two years.
The uptake of VMMC is still not impressive in sub-saharan Africa.
This slides present the evidence for the efficiency of VMMC in HIV prevention.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas then determined HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years, respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV AIDS in Fako ...ijtsrd
There is a prevalence of HIV AIDS in the society among men and women and there is gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. Biological and other factors are pointing to the fact that the women are more vulnerable and therefore have more possibilities of spreading it. This study was done in Fako Division in the South West Region of Cameroon. The general objective of this study was to investigate the factors leading to the gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. The research is a descriptive survey. The target population was the HIV AIDS patients that are treated in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals. These hospitals were purposively selected with a purposive sampling of 50 males and female. This research involves the use of both primary and secondary data with the use of questionnaires, check list and review of secondary data on problems leading to a gender difference in the prevalence of HIV AIDS in these areas. Analysis of data was done with the use of windows SPSS. Findings of the study show that there is a high gender difference of about 39.21 in Buea Regional Hospital and a gender difference of 24.4 in Limbe Regional Hospital. Some factors were found responsible for this disparity that include early start of sexual activities for females, low level of education, multiple sexual partners, unemployment for females and others. Recommendations have been made to the government, the women themselves, health professionals, NGOs and other significant stakeholders. Bisong Prisca Mboh "Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Fako Division Cameroon: Case Study of Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29236.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/29236/factors-influencing-gender-disparities-in-the-prevalence-of-hivaids-in-fako-division-cameroon-case-study-of-limbe-and-buea-regional-hospitals/bisong-prisca-mboh
[[INOSR ES 11(2)108-121, 2023.Evaluation of Male partner participation in pre...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of Male partner participation in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDs at Hoima Referral hospital
Sebwami Richard
School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Hoima municipality. This study was a descriptive cross section in which quantitative method of data collection was employed in collection of data from respondents. Questionnaires were distributed to participants to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Hoima municipality. Sample size of 200 participants were used, this included the Male partners who hard escorted their pregnant partners to the antenatal clinic aged between 20-50years.The predominant religion were Catholics 59% and seventh day Adventists. Regarding educational levels, majority of respondents had completed secondary level and above (61%) and the predominant ages were between 20-29 years. The study revealed that very few males partner were involved in the PMTCT program especially during HIV counseling and testing (HCT) because of being at old age group above 30years couples, couples not living together, high number of wife’s pregnancies four and above, having no knowledge on methods of MTCT, and husbands failure to discuss HCT with their wives. From the findings, majority of the respondents have ever had about the male involvement in the PMTCT but there was still low male involvement in PMTCT programs at antenatal clinics. There is a need to do an in-depth assessment of women’s experiences when tested HIV-positive in the presence of their partners at the ANC, as well as to develop strategies to improve male involvement. The study again recommends formative research on the use of incentives to promote male involvement in the PMTCT program and the government should train more of the health promoters and the Village Health Teams in order to reach even those that are deep in the village that are not having easy access to the health facility.
Keywords: HIV, Hoima municipality, Male partner, counseling
The document summarizes a report on a project conducted by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance to address the feminization of HIV/AIDS in India. The project worked with 16 partner organizations across 5 Indian states to empower vulnerable women through community-driven approaches. Activities included forming support groups, conducting trainings and workshops, and raising awareness of HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health, and legal rights. An evaluation found that the project increased women's knowledge, access to services, and the capacity of partner organizations to address the issue in a sustainable manner through community participation.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Sex work and HIV incidence in South Africa: what do we know?
1. SEX WORK AND HIV INCIDENCE IN
SOUTH AFRICA: WHAT DO WE
KNOW?
Mr Tshepo Molapo
Sex workers symposium
22-24 September 2012
Birchwood, Johannesburg
2. WHAT WILL BE PRESENTED?
Introduction
Background
New HIV infections and sex work in South Africa
How does incidence TRANSLATE when it come
to HIV prevalence among sex workers in South
Africa
Implications for programmes
3. INTRODUCTION
Globally, sex workers (SW), have been shown to be at
disproportionate risk for HIV infection.
Sex workers (Female) are a population who are at
heightened risk of HIV infection secondary to biological,
behavioural, and structural risk factors.
Multiple and concurrent partners, casual encounters
Because they are often marginalized by society and
greatly affected by discrimination and stigma, these
groups have become some of the most at-risk
populations for HIV infection.
SWs form part of “key populations”.
4. BACKGROUND
High levels of prejudice and moral loading has been
shown to create barriers to accessing prevention,
treatment, care and support – increasing vulnerability
to HIV.
Insufficient consensus around HIV incidence and
prevalence in this key population have led to
uncertainty around the perception of risk of HIV
acquisition
5. WHAT ARE THE ESTIMATES WHEN IT COMES
TO HIV INCIDENCE AND SEX WORK IN SOUTH
AFRICA?
As part of the Know you epidemic/Know your
response (KYE/KYR), SACEMA was tasked with
running a model for South Africa in 2009.
6. THE MODES OF TRANSMISSION
(MOT) MODEL
The MoT model is static, and provides a short-term projection
based on current HIV prevalence levels and behaviours. The
adult population is segmented into six closed
subpopulations, namely
Injecting drug users (IDU’s) and their partners
Sex workers (SW’s), the clients of SW’s and the
clients’ partners
Men who have sex with men (MSM) and their females
partners
Individuals engaging in casual heterosexual sex (CHS) and
their partners
Individuals engaging in low-risk heterosexual sex
Individuals at no risk
7. MODEL INPUTS (SOURCES)
Estimates from national South African surveys were used where possible. The three main
surveys that provided data for model inputs are:
The National HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey: by the National Department of
Health and involves the surveillance of women attending antenatal clinics.
The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS): conducted in 1998 and 2003.
The National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey:
by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC); the Medical Research Council (MRC);
the Centre for AIDS Development, Research and Evaluation (CADRE) and the South
African National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD).
Estimates from smaller studies in South Africa and studies in other regions, as
found in published literature, were also used as model inputs. Such estimates were
particularly useful for describing the characteristics of the smaller, high-risk groups such
as SW’s or MSM.
8. MODEL OUTPUT: NEW HIV
INFECTIONS ESTIMATED DATA
19.8% of all new HIV infections in South Africa are
related sex work (SACEMA)
Percent of new HIV infections, group only (5.5 %)
Percent of new infections, group and their
partners/clients (19.8 %)
9. HOW DOES THIS TRANSLATE IN TERMS
OF DISEASE BURDEN – HIV
PREVALENCE AS A START
Meta-analyses of aggregate country data comparing
HIV prevalence among female sex workers and women
of reproductive age in low-income and middle-income
countries, 2007–11. (Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12: 538–
49)
Method: Systematic review of 434 articles and
surveillance reports representing 99 878 female sex
workers in 50 middle income countries.
10. STUDY FINDINGS
HIV 95% CI HIV % HIV
prevalence prevalence infections
among among among
female sex female female
workers population sex
workers
59·6% 56.2–63.1 25.32% 5.7%
11. IMPLICATIONS FOR PROGRAMMES
Results indicate the urgency of establishing a national
programme for sex workers that includes HIV prevention
interventions
Further studies of South Africa’s high risk populations,
including sex workers and their clients, to obtain estimates
of the sizes of these groups and HIV incidence and
prevalence among them.
“In South Africa, the HIV epidemic is truly generalized
with HIV transmitted mainly heterosexually, and high
levels of infection by no means restricted to the high-risk
groups”.
12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The SACEMA team
• Reshma Kassanjee and Alex Welte
• Tyrone Lapidos
• Eleanor Gouws (UNAIDS)
Dr John Mkandawire (WRHI)