The document summarizes a study that examined characteristics of injuries among primary school children in Kisumu, Kenya. The study found that the most common causes of injury were falls and injuries sustained while playing. Girls were more at risk of burn injuries than boys, and more girls reported injuries occurring at home. While road safety education was taught, students demonstrated low awareness of road safety rules. The findings suggest the need for better supervision of children playing and improved teaching of road safety.
Paper to Australian Journal of Education (1)UYI OSADOLOR
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of drug abuse on academic performance, parental lifestyle, and peer pressure among Nigerian university students. The study involved a survey of 350 students across different levels and departments at a private Nigerian university. The results showed that drug abuse had a highly significant negative influence on academic performance. It also found that parental drug use had a significant effect on student drug abuse. However, the study revealed that peer influence did not have a significant effect on drug abuse among the students. The researchers recommended stricter legal penalties for drug abuse by students and parents to help address the problem.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of School Children on Prevention and Contro...Premier Publishers
Superficial fungal infections are common among school-going children due to their involvement in practices that promote the spread at school or home. However, practices, knowledge and attitude of these children on prevention and control of fungal infection are poorly understood. This study assessed the practices, knowledge and attitude on the prevention and control of fungal infections among 163 children aged 5-12 years in western Kenya. A cross-sectional study design and systematic sampling method were adopted. Information on knowledge, attitude and practices on fungal prevention and control was collected using a structured questionnaire. Results showed that over 50% of the pupils had adequate knowledge on prevention and control of superficial fungal infections. On attitude, 58.9%of the children believed that those with fungal infection should not be allowed to play with others or go to school. Furthermore, 70.6% and 54.6% of the pupils agreed that sharing of toys and hairbrushes respectively leads in promoting the infections. These findings show that pupils demonstrate a good knowledge of superficial fungal with marked limited infection and control measures. Therefore, there is a need for stakeholders in health and education sectors to develop a policy framework involving learners in prevention and control of fungal infections.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IMPACT ON CHILDREN’S EDUCATION IN DISADVANTAGED AND RUR...ijejournal
1) The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted children's education in disadvantaged and rural areas of Indonesia. Over 1 in 3 children stopped learning altogether due to limited access to distance learning options.
2) Children who did access distance learning learned less and faced numerous challenges like difficulties managing time and understanding subjects without in-person teaching.
3) Access to necessary technologies for online learning was limited, with many children lacking internet access, computers, or smartphones. Offline alternatives like printed materials or teacher home visits brought their own challenges.
Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among Married Secondary School Teachers i...ijtsrd
This study examined health hazards of domestic violence among married secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The study used a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised 2600 married teachers male and female in all secondary schools owned by Anambra State. The sample consisted of 1080 married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled Domestic Violence Questionnaire DVQ . The DVQ was validated by experts in measurement and evaluation as health education. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.947. Mean and standard deviation statistics were used to answer the research questions. T test and ANOVA were used to test null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The findings revealed among others that forms of domestic violence such as physical injuries, depression, abortion and others exist among married secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Health hazards of domestic violence such as infertility, sexually transmitted infection, sexual dysfunction and others exist among married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State. Based on the findings, the recommended among others that health educators should provide a platform to educate married teachers in various Health officers should enlighten married teachers on health hazards of domestic violence as this will enable married teachers to explore various means of settling their differences instead to engage in domestic violence that will be detrimental to their health. Married teachers should endeavour to learn and understand each other as this will enable them avoid any form of violence at home. A. I Ogbalu | Iwuji, Ngozi Frances | Ogbonna, Chioma Hope | Nnaemezie, Nkiru Onyinyechukwu "Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among Married Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46397.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/46397/health-hazards-of-domestic-violence-among-married-secondary-school-teachers-in-anambra-state-nigeria/a-i-ogbalu
Child Mortality among Teenage Mothers in OJU Metropolisiosrjce
This study was designed to identify child mortality among teenage mothers in Oju metropolisin
Benue State, Nigeria, specifically, the study determined (i) the cause of child mortality among teenage mothers,
and (ii) rate of child mortality among teenage mothersand (iii) possible ways of reducing child mortality rate,
and it answered three research questions to guide the study. The population of the study comprised of all
medical personnel in Oju metropolis. The sample was purposively selected from medical personnel in the area
of study (Oju metropolis). The instrument of the study was a four-point scale questioner which was dully
validated prior to utilization. Mean was used for data analysis, the findings include seven causes of child
mortality, seven rates of child mortality and eleven possible ways of reducing child mortality rate, based on the
findings, six recommendations were made, which include among others, parent should be made to be aware of
the crisis associatedwith early motherhood through public enlighten programmessuch as counseling agents,
workshops, seminars and radio jingles.
Educational achievement is a significant indicator of children’s wellbeing and future life opportunities. It can predict growth potential and economic viability of a country. While this is an ideal situation for all children, the case may be different for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to the psychosocial challenges they go through on a daily basis. It is even worse for children attending public primary schools in Kenya. This paper aims to advance a debate on the relationship between psychosocial support and educational support provided for OVC through a critical engagement on the challenges experienced and the intervention measures to be taken in Kenyan public primary schools context. The study is based on the critical review of related literature materials. Findings suggest that, although the Kenyan government has put mechanisms in place to support OVC attain basic education, numerous challenges are found to be hindering some OVC from attaining quality education. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that there is need for various interventions to address psychosocial needs of orphans and children attending primary schools.
Paper to Australian Journal of Education (1)UYI OSADOLOR
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of drug abuse on academic performance, parental lifestyle, and peer pressure among Nigerian university students. The study involved a survey of 350 students across different levels and departments at a private Nigerian university. The results showed that drug abuse had a highly significant negative influence on academic performance. It also found that parental drug use had a significant effect on student drug abuse. However, the study revealed that peer influence did not have a significant effect on drug abuse among the students. The researchers recommended stricter legal penalties for drug abuse by students and parents to help address the problem.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of School Children on Prevention and Contro...Premier Publishers
Superficial fungal infections are common among school-going children due to their involvement in practices that promote the spread at school or home. However, practices, knowledge and attitude of these children on prevention and control of fungal infection are poorly understood. This study assessed the practices, knowledge and attitude on the prevention and control of fungal infections among 163 children aged 5-12 years in western Kenya. A cross-sectional study design and systematic sampling method were adopted. Information on knowledge, attitude and practices on fungal prevention and control was collected using a structured questionnaire. Results showed that over 50% of the pupils had adequate knowledge on prevention and control of superficial fungal infections. On attitude, 58.9%of the children believed that those with fungal infection should not be allowed to play with others or go to school. Furthermore, 70.6% and 54.6% of the pupils agreed that sharing of toys and hairbrushes respectively leads in promoting the infections. These findings show that pupils demonstrate a good knowledge of superficial fungal with marked limited infection and control measures. Therefore, there is a need for stakeholders in health and education sectors to develop a policy framework involving learners in prevention and control of fungal infections.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IMPACT ON CHILDREN’S EDUCATION IN DISADVANTAGED AND RUR...ijejournal
1) The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted children's education in disadvantaged and rural areas of Indonesia. Over 1 in 3 children stopped learning altogether due to limited access to distance learning options.
2) Children who did access distance learning learned less and faced numerous challenges like difficulties managing time and understanding subjects without in-person teaching.
3) Access to necessary technologies for online learning was limited, with many children lacking internet access, computers, or smartphones. Offline alternatives like printed materials or teacher home visits brought their own challenges.
Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among Married Secondary School Teachers i...ijtsrd
This study examined health hazards of domestic violence among married secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The study used a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised 2600 married teachers male and female in all secondary schools owned by Anambra State. The sample consisted of 1080 married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled Domestic Violence Questionnaire DVQ . The DVQ was validated by experts in measurement and evaluation as health education. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.947. Mean and standard deviation statistics were used to answer the research questions. T test and ANOVA were used to test null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The findings revealed among others that forms of domestic violence such as physical injuries, depression, abortion and others exist among married secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Health hazards of domestic violence such as infertility, sexually transmitted infection, sexual dysfunction and others exist among married teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State. Based on the findings, the recommended among others that health educators should provide a platform to educate married teachers in various Health officers should enlighten married teachers on health hazards of domestic violence as this will enable married teachers to explore various means of settling their differences instead to engage in domestic violence that will be detrimental to their health. Married teachers should endeavour to learn and understand each other as this will enable them avoid any form of violence at home. A. I Ogbalu | Iwuji, Ngozi Frances | Ogbonna, Chioma Hope | Nnaemezie, Nkiru Onyinyechukwu "Health Hazards of Domestic Violence among Married Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46397.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/46397/health-hazards-of-domestic-violence-among-married-secondary-school-teachers-in-anambra-state-nigeria/a-i-ogbalu
Child Mortality among Teenage Mothers in OJU Metropolisiosrjce
This study was designed to identify child mortality among teenage mothers in Oju metropolisin
Benue State, Nigeria, specifically, the study determined (i) the cause of child mortality among teenage mothers,
and (ii) rate of child mortality among teenage mothersand (iii) possible ways of reducing child mortality rate,
and it answered three research questions to guide the study. The population of the study comprised of all
medical personnel in Oju metropolis. The sample was purposively selected from medical personnel in the area
of study (Oju metropolis). The instrument of the study was a four-point scale questioner which was dully
validated prior to utilization. Mean was used for data analysis, the findings include seven causes of child
mortality, seven rates of child mortality and eleven possible ways of reducing child mortality rate, based on the
findings, six recommendations were made, which include among others, parent should be made to be aware of
the crisis associatedwith early motherhood through public enlighten programmessuch as counseling agents,
workshops, seminars and radio jingles.
Educational achievement is a significant indicator of children’s wellbeing and future life opportunities. It can predict growth potential and economic viability of a country. While this is an ideal situation for all children, the case may be different for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to the psychosocial challenges they go through on a daily basis. It is even worse for children attending public primary schools in Kenya. This paper aims to advance a debate on the relationship between psychosocial support and educational support provided for OVC through a critical engagement on the challenges experienced and the intervention measures to be taken in Kenyan public primary schools context. The study is based on the critical review of related literature materials. Findings suggest that, although the Kenyan government has put mechanisms in place to support OVC attain basic education, numerous challenges are found to be hindering some OVC from attaining quality education. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that there is need for various interventions to address psychosocial needs of orphans and children attending primary schools.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
“I’m too young to catch the bug”nigerian adolescent students’ perceptions of ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated 300 Nigerian adolescent students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and how it influences their sexual behavior. The study found:
1) There is a low, negative relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and involvement in sexual activities, indicating perceptions do not deter risky behavior.
2) Female students had a more accurate perception of HIV/AIDS than male students, whose perceptions were influenced by misconceptions.
3) There is a low, positive relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and attitude toward prevention methods, but perceptions do not strongly influence prevention attitudes.
The study concluded sexuality education should be added to the school curriculum to address misperceptions and encourage prevention.
Impact of Peer Educational Programme and Gender on Biology Students’ Knowledg...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study that examined the impact of a peer education program and gender on biology students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS concepts in selected secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. It found that a peer education instructional strategy had a significant positive effect on students' knowledge, while gender did not have a significant main effect. The interaction between treatment and gender also did not have a significant effect on knowledge. The study recommends the adoption of peer education programs by biology teachers and curriculum planners.
This study assessed awareness levels about immunization programs among low socioeconomic families in rural West Bengal. A survey was conducted covering 590 children aged 1-5 years. The results showed that mothers had higher awareness than other family members. Factors like education level, caste, occupation, family size and distance from health centers influenced immunization rates. Full immunization was higher for males (56%) compared to females (23%). Children supported by integrated child development services had significantly higher full immunization (75%) than non-supported children (30%). The study concluded immunization awareness among rural families needs to be improved, especially for females and disadvantaged groups.
This document summarizes a seminar on respectful maternity care and tackling disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in low-income settings. It introduces respectful maternity care as a universal human right and discusses seven categories of disrespect and abuse: physical abuse, non-consented care, non-confidential care, non-dignified care, discrimination, abandonment of care, and detention in facilities. It also discusses the impact of disrespect and abuse on safe motherhood and outlines efforts in Nepal to promote respectful maternity care through policy, advocacy, and social accountability.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
Youth reported experiencing technology-based aggression between 2006-2008. Around 40% experienced internet harassment in 2008, with rude comments being most common. Around 15% experienced cyberbullying in 2007-2008. Approximately 18% experienced unwanted sexual encounters in 2008, most often being asked about sex when unwilling. Those experiencing online aggression often also experienced offline aggression, with 13% experiencing both online and offline aggression in one study. Technology-based aggression was linked to problems like substance use and poor relationships.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
This study explored barriers and enablers to education among scheduled caste and scheduled tribe adolescent girls in northern Karnataka, South India through qualitative interviews. The interviews found multiple barriers operating at individual, family, community and school levels. However, some enablers to education were also identified. Understanding these factors is important to address high dropout rates and design effective interventions to improve participation and retention in education.
Nicaragua identifying factors that affect childrens healthImelda Medina, MD
Children's growth up to age five is influenced more by nutrition, environment and health care than by genetics or ethnicity. The document states that factors like nutrition, environment and health care have a greater influence on children's development in the first five years than genetic or ethnic factors.
Student Engagement: A Comparative Analysis Of Traditional And Nontradional St...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study comparing levels of engagement between traditional and non-traditional students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). It provides background on the increasing numbers of non-traditional students in higher education and how they differ from traditional students. The study uses data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to analyze differences in engagement across three benchmarks: academic challenge, enriching educational experiences, and supportive campus environment. The purpose is to address the lack of research on non-traditional student engagement at HBCUs and better understand how engagement impacts outcomes for these students.
Helping professional’s perception of the welfareAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that surveyed helping professionals in South Africa on the welfare needs of AIDS orphans. 52 social workers, counselors, and psychologists responded to a questionnaire identifying the key welfare needs as: 1) Adequate feeding, 2) Education on preventing AIDS, 3) Access to quality education, 4) Basic personal requirements, 5) Counseling to cope with their situation, and 6) Career/job opportunities. The findings indicate strong agreement that AIDS orphans need proper healthcare, nutrition, education, counseling, and prevention education to address their trauma and meet their long-term needs.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Scorecard on Gender Equality and the Knowledge Society Elsevier
The study (National Assessments and Benchmarking of Gender, Science, Technology and Innovation) assessed the level of support, opportunities and participation of women in science in the world’s leading knowledge-based economies: the European Union, the United States, Brazil, South Africa, India, Korea and Indonesia. The study was conducted by the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) and WIGSAT with the aid of a 2010 Elsevier Foundation grant.
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It summarizes that condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission but there are still barriers to their use. Condoms play a key role in HIV prevention strategies alongside other interventions. However, risk compensation behaviors, structural barriers like criminalization of homosexuality, and lack of messaging around dual protection can reduce condom uptake and consistent use. The document calls for addressing these challenges and rigorously evaluating condom programming elements to improve access and effectiveness in different epidemic settings.
HIV/AIDS is a global issue that disproportionately affects developing countries and vulnerable groups. By 2000, over 34 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, with 95% residing in developing nations. Responses have included prevention education programs, working to increase access to low-cost treatment, and addressing underlying social and economic factors that increase risk. One such program is the National Highway One Project in Vietnam, which aims to reduce transmission along major transport routes through community outreach and encouraging behavior change.
Teachers' Perception of Teaching Family Life Education in Public Secondary Sc...ijtsrd
this study determined teachers' perception of teaching family life education in secondary schools in Anambra State. The study was anchored on Social Learning Theory SLT . A descriptive survey design was used for this study. The population of the study comprised 2700 teachers drawn from the state public secondary schools in the six education zones in Anambra State. The sample size was 810 teachers drawn from 257 schools in the selected zones. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Face and content validity techniques were used in validating the instrument while Cronbach Alpha method was used in reliability test and a coefficient of 0.85 was obtained. T test was used to test the hypotheses formulated at 0.05 level of significance. The result indicated that the difference in male and female teachers' perception regarding teaching family life education was significant and that the difference in the mean rating of male and female teachers' perception of the contents of the curriculum on family life education was also significant. It was therefore concluded that teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State perceive that family life education be taught. But that the teaching of family life education in secondary schools in Anambra state was hampered by various factors, including insecurity of parents, lack of training, religion and culture. Sequel to this, it was recommended that family life education should be taught from Junior Secondary School to Senior Secondary and the best ways of encouraging interest and commitment to this subject need to be devised. Onyekwelu Njideka Phina | Ibeto Michael Uchenna "Teachers' Perception of Teaching Family Life Education in Public Secondary Schools in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31191.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31191/teachers%E2%80%99-perception-of-teaching-family-life-education-in-public-secondary-schools-in-anambra-state/onyekwelu-njideka-phina
Mother's education, age and knowledge about home accidentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between mothers' education, age, and knowledge about preventing home accidents among preschool children in Ilesa, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) There was a highly significant difference between mothers' education levels and their knowledge about home accident prevention, indicating that higher education is associated with greater knowledge.
2) There was also a highly significant difference between mothers' ages and their knowledge about prevention, suggesting that older mothers have more knowledge from experience.
3) The study recommends educational programs for mothers, especially those with preschool children, to improve knowledge of home accident causes and prevention.
This study explored physical trauma experiences among 217 school children in Ndirande, Malawi. Many children reported experiences with trauma: 86 had fallen from a tree, with 44 being injured; 8 had been hit by a motor vehicle, with 2 hospitalized; and 87 had witnessed a road accident. Girls were more likely than boys to fall from trees and get injured. While most children reported being taught road safety, only 41.9% knew the proper procedure for crossing the road. The study highlights the exposure of Malawian children to physical trauma and the need for improved prevention, education, and management of trauma.
Proposal on Risky Sexual Behaviour among Undergraduate Students in Nigeria up...JennyOyekan
This document provides background information on a proposed study to examine determinants of risky sexual behavior and contraceptive use among unmarried youth in Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Nigeria. It discusses how youth are defined and their risk-taking behaviors. Rates of premarital sex, STIs, and teenage pregnancy in Nigeria are presented. The document outlines research questions regarding knowledge of risky behaviors, factors influencing such behaviors and contraceptive use, and the relationship between behaviors and contraception. The study aims to understand the magnitude of risky behaviors and their drivers, assess knowledge and factors related to risky sex and pregnancy, examine influences on contraceptive preferences, and determine the link between behaviors and contraceptive use among
Violence in the_lives_of_children_and_adolescentsMunisaRayimova
This document summarizes key findings about violence experienced by children and adolescents from UNICEF data. It finds that violence is common across all stages of childhood, often occurring in familiar settings like homes and schools, and frequently perpetrated by trusted individuals. Three quarters of young children worldwide experience violent discipline at home. Many children witness domestic violence. Bullying affects nearly 130 million students. Adolescents face risks of sexual violence, homicides, and intimate partner violence. While no society is violence-free, some groups are more vulnerable, highlighting the need for targeted protections. Overall, the data reveals violence as an all-too-familiar reality in children's lives that demands urgent attention and action.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
“I’m too young to catch the bug”nigerian adolescent students’ perceptions of ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated 300 Nigerian adolescent students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and how it influences their sexual behavior. The study found:
1) There is a low, negative relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and involvement in sexual activities, indicating perceptions do not deter risky behavior.
2) Female students had a more accurate perception of HIV/AIDS than male students, whose perceptions were influenced by misconceptions.
3) There is a low, positive relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and attitude toward prevention methods, but perceptions do not strongly influence prevention attitudes.
The study concluded sexuality education should be added to the school curriculum to address misperceptions and encourage prevention.
Impact of Peer Educational Programme and Gender on Biology Students’ Knowledg...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study that examined the impact of a peer education program and gender on biology students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS concepts in selected secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. It found that a peer education instructional strategy had a significant positive effect on students' knowledge, while gender did not have a significant main effect. The interaction between treatment and gender also did not have a significant effect on knowledge. The study recommends the adoption of peer education programs by biology teachers and curriculum planners.
This study assessed awareness levels about immunization programs among low socioeconomic families in rural West Bengal. A survey was conducted covering 590 children aged 1-5 years. The results showed that mothers had higher awareness than other family members. Factors like education level, caste, occupation, family size and distance from health centers influenced immunization rates. Full immunization was higher for males (56%) compared to females (23%). Children supported by integrated child development services had significantly higher full immunization (75%) than non-supported children (30%). The study concluded immunization awareness among rural families needs to be improved, especially for females and disadvantaged groups.
This document summarizes a seminar on respectful maternity care and tackling disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in low-income settings. It introduces respectful maternity care as a universal human right and discusses seven categories of disrespect and abuse: physical abuse, non-consented care, non-confidential care, non-dignified care, discrimination, abandonment of care, and detention in facilities. It also discusses the impact of disrespect and abuse on safe motherhood and outlines efforts in Nepal to promote respectful maternity care through policy, advocacy, and social accountability.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
Youth reported experiencing technology-based aggression between 2006-2008. Around 40% experienced internet harassment in 2008, with rude comments being most common. Around 15% experienced cyberbullying in 2007-2008. Approximately 18% experienced unwanted sexual encounters in 2008, most often being asked about sex when unwilling. Those experiencing online aggression often also experienced offline aggression, with 13% experiencing both online and offline aggression in one study. Technology-based aggression was linked to problems like substance use and poor relationships.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
This study explored barriers and enablers to education among scheduled caste and scheduled tribe adolescent girls in northern Karnataka, South India through qualitative interviews. The interviews found multiple barriers operating at individual, family, community and school levels. However, some enablers to education were also identified. Understanding these factors is important to address high dropout rates and design effective interventions to improve participation and retention in education.
Nicaragua identifying factors that affect childrens healthImelda Medina, MD
Children's growth up to age five is influenced more by nutrition, environment and health care than by genetics or ethnicity. The document states that factors like nutrition, environment and health care have a greater influence on children's development in the first five years than genetic or ethnic factors.
Student Engagement: A Comparative Analysis Of Traditional And Nontradional St...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study comparing levels of engagement between traditional and non-traditional students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). It provides background on the increasing numbers of non-traditional students in higher education and how they differ from traditional students. The study uses data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to analyze differences in engagement across three benchmarks: academic challenge, enriching educational experiences, and supportive campus environment. The purpose is to address the lack of research on non-traditional student engagement at HBCUs and better understand how engagement impacts outcomes for these students.
Helping professional’s perception of the welfareAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that surveyed helping professionals in South Africa on the welfare needs of AIDS orphans. 52 social workers, counselors, and psychologists responded to a questionnaire identifying the key welfare needs as: 1) Adequate feeding, 2) Education on preventing AIDS, 3) Access to quality education, 4) Basic personal requirements, 5) Counseling to cope with their situation, and 6) Career/job opportunities. The findings indicate strong agreement that AIDS orphans need proper healthcare, nutrition, education, counseling, and prevention education to address their trauma and meet their long-term needs.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Scorecard on Gender Equality and the Knowledge Society Elsevier
The study (National Assessments and Benchmarking of Gender, Science, Technology and Innovation) assessed the level of support, opportunities and participation of women in science in the world’s leading knowledge-based economies: the European Union, the United States, Brazil, South Africa, India, Korea and Indonesia. The study was conducted by the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) and WIGSAT with the aid of a 2010 Elsevier Foundation grant.
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It summarizes that condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission but there are still barriers to their use. Condoms play a key role in HIV prevention strategies alongside other interventions. However, risk compensation behaviors, structural barriers like criminalization of homosexuality, and lack of messaging around dual protection can reduce condom uptake and consistent use. The document calls for addressing these challenges and rigorously evaluating condom programming elements to improve access and effectiveness in different epidemic settings.
HIV/AIDS is a global issue that disproportionately affects developing countries and vulnerable groups. By 2000, over 34 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, with 95% residing in developing nations. Responses have included prevention education programs, working to increase access to low-cost treatment, and addressing underlying social and economic factors that increase risk. One such program is the National Highway One Project in Vietnam, which aims to reduce transmission along major transport routes through community outreach and encouraging behavior change.
Teachers' Perception of Teaching Family Life Education in Public Secondary Sc...ijtsrd
this study determined teachers' perception of teaching family life education in secondary schools in Anambra State. The study was anchored on Social Learning Theory SLT . A descriptive survey design was used for this study. The population of the study comprised 2700 teachers drawn from the state public secondary schools in the six education zones in Anambra State. The sample size was 810 teachers drawn from 257 schools in the selected zones. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Face and content validity techniques were used in validating the instrument while Cronbach Alpha method was used in reliability test and a coefficient of 0.85 was obtained. T test was used to test the hypotheses formulated at 0.05 level of significance. The result indicated that the difference in male and female teachers' perception regarding teaching family life education was significant and that the difference in the mean rating of male and female teachers' perception of the contents of the curriculum on family life education was also significant. It was therefore concluded that teachers in secondary schools in Anambra State perceive that family life education be taught. But that the teaching of family life education in secondary schools in Anambra state was hampered by various factors, including insecurity of parents, lack of training, religion and culture. Sequel to this, it was recommended that family life education should be taught from Junior Secondary School to Senior Secondary and the best ways of encouraging interest and commitment to this subject need to be devised. Onyekwelu Njideka Phina | Ibeto Michael Uchenna "Teachers' Perception of Teaching Family Life Education in Public Secondary Schools in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31191.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31191/teachers%E2%80%99-perception-of-teaching-family-life-education-in-public-secondary-schools-in-anambra-state/onyekwelu-njideka-phina
Mother's education, age and knowledge about home accidentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between mothers' education, age, and knowledge about preventing home accidents among preschool children in Ilesa, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) There was a highly significant difference between mothers' education levels and their knowledge about home accident prevention, indicating that higher education is associated with greater knowledge.
2) There was also a highly significant difference between mothers' ages and their knowledge about prevention, suggesting that older mothers have more knowledge from experience.
3) The study recommends educational programs for mothers, especially those with preschool children, to improve knowledge of home accident causes and prevention.
This study explored physical trauma experiences among 217 school children in Ndirande, Malawi. Many children reported experiences with trauma: 86 had fallen from a tree, with 44 being injured; 8 had been hit by a motor vehicle, with 2 hospitalized; and 87 had witnessed a road accident. Girls were more likely than boys to fall from trees and get injured. While most children reported being taught road safety, only 41.9% knew the proper procedure for crossing the road. The study highlights the exposure of Malawian children to physical trauma and the need for improved prevention, education, and management of trauma.
Proposal on Risky Sexual Behaviour among Undergraduate Students in Nigeria up...JennyOyekan
This document provides background information on a proposed study to examine determinants of risky sexual behavior and contraceptive use among unmarried youth in Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Nigeria. It discusses how youth are defined and their risk-taking behaviors. Rates of premarital sex, STIs, and teenage pregnancy in Nigeria are presented. The document outlines research questions regarding knowledge of risky behaviors, factors influencing such behaviors and contraceptive use, and the relationship between behaviors and contraception. The study aims to understand the magnitude of risky behaviors and their drivers, assess knowledge and factors related to risky sex and pregnancy, examine influences on contraceptive preferences, and determine the link between behaviors and contraceptive use among
Violence in the_lives_of_children_and_adolescentsMunisaRayimova
This document summarizes key findings about violence experienced by children and adolescents from UNICEF data. It finds that violence is common across all stages of childhood, often occurring in familiar settings like homes and schools, and frequently perpetrated by trusted individuals. Three quarters of young children worldwide experience violent discipline at home. Many children witness domestic violence. Bullying affects nearly 130 million students. Adolescents face risks of sexual violence, homicides, and intimate partner violence. While no society is violence-free, some groups are more vulnerable, highlighting the need for targeted protections. Overall, the data reveals violence as an all-too-familiar reality in children's lives that demands urgent attention and action.
ABSTRACT- Accident injuries are most common cause of death in children over the age of one. Every year millions of children are permanently disable or disfigured because of accident. The largest number of accident happen in the living or dining room but the most serious accident happens in the kitchen and on the stair. Major home accidents are attributed to careless of parents and poor maintenance. The unintentional injuries in the home result from falls, burns, poisoning, accidental shooting and suffocation and sharp knives. Objective of study assess the knowledge of mother on their practices regarding prevention of home accidents among toddler with demographic variables. Demographic variable showed 45.6% mother wear in the age group of 26-30 years, 62.2% of them belongs to Hindu religion, 55.6% belongs to joint family, 82.2% had only one toddler in family, 82.2% were housewives, 75.6% were living in pukka house, 55.6% got knowledge about prevention of home accident through mass media. E.g. T.V, and radio.
Key-words- Child accident, Toddler, Mothers knowledge, Demographic variables
Afghanistan has a population of over 28 million people with high rates of poverty, illiteracy, and lack of access to basic services like water and healthcare. Rates of childhood diseases and mortality are extremely high. The country's immunization program aims to increase vaccine coverage and reduce disease incidence, but faces major challenges including insecurity, lack of access to vulnerable populations, and underfunding. Improving community outreach and partnerships will be important to overcome these challenges and better serve Afghanistan's children.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
This study attempted to recognize the severity of safety accidents at home, the
highest frequencies among children’s accidents, to prevent the safety accidents and to
figure out the training effects of educating parents on quick emergency first aid, all of
which are to be used as empirically basic data for education program development
for parents’safety training at home. The study of (1) on the experience of emergency
first aid training and safety accidents on Korean mothers revealed that those
encountered accidents within the recent one year were 56.0% which was slightly
higher than those without the experiences with the ratio of 44.0%. Parents experience
in training on safety accidents prevention and first aid accounted for 18.8% which
was more than those without relevant training experience with the ratio of 81.2%,
which reflected the necessities of training. Based on the conclusions, future training
should not end up with conveying simple safety knowledges or medically confined
issues but establish comprehensive health model in which rights of our children are
respected and their welfare are to be improved as well..
The document discusses several key issues affecting children globally including child poverty, material deprivation, and lack of opportunities that hinder children's development. It outlines vulnerabilities children face at different stages of life from in utero to adolescence. These include exposure to infections and malnutrition before birth, stunting during early childhood, lack of education access during school-age years, and few opportunities for youth. The life cycle approach is presented as a tool to assess multidimensional poverty across ages.
IHP 501 Module Five Project Preparation WorksheetPrecious Te.docxpauline234567
IHP 501 Module Five Project Preparation Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
December 6,2022
Complete this worksheet by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.
Analysis Table
Other Health Challenge #1: Maternal Health
Other Health Challenge #2: Ebola Virus Disease
Other Health Challenge #3: Nutrition
Incidence
The maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone is one of the highest in the world at 1,360 per 100,000 live births. (Trani et al.,2011).
.
In 2014 and 2015, the rate of new cases of Ebola Virus Disease in the Western Area of Sierra Leone, including Calaba Town, was between 17.32 and 36.10 for every 10,000 persons. More than half of the recorded cases and fatalities occurred in the WA Region, which encompasses two of the country's 14 districts (Richards et al., 2015).
Nearly half a million children under the age of five are stunted, and another 30,000 are malnourished and in danger of dying soon because of poor food and the prevalence of preventable childhood diseases. (Keeley, Little and Zuehlke, 2019).
Prevalence
With 1,360 maternal deaths for every 100,000 births, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality rate in the world. (Trani et al.,2011).
Five new cases of Ebola were reported per hour on October 2, 2014, in Sierra Leone. A doubling of the diseased population was assumed to have occurred every 20 days.
(Richards et al.,2015.
The regional average for obesity is 20.7 per cent for women and 9.2 percent for men. However, the rates in Sierra Leone are lower. However, 7.6 percent of adult women and 8.3 percent of adult males are predicted to have diabetes.
(Maust et al.,2015). .
Presentation
Premature death, defined as dying before 70, affects around 63 percent of Sierra Leoneans (Trani et al.,2011).
From its first detection in February 2014 in Guinea, the Ebola virus illness rapidly expanded to Sierra Leone, with the first case reported on May 25 2014. By October 17, 2014, the epidemic had spread to all districts, infecting a total of 3,097 individuals, including at least 124 healthcare personnel (HCW)
More than half, that is 57 percent , of all deaths in children under five in Sierra Leone can be attributed to malnutrition. Still, the country's health ministry and government officials have begun working to reduce this horrifying statistic by signing the Nutrition for Growth agreement and becoming part of the Scaling Up Nutrition initiative.
Social Determinants
Transportation, housing, and education are all examples of social determinants of health (SDOH) that may affect individual and population health. Differentiating SDOH using Z Codes may enhance the precision of therapy and healthcare access.
The connection between weddings, deaths, and tenure is explored in detail. Attending a funeral increases one's chance of contracting an illness. Changing local patterns of behavio.
The influence of prevention of mother to-child hiv transmission campaigns on ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria and prevention efforts. It notes that mother-to-child transmission accounts for over 90% of pediatric AIDS cases globally. To address this, Nigeria and other countries have implemented Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) campaigns. However, the document aims to study whether these campaigns have effectively improved knowledge, attitudes and practices around PMTCT among Nigerian women. It finds that while campaigns have increased to some degree, overall knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding PMTCT among Nigerian women remains quite low. It recommends campaign messages be more clear, specific and convincing to better educate women and encourage improved PMTCT practices.
The effect of household characteristics on child mortality in ghanaAlexander Decker
- The study examined the relationship between household characteristics and child mortality in Ghana using 2011 survey data.
- Key findings were that child mortality rates varied significantly by region, with the highest rates in the northern regions and the lowest in the eastern region. Mortality was also higher in rural areas, among mothers with lower education levels, and children who were not breastfed.
- Factors most strongly associated with increased child mortality were mothers' education levels, breastfeeding practices, number of children ever born, region of residence, and materials used for house floors. Household structure, water source, and toilet facilities were not related to child mortality.
Adolescents and utilization of family planning services in rural community of...Alexander Decker
This study examined family planning services utilization among adolescents in a rural Nigerian community. 400 adolescents ages 10-19 completed questionnaires. Over two-thirds reported family planning services being available, with main sources being health centers, chemists, and pharmacies. Reasons for service selection included low cost, privacy, and proximity. While most adolescents were sexually active and knowledgeable about contraception, condom use was low and many were unconcerned about pregnancy or STDs. The study concluded family planning services were available but underutilized, with worrisome attitudes towards unprotected sex among adolescents in the community.
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
- The study assessed the prevalence of vitamin-A deficiency and its determinants among 681 preschool children in Dembia District, Ethiopia.
- The overall prevalence of xerophthalmia (a clinical sign of vitamin-A deficiency) was found to be 8.6%.
- Factors significantly associated with vitamin-A deficiency included non-attendance at antenatal care clinics, being male, and being between 49-59 months of age.
Afghanistan has high rates of child and maternal mortality. It has prioritized expanding immunization coverage through programs financed by international donors. Key challenges include insecurity in parts of the country and lack of access to health services for some populations. Steps being taken include using new vaccines, strengthening community involvement, and conducting immunization campaigns even in difficult to access areas.
Women's and children's hospital grand roundAnne Johnson
Falls, burns/scalds, and poisonings were the most frequent types of unintentional injuries requiring hospitalization for children ages 0-4 in South Australia over the past two years. Through a statewide consultation, safety hazards were identified in rural areas including lack of footpaths, unsafe driving practices like leaving keys in unattended vehicles, and dangers on farms such as machinery, chemicals, and animals. Participants learned about child safety from friends, family, experiences, and various information sources like written materials, media, education/training programs, and community events. The resulting Kidsafe SA strategy contained 14 recommendations focused on raising awareness, workforce development, advocacy, legislation, and strategic partnerships to reduce preventable child injuries.
Similar to Nyangakhu characteristics of injuries among children attending public primary schools in kisumu municipality, kenya. (20)
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
The "Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips" offers essential guidance for navigating rainy weather conditions. It covers strategies for staying safe during storms, flood prevention measures, and advice on preparing for inclement weather. This advisory aims to ensure individuals are equipped with the knowledge and resources to handle the challenges of the rainy season effectively, emphasizing safety, preparedness, and resilience.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
2. N y a n g a h u e t a l D o n n . J . N u r s . M i d w i f . | 006
www.donnishjournals.org
differences in injury occurrences among boys and girls in
Kenya. Absolute numbers and rates of child injury and death
are rising in the low and middle –income countries in tandem
with growing levels of urbanization and motorization (WHO,
2010). Other reasons that have been proposed to add to the
number of resulting deaths and impairments include;
challenging living conditions, heavy traffic, lack of safe play
space, inaccessible and unaffordable emergency services
(Bartlett, 2002). A large proportion of these injuries are
concentrated in Sub- Saharan Africa, as a consequence of
socio-political and economical instability, wars, interpersonal
violence and motor vehicle crashes (Harvey et al., 2009). In
addition to these deaths, tens of millions more children sustain
injuries that do not kill them, but are serious enough to require
hospital treatment and sometimes result in disability (Sethi et
al., 2004). There is need to better understand the proportion of
these consequences in our setting.
The burden of injury on children falls unequally. It is
heaviest among the poor with the burden greatest on children
in the poorer countries with lower incomes (WHO, 2008).
Approximately 95 % of child injuries occur in low and middle
income countries (Harvey et al., 2009). The rate of child injury
death is 3.4 times higher in low income and middle-income
countries than in high-income countries (WHO, 2008). In
Egypt, for example, injury is the fifth leading cause of child
deaths (>4% of deaths), and accounts for 10-20% of all
hospital admissions (El-Sayed et al., 2003). In Tanzania, on
average 20-25% of road accidents deaths usually involve
pedestrians under the age of 15 years who include primary
school children (Museru et al.,1999).
In Kenya, injuries are the third leading cause of mortality
after malaria and HIV and AIDS and are the fifth leading cause
of morbidity among patients attending health care facilities
(Odero et al., 2003). A community-based study carried out in
Kiambu district, Kenya showed that children aged 5-14 years
are the most common victims of injury and account for 36 % of
all injuries (Nordberg et al., 2000). Odero et al., (2007) found
that 17 % of the injuries in a rural health centre in Western
Kenya, occurred among children aged 5 – 14 years. A study
conducted in New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital
indicates that injuries contribute 40 % of all emergency
department visits and 17 % of reported injury cases occurred
among children less than 15 years of age (Ogendi 2005,
unpublished MPH thesis). However, the specific types of
injuries affecting these children were not determined and the
resulting consequences not known.
Injuries occurring among children can be classified either
according to intent and/or mechanism of the injury. With regard
to intent they can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional
injuries constitute road traffic crashes, falls, burns, drowning,
poisoning and animal bites. Intentional injuries include
interpersonal violence, self harm, legal interventions and wars
(WHO, 2006).
The five leading causes of injuries in children are road
traffic crashes, drowning, burns, falls and poisoning (WHO,
2008). Nevertheless, little is known regarding the major causes
of injuries among school children in Kisumu. Road traffic
crashes are the second leading cause of death among children
aged 10 – 14 years (Harvey et al., 2009). Of the 1.3 million
people killed by road crashes every year, 260 000 (20%) are
children. Drowning kills more than 175 000 children a year and
up to 3 million children survive a drowning incident. Fire-related
burns kill nearly 96 000 children a year and the death rate is 11
times higher in low-and middle-income countries than in high
income countries (WHO, 2008). Nearly 47,000 children fall to
their deaths every year, but hundreds of thousands more
sustain less serious injuries from a fall. More than 45 000
children die each year from unintended poisoning (WHO,
2008). In addition to mortality, hospital admissions, emergency
department attendances and days lost from school can all be
used as markers of injury severity (WHO, 2006). There is need
to document the burden of injuries among children in schools
in the region.
The Convention on the Rights of a child affirms that each
child has the right to the highest attainable level of health and
the right to a safe environment (WHO, 2006). However,
programs focusing on injuries among primary school children
are lacking. A great part of children’s life is spent in schools
and yet the issue of school as a workplace remains
unexplored. School health programs in Kisumu Municipality
focus mainly on hygiene and deworming (Ministry of Public
Health and Sanitation, 2009).
A survey focusing on road safety education practices,
problems and perceived needs for the future in 1200 schools in
Africa and Asia showed that little road safety education was
being carried out and that children’s road safety knowledge
was often inadequate (Sayer et al., 1997). Results from a
controlled study showed that children exposed to the 'Safe
Ways' material had, statistically significantly at the 5 per
cent level, improved their road safety knowledge and
attitudes over children who had not been exposed to the
resource (Sayer et al., 1997). Another study showed that
pedestrian safety education can result in improvement in
children’s knowledge and can change observed road crossing
behaviour, but whether this reduces the risk of pedestrian
motor vehicle collision and injury occurrence is unknown
(Duperrex et al., 2002). A study carried out in Tanzania
showed that over 31% of the school-going children did not
know the safer way of walking along the streets relative to
oncoming vehicles (Museru et al.,1999).
The Kenyan Government is concerned with efforts to curb
the rising burden of death and disability due to injuries. Kenyan
National Road Safety Action Plan 2005-2010 was laid out in
order to try and reduce this menace. It formulated a number of
strategies towards this effect. One of the strategies is road
safety education among school children. Road safety
education is very important as it inculcates safe road practices
among children right from a very tender age. If properly done,
this could go a long way in reducing the road carnage among
children as they constitute the next generation.
The extent of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding road
safety measures among primary school children in Kisumu is
not known.
METHODS
Study design and study area
The study was conducted in Kisumu Municipality, which is the
headquarters of Nyanza province in Western Kenya. Kisumu
Municipality lies within longitudes 33 20’E and latitudes 0
50’S (KMC, 2004) and has a population of 652,735 (Kenya
National Bureau of Statistics, 2009). It covers an area of
approximately 417 Km
2
, of which 297 Km
2
is dry land and
approximately 120 Km
2
under water (KMC, 2004). It has
developed progressively from a railway terminus and internal
port in 1901, to become a leading commercial / trading,
industrial communication and administrative centre in the Lake
Victoria basin (KMC, 2004). It's geographic position and its
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cosmopolitan profile, places the city strategically as a
competitive growth centre in the emergent age of technological
and economic development (KMC, 2004).
Rapid urbanization trends in Kisumu, particularly in the last
decade coupled with low investment in infrastructure and basic
service expansion has resulted into enormous pressure on the
urban environment (KMC, 2004). With an annual growth rate
estimated at 2.8% and population density of 828 persons per
square Km, Kisumu records one of the highest urban
population densities in the country, bringing with it the
associated complexities in urban planning (KMC, 2004). A
major challenge to the city within the national context is that of
reducing the currently high poverty levels (48%) to compare
favourably with the national average (29%) (KMC, 2004).
Key health challenges facing Kisumu include high HIV and
AIDS infection, malaria and water borne diseases contributing
to high mortality rate (KMC, 2004). The Municipality’s health
system consists of five levels, with the provincial hospital at the
apex, then district hospitals and community at the lowest level.
It has no national referral hospitals.
Kisumu Municipality has a total of 162 primary schools, of
which 117 are public and 45 private primary schools (MCK,
2010). Amongst the schools, 3 are mixed day and boarding, 2
mixed boarding, 1 girls’ day and the remainder mixed day
schools. The total student population is 82,178, with almost
equal numbers for both girls and boys (41,480 vs. 40,698)
(MCK, 2010).
Study Design
This was a cross-sectional study. Information regarding injury
history, demographics and road safety education were
obtained at one point in time from primary school children in
standards six to eight who were in public primary schools
within Kisumu Municipality.
Study Population
The study targeted both boys and girls in standards six to eight
from randomly selected public primary schools in Kisumu
Municipality.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Public primary school children in standards six to eight in the
sampled schools whose head teacher and class teacher
provided consent were included.
Public primary school children in the sampled schools that
were not in standards six to eight and whose head teachers
and class teachers did not provide consent were not included.
Sample Size Determination
The sample size was calculated according to (Sethi et al.,
2004).
n = [4 (r) (1-r) (f) (1.1)] / [(e2) (p) (nh)]
This formula was chosen since a community survey is a study
which attempts to ascertain the frequency of a disease in a
fixed geographic region or in a group defined by a common
membership, e.g. school-children.
Where
n = the required sample size,
4 = a factor to achieve 95% level of confidence (i.e. a reflection
of the degree of certainty of obtaining the same results if the
survey were to be repeated
r = the anticipated prevalence of childhood injuries,
1.1 = a factor necessary to raise the sample size by 10% to
allow for non responses,
f = the design effect, a factor included in the calculation of the
required sample size that increases the sample size in
proportion to the degree of bias that can be introduced by
clustering.
e = the margin of error to be tolerated,
p = the proportion of the total population that primary school
children comprises,
nh = the average number of schools per zone
In the study:
4 = the factor to achieve 95 % level of confidence
r = 30 % (Bartlett, 2002).
1.1 = factor necessary to raise the sample size by 10 % to
allow for non responses
f = 2
e = 5%
p = 75,137 / 652,735
nh = 13
N = (4x0.3x0.7x2x1.1)
0.05
2
x (75137/652735) x 13
= 1.848
0.0025x0.11511x13
= 1.848
0.003741
= 494 primary school children.
where 75137 is the total public primary school population
(MCK, 2010) and 652 735 is the total population of Kisumu
(Kenya Census, 2009).
Sampling Design
Multi-stage cluster sampling and simple random sampling
methods were used. Public primary schools in Kisumu
Municipality were clustered according to zones. The
Municipality is divided into nine zones namely Central, Kajulu,
Manyatta, Nyahera, Ojolla, Otonglo, Ragumo, Rweya and
Southern (Table 3.1). The sampling was done in stages. Two
schools were chosen from each zone using simple random
sampling with the lottery method. Simple random sampling
ensured that all schools had an equal and independent chance
of being selected. Lottery method is whereby all the schools in
a specific zone were allocated a number and then two
numbers were randomly picked.
Probability proportional to size method was used to
determine the number of children from each school that were
recruited. This method was chosen to ensure equitable
distribution of the sample among schools such that schools
with many pupils contributed the most to the sample. This
means that the zone with the highest population contributed
most to the sample size as shown in Table 3.1. The second
stage of sampling involved the selection of classes.
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Table 3.1: Zones, number of schools and total student population in Kisumu municipality
Zone Number of
schools
Number of
boys
Number of
girls
Total student
population
CENTRAL 12 5492 6074 11566
KAJULU 10 3301 3508 6809
MANYATTA 7 5120 5509 10629
NYAHERA 17 3753 3632 7385
OJOLLA 16 3140 2827 5967
OTONGLO 16 4384 4345 8729
RAGUMO 14 3750 3652 7402
RWEYA 15 3091 3209 6300
SOUTHERN 10 5021 5329 10350
TOTALS 117 37052 38085 75137
Table 3.2: Schools chosen and number of pupils in standards six to eight interviewed per zone by gender.
SCHOOL ZONE BOYS GIRLS TOTAL
No (%)
Arina Central 30 36 66 13.4
Kaloleni Central 6 4 10 2.0
Mayenya Rweya 12 14 26 5.3
Obwolo Kajulu 11 20 31 6.3
Ogada Nyahera 13 11 24 4.9
Bar-Union Nyahera 13 12 25 5.1
Angira Kajulu 5 9 14 2.8
Victoria Southern 16 16 32 6.5
Central Southern 16 19 35 7.1
Manyatta Manyatta 14 20 34 6.9
Migosi Manyatta 28 8 36 7.3
Dr Robert Ouko Otonglo 24 18 42 8.5
Ngege Otonglo 6 7 13 2.6
Bwanda Ragumo 3 2 5 1.0
Nyalunya Ragumo 28 17 45 9.1
Bungu Rweya 6 9 15 3.0
Usari Ojolla 15 0 15 3.0
Kibwayi Ojolla 10 14 24 4.9
Total 256 236 492
The time of data collection coincided with the KCPE trial exam
and so in some schools (Arina, Mayenya, Ogada, Victoria,
Kaloleni, Usari, Angira, Bwanda, Bar-Union, Migosi and
Manyatta), the standard eights were engaged in the exams. In
those schools, standards six and seven were each allocated a
fifty percent share.
However in schools where standard eights were available
(Central, Obwolo, Dr Robert Ouko, Ngege, Nyalunya, Bungu
and Kibwayi), each class was allocated thirty three percent.
For those schools that had more than one stream per class,
the ratio allocated to that class was further divided according to
the number of streams. The last stage of sampling was during
questionnaire administration, whereby only those pupils who
had sustained an injury were eligible. The schools that were
randomly chosen and the number of pupils who were
interviewed per zone in terms of gender are shown in Table
3.2.
Methods of Data Collection
During data collection, the researcher introduced herself and
briefly explained what the study involved to the head teacher
and class teacher who subsequently facilitated entry into the
school and classrooms respectively. This included the reason
for the specific interest on those who had sustained any type of
injury during the last three months. In most schools, entry into
the classrooms was allowed only during break time so as not
to disrupt normal class hours. When in class, the researcher
introduced herself and briefly explained the purpose of the
research and why they have been chosen.
Thereafter, those who had sustained any form of injury
within the last three months were asked to stand up;
questionnaires were then randomly administered among those
pupils who were standing up. If in a class, the children who had
sustained injuries were less than the calculated sample size,
the deficit was added to the calculated sample for the next
class. Amongst those who were administered questionnaires,
those who had any queries or did not understand the
questions, were asked to raise up their hands so that their
concerns could be clarified.
Research Instruments
A structured questionnaire (Sethi et al., 2004) (Appendix II)
was used to seek information on injury occurrence during the
last three months from selected public primary school children
of Kisumu Municipality. Key variables were demographics,
injury characteristics, traffic injuries, medical care and
treatment of injury, post injury impact and road safety
education. The data generated quantitative information that
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was representative of the whole primary school population and
results were generalized to all public primary school children of
Kisumu Municipality.
Data collection procedure
An introductory letter from Maseno University to the Municipal
Education Officer in Kisumu Municipality was obtained
(Appendix IV). The Municipal Education Officer was introduced
into the study and requested to grant permission for the study
to be undertaken in public primary schools. The Municipal
Education Office then wrote an introductory letter to facilitate
entry into public primary schools (Appendix III).
Permission was further sought from respective head teachers
and class teachers. Data collection was done during break
time in order to avoid disrupting normal lessons.
Data analysis and presentation
The data was checked for completeness, consistency and
accuracy before leaving the school compound. The data was
coded, entered and cleaned in the computer. Descriptive
statistics was used to determine gender and age distribution
across the categories of injuries. Chi-square test for
independence was used to test the association between
selected variables. Statistical significance was assessed at a
P-value ≤ 0.05. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version
16.0 and Microsoft excel was used. For objective four, a
correct response in section six, questions 6.4 and 6.5 was
awarded one mark and the totals were summed up.
A pupil who answered correctly what all the traffic lights
symbolized was awarded a three, and his counterpart who was
not able to answer what any of the traffic lights symbolized got
a zero. Further still, a pupil who was able to correctly describe
what a zebra crossing is was awarded one mark, which was
summed up with the initial score to get a final mark. The final
mark ranged from zero to four; those who had scored four
were regarded as having a high level of awareness while their
counterparts with zero were regarded as having a low level of
awareness. Pupils who scored two or three were regarded as
having a moderate level of awareness.
Ethical considerations
Permission was granted by Maseno University, Municipal
Education Officer and various head teachers (Appendix III and
Appendix IV). Informed consent (Appendix I) was obtained
from the respective class teachers. This enabled them to know
the purpose of the study and to decide whether or not their
pupils should participate by appending their signatures. The
ethical issues upheld were confidentiality (the school children
did not write their names on the questionnaires such that any
information given could not be traced back to them);
beneficence (the information given was intended solely for
research without any consequences on the school children)
and autonomy (study participation was entirely voluntary).
Limitations
As this study included reported occurrences of accidents and
involved only in-school children, the findings should be
interpreted cautiously. Children may have misreported, just as
is the case with any self-reported data. In addition, as this was
a cross sectional study, a cause-effect relationship could not
be assigned between any of the variables. However, with the
recent introduction of free primary education, school enrollment
rate is high and therefore, the majority of children attend
school. The findings can serve to represent the entire primary
school community in Kisumu Municipality.
RESULTS
Introduction
This chapter presents the results, organized by study
objectives and is divided into four sections. Section one
focuses on demographic characteristics; section two explores
the causes, circumstances, types and magnitude of the
injuries; section three presents the burden of childhood injuries
and finally section four outlines the level of awareness of road
safety rules and regulations. Each section covers an objective
and has tabular and graphical presentations of the variables.
The data are displayed according to gender and age groups in
order to facilitate comparison between the groups. The
outcomes of statistical tests performed are also indicated in the
respective sections.
Demographic characteristics of the children
Of the 492 pupils that were interviewed 256 (52 %) were boys
and 236 (48 %) were girls (Table 4.1). The mean age for the
pupils interviewed was 13.05 (95% CI 12.95-13.15) years. The
age range was 11 – 18 years with 469 (95.3 %) being aged 14
and below. Class six pupils contributed 167 (33.9 %) of the
sample size, class seven 263 (53.5 %) and class eight 62 (12.6
%) - Table 4.2.
Majority of the pupils interviewed were 11 – 14 years of
age. Among the 15 – 18 year olds, boys were twice more than
the girls interviewed (Table 4.1).
Most pupils (63.7 %) reported sustaining a superficial
injury, 18.7 % had moderate injuries and only 1.6 % sustained
severe injuries requiring surgery (Table 4.3).
Of all the injuries reported, 307 (62.4 %) were unintentional
and 163 (33.1 %) were intentional (Table 4.4).
As summarized in Table 4.5, most intentional injuries
occurred among boys 88 (54 %) in comparison to girls 75 (46
%). The disparity among gender on the intent of injuries was
not significant, [P = 0.309 (0.303≤ P ≤ 0.321)].
Causes, circumstances, types and magnitude of the
injuries
Pupils who sustained injuries caused by falls on the same level
were 167 (33.9 %) followed by those who were struck by or
against an object 100 (20.3 %) and knife / sharp / penetrating
object 68 (13.8 %). Injuries that were rarely sustained were
strangulation, drowning and machinery, each 0.4 %. Girls
sustained most injuries due to fire or hot fluids in comparison to
boys 19 (76 %) versus 6 (24 %) – Table 4.6.
However, injuries caused by fires / hot fluids were
associated with gender (P < 002) with nineteen out of the
twenty five (76%) pupils who reported having sustained injuries
caused by fire / hot fluids being girls (Table 4.6).
Many of the pupils were injured while at home 201 (40.9
%), followed by school/educational area 134 (27.2 %) and
along the street/road 94 (19.1 %). Furthermore, gender was
associated with occurrences of injuries at home (P < 0.001)
with 115 (57.2 %) out of the 201 children who reported having
been injured while at home being girls (Table 4.7).
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Table 4.1: Distribution of pupils by age and gender
Age groups Boys Percent Girls Percent Total Percent
11 – 14 240 93.75 229 97.03 469 95.3
15 – 18 16 6.25 7 2.97 23 4.7
Total 256 100 236 100 492 100
Table 4.2: Distribution of pupils by class and gender
Gender Standard six Standard seven Standard eight Total
N % N % N %
Boys 87 52.1 136 51.7 33 53.2 256
Girls 80 47.9 127 48.3 29 46.8 236
Total 167 (33.9%) 100 263 (53.5%) 100 62 (12.6%) 100 492
Table 4.3: Injury severity by age
Age groups No apparent
injury
Superficial
injury
Moderate
(requires
sutures)
Severe
(requires
surgery)
Refused to
answer
Total
11 – 14 75 296 88 8 1 468
15 – 18 2 17 4 0 0 23
Total 77 313 92 8 1 491
Table 4.4: Distribution of pupils by intent and age
Age groups Intentional % Unintentional % Don’t know % Total %
11 – 14 154 94.5 295 96.1 20 90.9 469 95.3
15 – 18 9 5.5 12 3.9 2 9.1 23 4.7
Total 163 100 307 100 22 100 492 100
Table 4.5: Distribution of pupils by intent and gender
Gender Intentional % Unintentional % Don’t know % Total %
Boys 88 54 155 50.5 13 59.1 256 52
Girls 75 46 152 49.5 9 40.9 236 48
Total 163 100 307 100 22 100 492 100
Table 4.6: Distribution of pupils by mechanism of injury and gender
MECHANISM
(How the injury was caused)
Boys Girls Total
No (%) No (%) No (%)
Traffic accident 21 (55.3%) 17 (44.7%) 38 (7.7%)
Assault 19 (54.3%) 16 (45.7%) 35 (7.1%)
Fall on same level 92 (55.1%) 75 (44.9%) 167 (33.9%)
Fall from a height 22 (52.4%) 20 (47.6%) 42 (8.5%)
Fire / Hot fluid 6 (24%) 19 (76%) 25 (5.1%)
Knife / Sharp / Penetrating object 33 (48.5%) 35 (51.5%) 68 (13.8%)
Strangulation 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 2 (0.4%)
Drowning 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 2 (0.4%)
Poisoning 1 (33.3%) 2 (66.7%) 3 (0.6%)
Machinery 2 (100) 0 (0%) 2 (0.4%)
Struck by or against an object 55 (55%) 45 (45%) 100 (20.3%)
Other 2 (40%) 3 (60%) 5 (1.0%)
Don’t know 2 (66.7%) 1 (33.3%) 3 (0.6%)
Total 256 236 492
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Table 4.7: Distribution of pupils by place of injury occurrence and gender
PLACE BOYS GIRLS TOTAL
No % No % No %
Home 86 42.8 115 57.2 201 40.9
Street / Road 51 54.3 43 45.7 94 19.1
School / Educational area 80 59.7 54 40.3 134 27.2
Farm 14 53.8 12 46.2 26 5.3
Sports / athletics area 22 64.7 12 35.3 34 6.9
Other 3 100 0 0 3 0.6
Total 256 236 492 100
Table 4.8: Distribution of pupils injured on the road by gender
Gender If on Road
On the way to
school
On the way from
school
On the way to the
shop
Other (specify) Total
Boys 12 (46.2 %) 18 (48.6 %) 20 (66.7 %) 1 51 (54.3 %)
Girls 14 (53.8 %) 19 (51.4 %) 10 (33.3 %) 0 43 (45.7 %)
Total 26 (27.7 %) 37 (39.4 %) 30 (31.9 %) 1 (1 %) 94 (100 %)
Table 4.9: Distribution of pupils by type of activity at the time of injury and gender
Activity Boys Girls Total
No % No % No %
Working-paid work 7 70 3 30 10 2.0
Working-unpaid work 31 41.3 44 58.7 75 15.2
Travelling 27 56.25 21 43.75 48 9.8
Studying 12 44.4 15 55.6 27 5.5
Sports / athletics 35 63.6 20 36.4 55 11.2
Leisure / playing 123 51.25 117 48.75 240 48.8
Vital activity e.g. resting, sleeping 7 53.8 6 46.2 13 2.6
Other 11 61.1 7 38.9 18 3.7
Don’t know 3 50 3 50 6 1.2
Total 256 236 492 100
The gender disparity was also evident in injuries occurring in
the school / educational area where boys constituted 80 (59.7
%) and sports / athletics area where girls injured were only 12
(35.3 %). Injuries occurring in the farm were almost similar
between both boys 14 (53.8 %) and girls 12 (46.2 %).
Results on Table 4.8 show that pupils injured while on the
way from school were 37 (39.4 %) and 30 (31.9 %) were
injured while on the way to the shop. More than half (61.7 %)
of the pupils who were injured on the road were 13 years and
below. More boys 51 (54.3 %) than girls 43 (45.7 %) were
injured while on the road.
Many of the pupils were injured while playing 240 (48.8 %),
with no difference between boys 123 (51.25 %) and girls 117
(48.75 %). Others were injured while doing unpaid work 75
(15.2 %) and during sports / athletics 55 (11.2 %). Injuries
sustained by boys during sports / athletics were almost double
those of girls 35 (63.6 %) versus 20 (36.4 %). More boys 7 (70
%) than girls 3 (30 %) were injured while doing paid work
(Table 4.9).
Cuts or open wounds 207 (42.1 %) were the common type
of injury that was sustained with no major difference between
boys 110 (53.1 %) and girls 97 (46.9 %). The gender disparity
in burn injuries is evident with girls sustaining 20 (74.1 %) of
these injuries (Figure 4.1). A chi-square for independence
between gender and burn injuries revealed a significant
association, (P < 0.005). Fractures were almost twice as
common among boys 30 (65.2 %) than girls 16 (34.8 %), (0.05
< P < 0.1).
Burden of childhood injuries
School absenteeism
Of the 492 pupils interviewed, those who missed school due to
the injury comprised 56.7 %. Boys who were absent made up
130 (46.6 %). In each school there were a percentage of pupils
who missed school because of the injury. In Bungu, all the
pupils who were interviewed reported being absent from school
due to the injury and in Kibwayi, 22 (91.7 %) of the pupils
reported missing school. Only in Arina, Bar-Union, Victoria,
Central, Migosi and Bwanda primary schools did less than 50
% of the pupils miss school due to injury, however, in the rest
of the schools (Kaloleni, Mayenya, Obwolo, Ogada, Angira,
Manyatta, Dr Robert Ouko, Ngege, Nyalunya, Bungu, Usari
and Kibwayi) more than 50 % of the pupils missed school due
to injury (Table 4.10).
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Figure 4.1: Comparison of nature of injuries among boys and girls
Table 4.10: Distribution of pupils showing days absent by school
School Days absent from school Total Total days
absent as a %
of N
1 2 – 3 4 – 5 5
Arina 2 15 7 2 26 39.4
Kaloleni 0 1 4 0 5 50
Mayenya 1 10 4 4 19 73.1
Obwolo 2 12 7 0 21 67.7
Ogada 5 7 4 0 16 66.7
Bar – Union 3 4 3 1 11 44
Angira 0 0 10 0 10 71.4
Victoria 1 3 3 1 8 25
Central 0 7 5 0 12 34.3
Manyatta 5 11 3 6 25 73.5
Migosi 5 3 2 1 11 30.6
Robert Ouk 4 7 7 12 30 71.4
Ngege 1 5 0 2 8 57.1
Bwanda 0 0 0 1 1 20
Nyalunya 5 13 9 1 28 62.2
Bungu 4 7 4 0 15 100
Usari 2 5 1 0 8 53.3
Kibwayi 3 11 7 1 22 91.7
Total 43 121 80 32 276
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Table 4.11: Distribution of pupils showing number of days absent from school due to injury
Days absent Boys Girls Total %
One 21 22 43 15.4
Two 18 37 55 19.7
Three 39 28 67 24.0
Four 16 15 31 11.1
Five 19 31 50 17.9
5 16 16 32 11.5
Don’t know 1 0 1 0.4
Total 130 149 279 100
Table 4.12: Distribution of pupils who sought medical care by gender
Gender Did you seek medical care Total %
Yes % No %
Boys 122 51.3 134 52.8 256 52
Girls 116 48.7 120 47.2 236 48
Total 238 100 254 100 492 100
Table 4.13: Distribution of pupils who sought medical care by school
School Yes (%) No (%) Total (N)
Arina 45.5 54.5 66
Kaloleni 60.0 40.0 10
Mayenya 84.6 15.4 26
Obwolo 58.1 41.9 31
Ogada 25.0 75.0 24
Bar-Union 32.0 68.0 25
Angira 85.7 14.3 14
Victoria 31.2 68.8 32
Central 48.6 51.4 35
Manyatta 79.4 20.6 34
Migosi 30.6 69.4 36
Dr Robert Ouko 54.8 45.2 42
Ngege 35.7 64.3 14
Bwanda 20.0 80.0 5
Nyalunya 33.3 66.7 45
Bungu 40.0 60.0 15
Usari 46.7 53.3 15
Kibwayi 58.3 41.7 24
There was a significant association between gender and
school absenteeism, girls were significantly more likely to be
absent than boys (P < 0.031). One quarter (24.0 %) of the
pupils missed school for three days while 11.5 % missed more
than five days of school (Table 4.11). A chi-square test for
independence between gender and days absent from school
revealed a significant association, [P < 0.024, (0.018 ≤ P ≤
0.023)]. The average number of days school children were
absent was 3.96 days, with a median of 3 days and a range of
1 - 60 days.
A visit to the emergency department
The pupils who sought medical care comprised 238 (48.4 %) -
Table 4.12. The disparity in gender among pupils who sought
medical care was not large 122 (51.3 %) among boys versus
116 (48.7 %) among girls. Pupils who visited the provincial
hospital comprised 44 (18.5 %), district hospital 50 (21 %),
health centres 49 (20.6 %) and dispensaries 46 (19.3 %). A
greater percentage 186 (78.2 %) of the pupils who sought
medical care took less than two hours to get to the hospital.
Most students in Mayenya 22 (84.6 %), Angira 12 (85.7 %) and
Manyatta 27 (79.4 %) sought medical care.
Two thirds 327 (66.5 %) of the pupils received first aid after
sustaining an injury. Most of the pupils were given first aid by a
friend / family 218 (66.7 %). Others were administered first aid
by a bystander 38 (11.6 %) and 27 (8.3 %) by a teacher.
With regards to the distribution of pupils who sought
medical care, the chi-square test for independence was not
significant, (P > 0.1).
Each school had a number of pupils who sought medical
care though the ratio varied. Schools such as Mayenya, Angira
and Manyatta had almost four-fifths of their pupils seeking
medical care while in Ogada and Bwanda only a quarter or
less of their pupils sought medical care.
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Of the 238 pupils who sought treatment at a hospital, 49 (9.9
%) went by private car, 49 (9.9 %) took a taxi, 48 (9.3 %)
walked, 38 (7.7 %) went by bicycle, 29 (5.9 %) used public
transport, 8 (1.6 %) by ambulance and 2 (0.4 %) by animal
cart.
Hospitalization
One quarter (121 / 492) of the pupils were hospitalized with
girls comprising 61 (51.2 %).
Table 4.14 shows the distribution of the number of days pupils
were hospitalized. More than a quarter (27.3 %) of the pupils
were hospitalized for one day and 32 (26.4 %) for four days.
The average number of days school children were hospitalized
was 2.54 days, with a median of 3 days and a range of 1 – 5
days.
Injury consequences on activity
Of the 492 pupils interviewed 71.1 % (350 / 492), reported that
injuries affected their usual activities. Amongst the 350 pupils
affected by injuries, 216 (61.7 %) had returned to the same
level of usual activity, 114 (32.6 %) had returned partially and
20 (5.7 %) had not been able to return to the same level of
usual activity.
Traffic injuries
Of the 38 pupils who had sustained road traffic injuries, 22 (58
%) were bicyclists; of whom 18 (81.8 %) were boys and 4 (18.2
%) were girls. Pedestrians accounted for 9 (23.7 %) and
passengers for 6 (15.8%). The most common means of
transport being used was bicycles 26 (68.4 %); motorcycles
comprised 2 (5.3 %).
Use of safety measures
Of the 38 pupils who had sustained road traffic injuries, 13
(34.2 %) used seat - belts all the time, 12 (31.6 %) used
sometimes, 5 (13.2 %) have never used a seat belt and 7 (18.4
%) reported that there were no seat – belts in the cars they
usually rode in. Regarding helmet use; 9 (23.7 %) of the pupils
who sustained road traffic injuries used it all the time, 6 (15.8
%) used it sometimes, 9 (23.7 %) do not own a helmet and
another 6 (15.8 %) have never used a helmet.
Road Safety Rules and Regulations
The majority of the pupils 471 (95.7 %) reported being taught
about road safety rules and regulations in school. Boys
comprised 242 (51.3 %). All the pupils in Manyatta and Ojolla
zones reported being taught about road safety rules and
regulations in school. Most of them 432 (91.7 %) remembered
having been asked a question on road safety during
examinations.
Slightly more than half 262 (53.3 %) of the pupils gave a
correct response on the direction to look before crossing the
road (Figure 4.3).
Almost a quarter 118 (24 %) of the pupils had a high
awareness level (total score of 4) on road safety rules and
regulations compared to 266 (54.1 %) of the pupils whose level
of awareness was moderate (total score 1 - 3). A further 108
(22 %) of the pupils (total score of 0) demonstrated no
awareness.
School children in the Southern zone demonstrated the highest
level of awareness. None of the school children in Ragumo
and Ojolla zones answered all the four questions correctly.
Despite the fact that all the school children in Manyatta and
Ojolla zones had reported being taught about road safety rules
and regulations, none of them demonstrated a high level of
awareness.
DISCUSSION
Introduction
This chapter discusses the findings of the study, starting with
demographic characteristics, characteristics of injuries; burden
of childhood injuries and level of awareness of road safety
rules and regulations.
Demographic characteristics of the children
Recruited school children were nearly equally distributed
between the two genders. Class six pupils contributed to a
third of the sample size, class seven almost half of the sample
size and class eight the remainder. This occurred because in
some of the schools (Arina, Mayenya, Ogada, Victoria,
Kaloleni, Usari, Angira, Bwanda, Bar-Union, Migosi and
Manyatta), class eights were deeply engrossed in the KCPE
trial exam at the time of data collection.
Causes, circumstances, types and magnitude of the
injuries
Intentional injuries were more common among boys in
comparison to girls. Most of the injuries sustained were
unintentional. Although young adults experience far higher
rates of intentional injuries, children are disproportionately
burdened by unintentional injuries (Bartlett, 2002; WHO, 2008).
However, injuries caused by fires and hot fluids were the only
type of injury associated with gender, with nineteen out of the
twenty five pupils who reported having sustained injuries
caused by fire and hot fluids being girls. Global figures indicate
that girls have a far greater likelihood of being killed or injured
as a result of burns (Bartlett, 2002), this is most likely a
reflection of the extra time that girls are expected to spend
indoors often with responsibility for cooking.
Injuries sustained by boys during sports and athletics were
almost double those of girls and fractures were almost twice
more common among boys than girls. This might be attributed
to behavioural differences, but it is likely that it is as much a
function of the greater freedom afforded to boys with the
greater exposure to risk that this implies (Bartlett, 2002).
Injuries caused by falls on level ground were common with
boys being more affected than girls. These findings are similar
with those from other studies which found that falls were the
most common cause of injury in children (El-Sayed et al.,
2003; Chowdhury et al., 2009; Hyder et al., 2009 and Peden et
al., 2002). Falls have been reported to be the cause of most
non-fatal injuries (WHO, 2008). Falls are usually reported to be
the most common cause of injury seen in hospitals, accounting
for between 25 and 52 % of all treated child injuries (Bartlett,
2002). Furthermore, falls are the leading cause of DALYs for
children aged 5 – 14 years (Krug et al., 2000).
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Figure 4.2: Distribution of pupils by means of transport to health facility
Table 4.14: Distribution of pupils on number of days hospitalized by gender
Days hospitalized Boys Girls Total %
One 16 17 33 27.3
Two 12 9 21 17.3
Three 11 18 29 24
Four 17 15 32 26.4
Other 2 0 2 1.7
Don’t know 2 2 4 3.3
Total 60 61 121 100
Figure 4.3: Distribution of pupils on direction to look before crossing
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Table 4.15: Distribution of total score (red, green, orange and zebra crossing) by gender
Total score 0 1 2 3 4
Boys 53 52 58 30 63 256
Girls 55 51 39 36 55 236
Total 108 103 97 66 118 492
Knowledge level None Low Fair Good Very Good
Table 4.16: Distribution of percent of the total score (red, green, orange and zebra crossing) by school.
School Zone % of the total score Total (N)
0 1 2 3 4
Arina Central 9.1 1.5 21.2 9.1 59.1 66
Kaloleni Central 10.0 40.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 10
Mayenya Rweya 11.5 23.1 50.0 3.8 11.5 26
Obwolo Kajulu 19.4 19.4 9.7 16.1 35.5 31
Ogada Nyahera 29.2 29.2 12.5 20.8 8.3 24
Bar-Union Nyahera 52.0 40.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 25
Angira Kajulu 64.3 14.3 0.0 14.3 7.1 14
Victoria Southern 0.0 3.1 6.2 28.1 62.5 32
Central Southern 2.9 20.0 11.4 11.4 54.3 35
Manyatta Manyatta 8.8 29.4 20.6 17.6 23.5 34
Migosi Manyatta 8.3 22.2 27.8 19.4 22.2 36
Dr Robert Ouko Otonglo 14.3 21.4 19.0 35.7 9.5 42
Ngege Otonglo 57.1 28.6 14.3 0.0 0.0 13
Bwanda Ragumo 80.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5
Nyalunya Ragumo 37.8 17.8 40.0 4.4 0.0 45
Bungu Rweya 40.0 20.0 20.0 6.7 13.3 15
Usari Ojolla 80.0 13.3 6.7 0.0 0.0 15
Kibwayi Ojolla 12.5 58.3 29.2 0.0 0.0 24
OVERALL 108 103 97 66 118 492
In the present study, cuts and open wounds were found to be
the most common type of injury among primary school
children. These findings are consistent with those of Nordberg
et al., (2000) in Kiambu who found that cuts or piercings
accounted for 38.4 % of all injuries sustained.
Many of the primary school children were injured while at
home. The importance of the home environment in the
causation of injuries has been recognized by many authors
(Chowdhury et al., 2009 and Hyder et al., 2009). A study
carried out in Ismailia, Egypt found that 32 % of the injuries
occurred at home (El-Sayed et al., 2003).
Boys were twice as likely as girls to be injured while in the
sports / athletics area. This might be due to inborn differences
in behavior as well as obvious differences in exposure related
to traditional male and female roles in society (Chowdhury et
al., 2009).
Injuries sustained by the school children while engaging in
leisure activities or playing were very common. These findings
are similar to those from a study carried out in Eldoret, Kenya
by Odero et al., (2007) which found that children aged less
than 15 years were the most affected by play / leisure-related
injuries and accounted for 58.5 % of all subjects involved in
this activity. At their age, pupils tend to direct most of their
energy to playing and there is need to ensure that the
environment where they play is safe and conducive. In the
GCUIS study, 63 % of the children were injured while playing
(Hyder et al., 2009).
Slightly less than a sixth of the pupils were injured while
doing unpaid work. This may be work that parents, relatives or
friends asked them to help with for example farming and
domestic chores. This might reflect the tender age that children
join the workforce (WHO, 2008). Children frequently perform
work too demanding for their size and strength, or are required
to use tools and equipment designed for adults (Bartlett, 2002).
Burden of childhood injuries
More than half of the pupils were absent from school due to the
injury. The average number of days absent was four days; a
similar study in Egypt found that 28 % missed less than one
school-week (El-Sayed et al., 2003). Missing one school-week
translates to quality study time lost and replacing that needs
extra effort. Girls were significantly more likely to be absent
than boys. Slightly under half of the pupils sought medical care
with numbers roughly equally distributed among boys and girls.
One quarter of the pupils were hospitalized.
These findings are consistent with those from the Global
Childhood Unintentional Injury Surveillance in four cities in
developing countries which found that the burden of severe
injuries requiring hospitalization was 27 % (Hyder et al., 2009).
In a similar study in Egypt, 64 % of the pupils were hospitalized
for one day and 16 % for two days (El-Sayed et al., 2003).
It was noted from the study that two-thirds of the school
children received first aid which was mostly administered by a
friend / family and nearly half (48.4 %) sought medical care.
These findings are similar with a study on childhood and
adolescent injuries conducted in north-western Uganda that
found that two-thirds of the children received first aid (Mutto et
al., 2012).
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Traffic injuries
Many of the traffic injuries were sustained by pupils who were
bicyclists. A study carried out in Kawempe, Uganda, among
primary school children found that motorcycles and bicycles
are the leading cause of their injuries (Nakitto et al., 2006). The
findings by the study that more than 80 % of the pupils who
sustained traffic injuries were boys are similar to those
reported elsewhere (Bartlett, 2002).
Road Safety Rules and Regulations
All the schools had incorporated road safety rules and
regulations in their curriculum; this was ascertained from the
responses obtained when pupils were asked if they had ever
been taught road safety education. Elsewhere in Malawi, in a
similar study, 80 % of the pupils reported being taught road
safety at home or school (Muula et al., 2009).
More than half of the pupils demonstrated correct
comprehension on the direction to look before crossing the
road. Of all the school children interviewed, only a quarter
demonstrated a high level of awareness and an almost equal
number had no awareness. A similar study on Road Safety
Awareness and Practices Among School Children of
Chandigarh, India showed that forty percent of the pupils
lacked correct knowledge of traffic safety rules (Swami et al.,
2006). There is need to develop effective learning strategies
where pupils are sensitized from a tender age that road safety
education is a life skill, the present statistics on road carnage
can be used to provide practical examples.
CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated that most children in primary schools
are affected mainly by injuries sustained while playing at home
with cuts or open wounds being the most common injury that
was sustained and exposure to injury risk, particularly burn
injuries depends on their gender. The burden of injuries was
evidenced by more than half of the pupils missing school and
almost half seeking medical care. Two thirds of the pupils
received first aid after sustaining an injury. Moreover, there is a
low level of awareness of road safety rules and regulations
among the primary school pupils.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS
DNN designed, carried out the survey study and participated in
the drafting of the manuscript. LO and WO participated in
designing the study. ENM and MSS performed the statistical
analysis and participated in drafting the manuscript. All authors
read and approved the final manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are indebted to the Kisumu Municipal Education officials,
various head teachers and class teachers, who allowed access
to their schools, and pupils who provided information regarding
their injury history, the research assistants Euphie and Nancy
who helped with data collection and data entry. These data are
published with the approval of the Maseno University Ethical
Review Committee. This work was part of DNN’s Master’s in
Public Health (MPH) studies at Maseno University, Maseno,
Kenya.
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