Nutrition during pregnancy is critical for both maternal and fetal health. The document discusses how maternal diet and nutritional status directly impact pregnancy outcomes. It also explains how pregnancy physiology alters nutritional needs through changes in metabolism, gastrointestinal function, blood volume, and ideal weight gain. Key nutrients that require increased intake during pregnancy include calories, protein, folic acid, iron, and other B vitamins. The document provides advice for nutrition and supplements during pregnancy and describes nutritional interventions for common issues like nausea, constipation, heartburn, and inadequate weight gain.
The document discusses the nutritional status of lactating mothers. It begins by stating that a healthy baby and mother are important for a prosperous world. The aim is to discuss the nutrient adequacy, physiological aspects of breast milk production, nutrition tips, health aspects, benefits of breastfeeding, and recommendations for lactating mothers. It provides details on nutrient requirements being lowest for pregnant or lactating women. Risk factors for delayed lactation include factors like stage 2 labor over 1 hour or pre-pregnancy BMI over 27. Nutrition tips recommend lactating mothers eat an additional 200 calories per day along with sufficient protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. Breastfeeding provides benefits to both infants and mothers. Recommendations include health education,
Good nutrition during pregnancy is important for the health of both the mother and developing baby. Pregnant women need to gain weight within recommended ranges based on their pre-pregnancy BMI and consume additional calories and nutrients to support the growth of the fetus. Key nutrients that require special attention include folic acid, calcium, iron, and protein. Common issues like morning sickness and constipation can be managed through a nutritious diet with small, frequent meals and staying hydrated.
It is natural and necessary to gain weight during pregnancy, with the average being 25-35 lbs. Nutritional needs increase during pregnancy, including protein and vitamins/minerals that are essential for fetal development. Common concerns during pregnancy include nausea, constipation, heartburn, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. A healthy diet is important, while avoiding alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and limiting caffeine intake. Lactation requires extra nutrients as breast milk production demands additional calories. Breastfeeding provides antibodies and proper nutrition for infant growth and development.
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
This document provides an outline for a course on preconception nutrition. It discusses topics like reproductive physiology, factors affecting fertility like nutritional status and contraceptive use, recommended nutrient intakes before conception, and conditions like PMS and obesity that can impact fertility. The key messages are that nutrition prior to conception is important for developing eggs and sperm and reducing risks during early pregnancy development. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet with adequate folate, iron and other nutrients can help support fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
The document provides information on the importance of a balanced diet for toddlers and the specific vitamins and minerals that are essential for their growth and development. It discusses that a balanced diet with a variety of foods from the main food groups supplies toddlers with all the nutrients needed. Some key vitamins and minerals discussed include calcium for bone health, vitamin C for immune system support, B vitamins for energy conversion, iodine for brain development, and zinc for growth. Food sources for each are also listed. The document emphasizes establishing healthy eating habits early and limiting foods high in fat, sugar, salt and certain fish for toddlers.
A lactating mother requires adequate nutrition to support milk production. The document outlines that the calorie requirement during lactation is over 550 calories per day, with an emphasis on whole grains, juices, soups, vegetables, and water. It provides nutritional instructions for breastfeeding mothers to eat a well-balanced diet without counting calories, include a variety of healthy foods like oats, brewer's yeast, nuts, rice, carrots and limit alcohol and caffeine intake. The list also includes superfoods that support lactation like garlic, ginger, fennel, dill, yogurt, spinach, hummus, sesame seeds, papaya, flax seeds and water.
The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy causes physiological changes in women to accommodate the fetus, including hormonal changes, weight gain, breast growth, increased blood volume, and fluid retention. Nutritional needs increase during the second and third trimesters to support fetal growth. Inadequate nutrition can lead to complications like preterm birth and low birth weight. Key nutrients that increase in recommended intake include calories, protein, fatty acids, fiber, vitamins A, C, D, B vitamins, iron, calcium and folate. Ensuring good prenatal nutrition promotes healthy pregnancy and birth outcomes.
The document discusses the nutritional status of lactating mothers. It begins by stating that a healthy baby and mother are important for a prosperous world. The aim is to discuss the nutrient adequacy, physiological aspects of breast milk production, nutrition tips, health aspects, benefits of breastfeeding, and recommendations for lactating mothers. It provides details on nutrient requirements being lowest for pregnant or lactating women. Risk factors for delayed lactation include factors like stage 2 labor over 1 hour or pre-pregnancy BMI over 27. Nutrition tips recommend lactating mothers eat an additional 200 calories per day along with sufficient protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. Breastfeeding provides benefits to both infants and mothers. Recommendations include health education,
Good nutrition during pregnancy is important for the health of both the mother and developing baby. Pregnant women need to gain weight within recommended ranges based on their pre-pregnancy BMI and consume additional calories and nutrients to support the growth of the fetus. Key nutrients that require special attention include folic acid, calcium, iron, and protein. Common issues like morning sickness and constipation can be managed through a nutritious diet with small, frequent meals and staying hydrated.
It is natural and necessary to gain weight during pregnancy, with the average being 25-35 lbs. Nutritional needs increase during pregnancy, including protein and vitamins/minerals that are essential for fetal development. Common concerns during pregnancy include nausea, constipation, heartburn, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. A healthy diet is important, while avoiding alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and limiting caffeine intake. Lactation requires extra nutrients as breast milk production demands additional calories. Breastfeeding provides antibodies and proper nutrition for infant growth and development.
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
This document provides an outline for a course on preconception nutrition. It discusses topics like reproductive physiology, factors affecting fertility like nutritional status and contraceptive use, recommended nutrient intakes before conception, and conditions like PMS and obesity that can impact fertility. The key messages are that nutrition prior to conception is important for developing eggs and sperm and reducing risks during early pregnancy development. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet with adequate folate, iron and other nutrients can help support fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
The document provides information on the importance of a balanced diet for toddlers and the specific vitamins and minerals that are essential for their growth and development. It discusses that a balanced diet with a variety of foods from the main food groups supplies toddlers with all the nutrients needed. Some key vitamins and minerals discussed include calcium for bone health, vitamin C for immune system support, B vitamins for energy conversion, iodine for brain development, and zinc for growth. Food sources for each are also listed. The document emphasizes establishing healthy eating habits early and limiting foods high in fat, sugar, salt and certain fish for toddlers.
A lactating mother requires adequate nutrition to support milk production. The document outlines that the calorie requirement during lactation is over 550 calories per day, with an emphasis on whole grains, juices, soups, vegetables, and water. It provides nutritional instructions for breastfeeding mothers to eat a well-balanced diet without counting calories, include a variety of healthy foods like oats, brewer's yeast, nuts, rice, carrots and limit alcohol and caffeine intake. The list also includes superfoods that support lactation like garlic, ginger, fennel, dill, yogurt, spinach, hummus, sesame seeds, papaya, flax seeds and water.
The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy causes physiological changes in women to accommodate the fetus, including hormonal changes, weight gain, breast growth, increased blood volume, and fluid retention. Nutritional needs increase during the second and third trimesters to support fetal growth. Inadequate nutrition can lead to complications like preterm birth and low birth weight. Key nutrients that increase in recommended intake include calories, protein, fatty acids, fiber, vitamins A, C, D, B vitamins, iron, calcium and folate. Ensuring good prenatal nutrition promotes healthy pregnancy and birth outcomes.
Importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactationAzam Jafri
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It states that a mother's diet is a key determinant of pregnancy outcomes and a baby's health at birth and beyond is closely linked to the mother's nutrition during pregnancy. Inadequate energy and protein intake during pregnancy can result in issues like intrauterine growth restriction. The document promotes the nutritional supplement Amino Fuel 900 as providing proteins, fats, fiber and calories to meet increased nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation in order to prevent malnutrition and support gestational weight gain and milk production.
This document discusses nutrition in adolescence. It notes that adolescence is a period of accelerated physical, mental, and emotional development that brings increased nutritional demands. The nutritional requirements of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals increase during this stage. However, adolescents often have poor eating habits and may skip meals or consume foods that are unhealthy. This can contribute to problems like eating disorders. The document recommends adolescents follow a balanced diet with variety, whole grains, lean proteins, fruits and vegetables to support growth and prevent issues like depression. Regular exercise should also be incorporated.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
This document discusses the history and key concepts of nutrition science. It describes how early physicians like Hippocrates and James Lind contributed to the understanding of nutrition and vitamin deficiencies. Major developments include the identification of essential nutrients like vitamins and amino acids in the 1930s-1950s. Common nutritional disorders addressed include protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies like vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency disorder, and obesity. Prevention and management strategies for different nutritional problems are also outlined.
This document discusses nutritional interventions for complications during pregnancy. It covers conditions like chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancies, eating disorders during pregnancy, and adolescent pregnancy. Nutritional recommendations include adequate intake of calcium, folate, fruits and vegetables, moderate exercise, and weight gain monitoring tailored to the mother's condition and number of fetuses. The goals are to control blood sugar, minimize health risks, and support healthy fetal development.
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and LactationHelen Corless
This document provides information on nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It discusses the importance of good nutrition prior to conception, key nutrients during pregnancy like folate, iron, and calcium, and weight gain recommendations. It describes fetal development from conception through birth and identifies critical periods like early neural tube development. Risks during pregnancy like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia are also covered. The benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother are summarized.
Here are some additional examples of meals and snacks adolescents may choose:
- Pasta with tomato sauce and vegetables
- Yogurt and fruit
- Peanut butter and banana sandwich
- Salad with chicken and dressing
- Granola bar
- Smoothie with yogurt, fruit and plant-based milk
- Hard boiled eggs
- Trail mix with nuts and dried fruit
- String cheese and crackers
Nutrition in adolescent girls and Complimentary feedingswati shikha
This document discusses adolescent nutrition and complementary feeding. It notes that adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood characterized by growth spurts, hormonal changes, and sexual maturation. Adequate nutrition during this time is important for physical growth, safe motherhood, and preventing future health issues. It provides daily recommended intakes for various nutrients and discusses factors that can impact food consumption. Inappropriate dietary intake during adolescence can negatively impact growth, health, learning, and increase risks for future diseases. The document also defines complementary feeding as the process of introducing other foods and liquids along with breast milk from 6 to 24 months. It provides recommendations for complementary feeding practices.
Malnutrition, Causes,Framework, vicious cycle,Preventive measures,Policy and ...Dhirendra Nath
This document discusses various types of malnutrition including protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal. It outlines the immediate, underlying, and basic causes of PEM as inadequate dietary intake and infections which interact in a vicious cycle. Preventive measures proposed include promoting optimal infant and young child feeding practices, vaccination, food fortification, and treating diarrhea and intestinal parasites. The document also discusses iodine deficiency disorders, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency and their prevention through salt iodization, food fortification, and supplementation programs.
Nutrition Across the Life Cycle PresentationGena Bugda
The document discusses nutrient intake recommendations across different life stages. Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) levels are specific to life stage and gender to meet nutrient needs during periods of growth or activity. Vitamin D and calcium requirements in particular change, with infants and older adults often at risk for deficiencies. Nutritional needs increase and decrease depending on life stage and activity level, so awareness of macro and micronutrient requirements helps maintain health at each stage.
Nutritional changes during pregnancy are important because a pregnant woman's diet is the baby's main source of nourishment. The document recommends that pregnant women eat a variety of healthy foods to obtain key nutrients like calcium, iron, vitamins A, C, D, B6, B12, folate, protein, and dairy. While a balanced diet can meet increased needs, prenatal vitamins provide nutrients that are hard to get from food alone, like folic acid and iron. The document advises avoiding alcohol, excessive caffeine, and fish high in mercury.
Nutrition During Pregnancy PowerPoint 03 20 2021Earlene McNair
The document discusses nutrition and health topics related to pregnancy. It covers the importance of appropriate weight gain, a nutritious diet, and prenatal care for the health of the mother and baby. It recommends calorie and nutrient intake increases during pregnancy, including additional protein, iron, folic acid, calcium, and other vitamins and minerals. Low birth weight is identified as a risk for infant health. Food safety practices and foods to avoid during pregnancy are also outlined. Common discomforts like nausea and tips for staying active are reviewed. The risks of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and poor dental health are discussed.
The document discusses key concepts in nutrition including that optimal nutrition is important for health promotion and certain nutrients are essential for well-being. It defines nutrition, dietetics, and the role of registered dietitians. It also addresses different types of nutrition like optimal nutrition, undernutrition, malnutrition, and overnutrition.
The document discusses several key nutrition standards and guidelines used in the United States, including:
- Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) which establish recommendations for nutrient intake including the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).
- The Dietary Guidelines for Americans which provide science-based advice to promote health and reduce risk of chronic disease.
- USDA Food Guides including MyPyramid which group foods and recommend daily servings to help people achieve a healthy diet.
- Food labels and daily values which provide information on calories and nutrients to help consumers make informed choices.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. Young children require encouragement to eat with the family and in a relaxed environment. Preschoolers need a variety of foods to meet growth needs, including grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat. School-aged children have different meal patterns and are influenced by peers, requiring balanced nutrition. Adolescents experience dramatic growth and changes, increasing needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to support development. Older adults have reduced senses and interest in food, requiring nutrient-dense options to support independence and quality of life.
Eat and drink two to four servings of dairy products and calcium-rich foods a day. Calcium is found in dairy products, fish with bones (such as sardines and canned salmon), broccoli, and legumes. Aim to get 1,200 milligrams per day. Pump up your iron
1. The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy, outlining nutrient requirements and dietary guidelines. It covers topics like pre-pregnancy nutrition, ideal weight gain, increased needs for calories, protein, iron and other nutrients during pregnancy.
2. Nutritional concerns during pregnancy like nausea, constipation and heartburn are addressed, along with interventions like eating small frequent meals and staying hydrated.
3. Inadequate or excessive weight gain is also covered, noting the risks and recommended rates of gain depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Maintaining a balanced diet according to daily food group guidelines is emphasized.
The document discusses nutrition needs during pregnancy and lactation. Pregnancy causes physiological changes that increase calorie and nutrient needs. Extra intake of calories, protein, iron, folic acid, calcium and other vitamins/minerals supports the growth and development of the fetus and meets the demands of pregnancy. Nutritional interventions are recommended for common issues like nausea, constipation and heartburn. Overall calorie and weight gain needs vary depending on a woman's pre-pregnancy BMI. Supplements may be needed for those with certain risk factors.
This document provides an overview of nutrition basics, maternal nutrition, infant and child nutrition, and malnutrition. Some key points:
- Nutrition involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption and metabolism of food to support life. A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
- During pregnancy, maternal nutritional needs increase. Recommended weight gain ranges from 25-35 pounds depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Specific nutrients in higher demand include calories, protein, iron, folate and calcium.
- For infants 0-6 months, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended. From 6-24 months, complementary foods are gradually introduced while continuing breastfeeding.
- Malnutrition occurs
Importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactationAzam Jafri
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It states that a mother's diet is a key determinant of pregnancy outcomes and a baby's health at birth and beyond is closely linked to the mother's nutrition during pregnancy. Inadequate energy and protein intake during pregnancy can result in issues like intrauterine growth restriction. The document promotes the nutritional supplement Amino Fuel 900 as providing proteins, fats, fiber and calories to meet increased nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation in order to prevent malnutrition and support gestational weight gain and milk production.
This document discusses nutrition in adolescence. It notes that adolescence is a period of accelerated physical, mental, and emotional development that brings increased nutritional demands. The nutritional requirements of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals increase during this stage. However, adolescents often have poor eating habits and may skip meals or consume foods that are unhealthy. This can contribute to problems like eating disorders. The document recommends adolescents follow a balanced diet with variety, whole grains, lean proteins, fruits and vegetables to support growth and prevent issues like depression. Regular exercise should also be incorporated.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
This document discusses the history and key concepts of nutrition science. It describes how early physicians like Hippocrates and James Lind contributed to the understanding of nutrition and vitamin deficiencies. Major developments include the identification of essential nutrients like vitamins and amino acids in the 1930s-1950s. Common nutritional disorders addressed include protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies like vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency disorder, and obesity. Prevention and management strategies for different nutritional problems are also outlined.
This document discusses nutritional interventions for complications during pregnancy. It covers conditions like chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancies, eating disorders during pregnancy, and adolescent pregnancy. Nutritional recommendations include adequate intake of calcium, folate, fruits and vegetables, moderate exercise, and weight gain monitoring tailored to the mother's condition and number of fetuses. The goals are to control blood sugar, minimize health risks, and support healthy fetal development.
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and LactationHelen Corless
This document provides information on nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It discusses the importance of good nutrition prior to conception, key nutrients during pregnancy like folate, iron, and calcium, and weight gain recommendations. It describes fetal development from conception through birth and identifies critical periods like early neural tube development. Risks during pregnancy like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia are also covered. The benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother are summarized.
Here are some additional examples of meals and snacks adolescents may choose:
- Pasta with tomato sauce and vegetables
- Yogurt and fruit
- Peanut butter and banana sandwich
- Salad with chicken and dressing
- Granola bar
- Smoothie with yogurt, fruit and plant-based milk
- Hard boiled eggs
- Trail mix with nuts and dried fruit
- String cheese and crackers
Nutrition in adolescent girls and Complimentary feedingswati shikha
This document discusses adolescent nutrition and complementary feeding. It notes that adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood characterized by growth spurts, hormonal changes, and sexual maturation. Adequate nutrition during this time is important for physical growth, safe motherhood, and preventing future health issues. It provides daily recommended intakes for various nutrients and discusses factors that can impact food consumption. Inappropriate dietary intake during adolescence can negatively impact growth, health, learning, and increase risks for future diseases. The document also defines complementary feeding as the process of introducing other foods and liquids along with breast milk from 6 to 24 months. It provides recommendations for complementary feeding practices.
Malnutrition, Causes,Framework, vicious cycle,Preventive measures,Policy and ...Dhirendra Nath
This document discusses various types of malnutrition including protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal. It outlines the immediate, underlying, and basic causes of PEM as inadequate dietary intake and infections which interact in a vicious cycle. Preventive measures proposed include promoting optimal infant and young child feeding practices, vaccination, food fortification, and treating diarrhea and intestinal parasites. The document also discusses iodine deficiency disorders, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency and their prevention through salt iodization, food fortification, and supplementation programs.
Nutrition Across the Life Cycle PresentationGena Bugda
The document discusses nutrient intake recommendations across different life stages. Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) levels are specific to life stage and gender to meet nutrient needs during periods of growth or activity. Vitamin D and calcium requirements in particular change, with infants and older adults often at risk for deficiencies. Nutritional needs increase and decrease depending on life stage and activity level, so awareness of macro and micronutrient requirements helps maintain health at each stage.
Nutritional changes during pregnancy are important because a pregnant woman's diet is the baby's main source of nourishment. The document recommends that pregnant women eat a variety of healthy foods to obtain key nutrients like calcium, iron, vitamins A, C, D, B6, B12, folate, protein, and dairy. While a balanced diet can meet increased needs, prenatal vitamins provide nutrients that are hard to get from food alone, like folic acid and iron. The document advises avoiding alcohol, excessive caffeine, and fish high in mercury.
Nutrition During Pregnancy PowerPoint 03 20 2021Earlene McNair
The document discusses nutrition and health topics related to pregnancy. It covers the importance of appropriate weight gain, a nutritious diet, and prenatal care for the health of the mother and baby. It recommends calorie and nutrient intake increases during pregnancy, including additional protein, iron, folic acid, calcium, and other vitamins and minerals. Low birth weight is identified as a risk for infant health. Food safety practices and foods to avoid during pregnancy are also outlined. Common discomforts like nausea and tips for staying active are reviewed. The risks of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and poor dental health are discussed.
The document discusses key concepts in nutrition including that optimal nutrition is important for health promotion and certain nutrients are essential for well-being. It defines nutrition, dietetics, and the role of registered dietitians. It also addresses different types of nutrition like optimal nutrition, undernutrition, malnutrition, and overnutrition.
The document discusses several key nutrition standards and guidelines used in the United States, including:
- Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) which establish recommendations for nutrient intake including the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).
- The Dietary Guidelines for Americans which provide science-based advice to promote health and reduce risk of chronic disease.
- USDA Food Guides including MyPyramid which group foods and recommend daily servings to help people achieve a healthy diet.
- Food labels and daily values which provide information on calories and nutrients to help consumers make informed choices.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. Young children require encouragement to eat with the family and in a relaxed environment. Preschoolers need a variety of foods to meet growth needs, including grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat. School-aged children have different meal patterns and are influenced by peers, requiring balanced nutrition. Adolescents experience dramatic growth and changes, increasing needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to support development. Older adults have reduced senses and interest in food, requiring nutrient-dense options to support independence and quality of life.
Eat and drink two to four servings of dairy products and calcium-rich foods a day. Calcium is found in dairy products, fish with bones (such as sardines and canned salmon), broccoli, and legumes. Aim to get 1,200 milligrams per day. Pump up your iron
1. The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy, outlining nutrient requirements and dietary guidelines. It covers topics like pre-pregnancy nutrition, ideal weight gain, increased needs for calories, protein, iron and other nutrients during pregnancy.
2. Nutritional concerns during pregnancy like nausea, constipation and heartburn are addressed, along with interventions like eating small frequent meals and staying hydrated.
3. Inadequate or excessive weight gain is also covered, noting the risks and recommended rates of gain depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Maintaining a balanced diet according to daily food group guidelines is emphasized.
The document discusses nutrition needs during pregnancy and lactation. Pregnancy causes physiological changes that increase calorie and nutrient needs. Extra intake of calories, protein, iron, folic acid, calcium and other vitamins/minerals supports the growth and development of the fetus and meets the demands of pregnancy. Nutritional interventions are recommended for common issues like nausea, constipation and heartburn. Overall calorie and weight gain needs vary depending on a woman's pre-pregnancy BMI. Supplements may be needed for those with certain risk factors.
This document provides an overview of nutrition basics, maternal nutrition, infant and child nutrition, and malnutrition. Some key points:
- Nutrition involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption and metabolism of food to support life. A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
- During pregnancy, maternal nutritional needs increase. Recommended weight gain ranges from 25-35 pounds depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Specific nutrients in higher demand include calories, protein, iron, folate and calcium.
- For infants 0-6 months, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended. From 6-24 months, complementary foods are gradually introduced while continuing breastfeeding.
- Malnutrition occurs
Maternal nutrition year i hec curriculum june oct 2015 (1)Aga Khan University
This document discusses maternal and childhood nutrition. It emphasizes the importance of preconception nutrition in establishing nutritional stores for a healthy pregnancy and fetus. Key factors for a successful pregnancy include gestation over 37 weeks, birth weight over 2.5kg, and adequate maternal stores for lactation. The needs for iron, calcium and other nutrients increase during pregnancy and lactation. Weight gain recommendations vary based on pre-pregnancy BMI. Common nutritional risks include adolescent pregnancy and substance abuse. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and appropriate introduction of complementary foods are recommended for infant nutrition.
The document discusses nutritional assessment and requirements for lactating women. It recommends that lactating women consume at least 500 extra calories per day to support milk production. Nutritional assessment should include analysis of diet, lifestyle, cultural practices, food intake, and appetite. Key indicators like hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and skinfold thickness are used to assess nutritional status. The needs for important nutrients like protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins increase during lactation. Risk factors for delayed lactation onset include long second stage of labor, high pre-pregnancy BMI, breastfeeding problems, and flat or inverted nipples.
LECTURE 4 MCS 210 NUTRITION IN THE LIFE SPAN.pdfCbu
This document discusses nutrition needs throughout the life span, including during pregnancy, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and elderly years. It emphasizes the importance of adequate nutrition for optimal health and development at each stage of life. Key points covered include nutrient requirements and guidelines for intake during pregnancy and lactation, concerns around anemia and weight gain in pregnancy, recommendations for breastfeeding and complementary feeding in infancy, nutrition needs and challenges during childhood, adolescence, and elderly years. The document provides information on general nutritional guidelines and needs for each group.
1. Maternal nutrition is critical for reducing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. Proper nutrition is needed to support the growth of the fetus and meet increased nutrient demands during pregnancy.
2. Certain groups are at higher risk of nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy, including adolescents, underweight or obese women, and those with low socioeconomic status.
3. Regular nutritional assessments are recommended during pregnancy to identify nutritional risks and form individualized care plans. Assessments evaluate medical history, diet history, weight gain, and lab tests. This helps ensure maternal and infant health.
This document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It defines key terms and identifies the nutritional needs and requirements that increase during these stages, including additional daily calories, protein, iron, calcium and other vitamins and minerals. The document also discusses nutritional risk factors during pregnancy like iron deficiency anemia, which has a high prevalence in Pakistan. Maintaining good nutrition is important for both maternal and infant health.
The document discusses infant feeding and nutrition. It covers various topics including the types and definitions of breastfeeding, the physiology of lactation, problems associated with breastfeeding, infant growth phases and their energy requirements, and the importance of proper nutrition. The key components of human milk are discussed, including fat, proteins, carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, prebiotics and probiotics. Guidelines around establishing and maintaining breastfeeding are provided. Common breastfeeding and infant feeding problems are also outlined.
This document provides information on nutrition for breastfeeding women. It discusses how breast milk provides sufficient nutrition for infants and varies based on factors like prematurity. The key recommendations are that moderate weight loss and exercise do not compromise milk production. Nutrient needs during lactation depend on the woman's needs and milk output. The document provides guidelines on calcium, iron, folic acid, vitamins, caffeine, and other aspects of a healthy diet for breastfeeding women.
The document discusses nutrition guidelines for different life stages from childhood to adolescence to pregnancy and lactation. It provides details on nutrient and calorie needs for each stage of growth and development. For childhood, it outlines the food guide pyramid and recommended daily servings. It also discusses nutritional concerns and deficiencies that can occur. The nutrient and calorie needs increase during adolescence, pregnancy and lactation to support growth and development.
1. Certain groups like infants, children, mothers, and the elderly are more susceptible to nutritional deficiencies due to their physiological needs. 2. During pregnancy, nutrition is critical as deficiencies can harm fetal development and have long-term health consequences for both mother and child. 3. A balanced diet with sufficient calories, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals is important during pregnancy and lactation to support the growth of the fetus/infant and the health of the mother.
This document discusses nutrition needs during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood. Key points include:
- Pregnant women need additional calories, protein, vitamins and minerals to support fetal development. Weight gain and nutrition intake varies depending on pre-pregnancy weight. Common concerns like nausea and constipation are addressed.
- Breastfeeding has significant benefits for infant health and bonding. Lactating women require about 500 extra calories daily. Human milk meets infant nutritional needs for the first 6 months.
- Infant diets progress from breastmilk or formula to complementary solid foods around 6 months. Premature or sick infants have special nutritional considerations. Children's nutrition impacts long-term development, so establishing
Nutritional Requirements in Different Age GroupsAli Faris
This document discusses nutritional requirements across different age groups. It focuses on requirements during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. During pregnancy, nutrition is critical for fetal development, especially in the first trimester. The document recommends folic acid and iron supplementation during pregnancy. Breastfeeding is ideal for infants as breast milk provides all needed nutrients in easily digestible forms. The nutritional needs of lactating mothers also increase to support milk production.
1. Certain groups like infants, children, mothers, and the elderly have greater nutritional requirements due to their physiological status.
2. During pregnancy, adequate nutrition is important especially in the first trimester to support fetal development and prevent complications. Maintaining a healthy weight and getting sufficient nutrients like folic acid, iron and fatty acids is recommended.
3. Breastfeeding provides all the nutrients an infant needs for the first 6 months, while complementary foods can be introduced gradually from 6 months onward with continued breastfeeding.
Nutrition for pregnant and lactating ladiesNadia Qayyum
Nutrients:
A nutrient is a chemical substance in food that helps maintain the body. Some provide energy. All help build cells and tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing. No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.
This document provides information on nutrition for pregnant and lactating women. It discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, as well as common complications. The nutritional requirements for pregnant women, such as additional calories, protein, iron and vitamins, are outlined. A balanced diet for pregnant women is presented. The document also covers the hormonal control of lactation and growth of infants through breastfeeding. The increased nutritional needs of lactating women are described.
Nutrition For Lactating and pregnant womanCM Pandey
Knowledge of Nutrition is essential to prevent maternal and infant malnutrition and mortality. To share some knowledge I have gained, I have shared here my and my friend's class seminar on the topic 'Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating Women'
Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating womanCM Pandey
These are the slides that me, Madan Pandey & my friend, Deepak Kumar Mandal has presented in our class, B. Sc. (Nutrition & dietetics) 3rd year. We have slides here about physiological changes during pregnancy & lactation; complications at these stages and nutritional requirements according to ICMR, 2010. I hope it would be useful for the friends who are studying in field of food, nutrition, health & medicine.
Madan Pandey
Central Campus of Technology, Dharan
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
This document discusses nutrition during various life stages including preconception, pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. It notes that optimal nutrition is important for reproductive health, fetal development during pregnancy, and the health outcomes of both mother and baby. Specific nutritional needs and considerations are discussed for pregnancy, lactation, twins/multifetal pregnancies, HIV, diabetes, and other conditions. The roles of various nutrients in fetal growth and development are summarized.
Diet planning is important throughout the life cycle. During pregnancy, mothers need additional calories, protein, vitamins and minerals to support the growth of the fetus and maternal tissues. Breast milk provides ideal nutrition for infants, meeting their needs for energy, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. Solid foods can be gradually introduced around 6 months while continuing breastfeeding. Nutritional needs change during lactation as well, requiring modest increases in calories and key nutrients to support milk production.
Similar to Nutrition _Pregnancy and Lactation ppt.ppt (20)
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. Nutrition during pregnancy
• Maternal diet and nutritional status have a
direct impact on the course of pregnancy
and its outcome.
• Malnutrition that occurs in the early
months of pregnancy affects development
and the capacity of the embryo to survive
whilst poor nutrition in the latter part of
pregnancy affects fetal growth.
3. Pregnancy physiology that
alters nutritional needs
1- Altered Metabolism:
• Increase the basal metabolic rate: by the
fourth month of gestation and rises to 15 -
20% above normal by term.
• Altered the metabolism of nutrients: fat
becomes the major source of maternal
fuel, making glucose available for the
fetus.
4. Pregnancy physiology that
alters nutritional needs
2- Gastrointestinal Changes:
• Slow gastrointestinal motility: an advantage
of slowed motility is that nutrient absorption
increases.
• Nausea and vomiting are common in the
first trimester and may be related to
hypoglycemia, decreased gastric motility,
relaxation of the cardiac sphincter, or
anxiety.
5. Pregnancy physiology that
alters nutritional needs
2- Gastrointestinal Changes:
• Increases in appetite and thirst are also
common.
• Heartburn and constipation: due to slow
motility or enlarging uterus..
6. Pregnancy physiology that
alters nutritional needs
3- Blood Volume Changes:
• Increase total body water throughout
pregnancy.
• Hemodilution or a physiologic anemia of
pregnancy: due to the increase in blood
volume.
• Minor edema: may be considered normal if
it is not accompanied by hypertension and
proteinuria.
7. Pregnancy physiology that
alters nutritional needs
4- Ideal Weight Gain:
• The average weight gain is about 25 to 30
lb (11.5 kg to 14.0 kg).
• Weight gain during pregnancy consists of
the weight of the fetus and associated fetal
tissues (e.g. placenta), plus the weight
increases in maternal tissue.
8. Pregnancy physiology that
alters nutritional needs
4- Ideal Weight Gain:
• Recommendations for weight gain are
divided into three categories based on the
woman’s pre-pregnancy weight. The
weight category is determined using body
mass index (BMI).
• The range for women carrying twins is 35
lb to 45 lb (16 - 20 kg).
9. Distribution of weight gain in pregnancy
Body Part Weight (kg)
Full term baby 3.42
Placenta 0.62 Fetal
Amniotic and body fluids 0.80 Tissue
Uterus 0.89
Breasts 0.40
Blood volume 1.78 Maternal
Interstitial body fluids 1.20 Tissue
Maternal storage fat 0.66 – 3.18
Total 10.71 – 12.5
11. Nutrient requirements during
pregnancy
• Actual requirements during pregnancy are
influenced by previous nutritional status and
health history, including: chronic illnesses,
multiple pregnancies and closely spaced
pregnancies.
• The requirement for one nutrient may be
altered by the intake of another. E.g., women
who do not meet their calorie requirements
need higher amounts of protein.
12. Nutrient requirements during
pregnancy
• Nutrient needs are not constant throughout the
course of pregnancy - nutrient needs change
little during the first trimester and are at their
highest during the last trimester.
• The Food Guide Pyramid can be used to teach
women how to make food choices that will
provide the balanced intake they need.
13. Calories
• The increased need for calories is 300
extra calories per day, which is @ 15% of
a woman’s normal calorie requirement.
• The increased need for calories does not
occur until the beginning of the second
trimester.
14. Calories
Calorie needs increase because of:
• The increase in basal metabolic rate.
• Weight gain increases the amount of
calories burned during activity.
• Uses additional calories to store energy
in preparation for lactation after delivery.
15. Protein
The RDA for protein increases by 10 g for
pregnant women ages 25 and older.
Protein needs increase to support :
• Fetal growth and development.
• The formation of the placenta and amniotic
fluid.
• The growth of maternal tissues and the
expanded blood volume.
16. Protein
Women who fail to consume adequate
protein may be at increased risk for:
• Development of toxemia.
• Anemia.
• Poor uterine muscle tone.
• Abortion.
• Decreased resistance to infection.
• Shorter, lighter infants with low Apgar
scores.
17. Folic acid
• The Institute of Medicine in U.S.A.
recommends that synthetic folic acid
intake increase to 600 g daily once
pregnancy is confirmed.
18. Folic acid
Importance of folic acid for pregnancy:
• Women who consume adequate amounts
of folic acid before conception and
throughout the first month of pregnancy
reduce their risk of having a baby with a
neural tube defect (e.g., spina bifida,
anencephaly).
19. Folic acid
Folic acid sources:
• Natural form of folic acid (folate): orange
juice, other citrus fruits and juices, green
leafy vegetables, dried peas and beans,
broccoli, and whole-grain products.
• Synthetic folic acid is found in
multivitamins, fortified breakfast cereals
and enriched grain products.
20. Other B vitamins
• The increased requirement for vitamin B6
is proportional to the increase in protein
because it is involved in protein
metabolism.
• Because vitamin B12 is necessary for the
metabolism of folate, a slight increase in
intake is recommended.
21. Calcium
• The AI for calcium for pregnant women 19
years of age and older is 1000 mg.
• The reason why the AI is not higher for
pregnant women compared with non
pregnant women is that calcium
absorption more than doubles early in
pregnancy.
22. Iron
• A daily supplement of 30 mg of ferrous
iron is recommended for all women during
the second and third trimesters.
• It is preferably taken between meals or at
bedtime on an empty stomach to
maximize absorption.
23. Iron
Importance for iron during pregnancy:
• To support the increase in maternal blood
volume.
• To provide iron for fetal liver storage,
which will sustain the infant for the first 4 -
6 months of life.
24. The advices should be given to a
pregnant women concerning her
nutrition
1- Eat in moderation.
2- Aim for balance.
3- Eat three meals daily plus two or three
snacks.
4- Drink adequate fluids.
25. The advices should be given to a
pregnant women concerning her
nutrition
5- Do not restrict salt intake.
6- Moderate Caffeine consumption does
not pose a problem.
7- If you use artificial sweeteners, do so
judiciously.
8- Be aware of food borne risks during
pregnancy.
27. Indications for supplements
use during pregnancy
• Heavy smokers.
• Drug abusers.
• Those carrying twins.
• Women who are unlikely to consume an
adequate diet despite nutritional advice or
nutrition counseling.
28. Indications for supplements
use during pregnancy
• Women who do not receive adequate
exposure to sunlight.
• Women who do not receive adequate
exposure to sunlight.
• Women who do not consume adequate
calcium.
29. Indications for supplements
use during pregnancy
• Complete vegans need daily supplements
of vitamin B12.
• Women who take more than 30 mg of iron
to treat iron deficiency anemia should take
supplements of zinc and copper.
30. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
1- Nausea and Vomiting
Women should be advised to:
• Eating small, frequent meals every 2 to 3
hours.
• Eat carbohydrate foods such as: dry
crackers, Melba toast, dry cereal, or hard
candy before getting out of bed in the
morning.
31. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
1- Nausea and Vomiting
Women should be advised to:
• Avoid drinking liquids with meals.
• Avoid coffee, tea and spicy foods.
• Limit high-fat foods, because they delay
gastric emptying time.
• Eliminate individual intolerances.
32. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
2.Constipation, may be caused by:
• Relaxation of gastrointestinal muscle tone
and motility
• Pressure of the fetus on the intestines.
• Decrease in physical activity
• Inadequate intake of fluid and fiber.
• Side effect of the consumption of iron
supplements.
33. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
2. Constipation
Encourage the client to:
• Increase fiber intake.
• Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of
liquid daily.
• Try hot water with lemon or prune juice
upon waking to help stimulate peristalsis
• Participate in regular exercise.
34. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
3- Heartburn:
Encourage client to:
• Eat small, frequent meals and eliminate
liquids immediately before and after meals to
avoid gastric distention.
• Avoid coffee, high-fat foods and spices.
• Eliminate individual intolerances.
• Avoid lying down or bending over after
eating.
35. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
4- Inadequate Weight Gain:
• Inadequate weight gain during pregnancy
increases the risk of giving birth to a low-
birth-weight (LBW) infant (i.e., a baby
weighing less than 2500 g).
36. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
4- Inadequate Weight Gain:
• The recommended weight gain for normal
weight women is @ 0.44 kg/week,
• Underweight women more than 0.44
kg/week whilst overweight women about
0.29 kg/week and women pregnant with
twins at least 0.44 kg/week.
37. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
4- Inadequate Weight Gain, may occur
secondary to:
• Poor appetite related to nausea, vomiting,
heartburn or smoking.
• From an inadequate intake related to lack
of knowledge or fear of gaining weight.
38. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
4- Inadequate Weight Gain
• Counsel the client on the recommended rate
and quantity of weight gain associated with
optimal maternal and infant health and
successful breast-feeding.
• Explain how the weight gain is distributed
among the fetus, placenta and maternal
tissues.
39. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
4- Inadequate Weight Gain
• Encourage the client to ask questions and
verbalize feelings.
• Advise the client that extra weight gained
during pregnancy is quickly lost during
lactation or through dieting after pregnancy.
40. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
4- Inadequate Weight Gain
• Advise the client that if her diet is inadequate
in calories, it probably is also inadequate in
other nutrients.
• Advise the client that although the fetus can
use maternal nutrient stores if the mother’s
diet is inadequate.
41. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
4- Inadequate Weight Gain
• Advise the client that an inadequate intake
can adversely affect maternal health (e.g.,
poor iron intake leading to anemia) and infant
health (e.g., lbw, anemia, other postnatal
complications).
42. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
5- Excessive Weight Gain, may be related
to:
• Overeating.
• Stress.
• Decrease in physical activity.
43. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
5- Excessive Weight Gain:
• Counsel the client on the recommended rate
and quantity of weight gain associated with
optimal maternal and infant health and
successful breast-feeding.
• Explain that the weight gain is distributed
among the fetus, placenta and maternal
tissues.
44. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
5- Excessive Weight Gain:
• Set mutually agreeable weight gain goals.
• Substitute skim or low-fat milk for whole milk.
• Bake, broil or steam foods instead of frying.
45. Nutritional intervention for
problems during pregnancy
5- Excessive Weight Gain:
• Eliminate empty calories: carbonated
beverages, candy, rich desserts and
traditional snack foods.
• Use fats and oils sparingly.
46. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Diabetes mellitus
• It characterized by abnormal glucose
tolerance, requires dietary management
regardless of whether it was present
before conception (established diabetes)
or developed during gestation (gestational
diabetes) as a result of the metabolic
changes of pregnancy.
47. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Diabetes increases the risk of:
• Infection, especially urinary tract infection
• Preeclampsia & Eclampsia
• Spontaneous abortion
• Extrauterine conception
• Neonatal death
• Congenital abnormalities
48. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Diabetes
• Gestational diabetes does not usually
produce maternal complications or birth
defects, but it can make delivery difficult,
because babies born to gestational
diabetics are usually large, which may
increase the risk of postpartum
hemorrhage.
49. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Diabetes Management:
• Monitor the progress and course of
pregnancy of established diabetics.
• Screen all women for gestational diabetes
between 24 - 28 weeks of pregnancy.
• Check for ketonuria regularly.
• Diabetic management during pregnancy
includes nutrition therapy and, possible,
multiple daily doses of insulin.
50. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Diabetes
Advise the client that:
• Pregnant diabetics require the same
nutrients and weight gain as non diabetic
pregnant women.
• She is not on a “diet” weight loss and
fasting should never be undertaken during
pregnancy.
• Calorie requirements are based on pre-
pregnancy weight.
51. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Diabetes
Suggested guidelines are as follows:
• 30 cal/kg for women of normal weight
before conception.
• 24 cal/kg for women weighing more than
120% of desirable weight before
conception
• 36-40 cal/kg for women weighing less than
90% of desirable weight before
conception.
52. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
2- Anemia
• Non pregnant women (non smokers) who
have a hemoglobin below 12 g/dL are
considered anemic.
• Pregnant women (non smoker) with a
hemoglobin below 11 g/dL in the first and
third trimesters or below 10.5 g/dL in the
second trimester are considered anemic.
53. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
2- Anemia Management:
• A therapeutic dose of 60 mg to 120
mg/day of elemental iron is prescribed.
• In addition, a low-dose vitamin/mineral
supplement is prescribed to ensure
adequate amounts of copper and zinc.
54. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
2- ANEMIA
• The RDA of 400 mcg of folate during
pregnancy can be met by a well-chosen
diet. Supplements of folate are
recommended for pregnant women who
are not meeting this level of intake.
55. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Pregnancy-induced hypertension:
• Pregnancy–induced hypertension (PIH or
toxemia) is a hypertensive syndrome that
occurs in approximately 6 - 7% of all
pregnancies. Severe cases are
associated with increased risks of
maternal, fetal and neonatal death.
• Although the exact cause is unknown.
56. Nutritional interventions for medical
complications during pregnancy
Risk factors for pregnancy-induced
hypertension:
• Poorly nourished.
• Primigravida.
• Economically deprived.
• Very young or very old.
• Obese.
• Underweight.
57. Nutritional interventions for
medical complications during
pregnancy
Pregnancy-induced hypertension:
• Advise clients at risk for pre- eclampsia to
consume a liberal intake of calories, protein
and calcium and to salt their food to taste.
58. Risk factors for poor nutritional status
during pregnancy
Prepartum weight < 85% or > 120% of ideal weight
Use of a therapeutic diet for a chronic disease
Use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs
Food faddism, unbalanced diet, pica
Teens and women older than 40 years of age
Poor obstetric history (LBW, stillbirth, abortion, fetal
anomalies), high parity, multipara
Repetitive pregnancies at short intervals
Low socioeconomic status
Chronic preexisting medical problems, such as hypertension,
diabetes, heart disease, pulmonary disease, renal disease,
maternal PKU
Untimely prenatal care
59. Common myths about nutrition during pregnancy
You can eat anything you want because you’re eating for two.
You can eat double portions because you’re eating for two.
You should eat whatever you’re craving; your body must need it.
If you take prenatal vitamins, you don’t have to worry about what you
eat.
You must take vitamins to have a healthy baby.
The baby gets what he or she needs first and the rest goes to the mother.
If you breast-feed, you can lose all the weight you gain in pregnancy.
Obese women don’t need to gain weight during pregnancy.
It doesn’t matter what you eat, because the baby will take what it needs
from your body.
As long as you take vitamins, it’s all right to skip meals.
When you are pregnant, you will crave pickles and ice cream.
60. Common myths about nutrition during pregnancy
Gaining lots of weight makes a healthy baby.
You lose a tooth with every baby if you don’t drink milk.
Beets build red blood.
Food cravings during pregnancy determine your child’s likes and
dislikes later in life.
Give in to your cravings, or you will mark the baby.
Do not eat fish and milk at the same meal.
Do not eat egg yolks, because they will rot the uterus.
If you crave sweets, the baby will be a girl; if you crave pickles, the
baby will be a body.
61. Lactation
• Because of the unquestionable benefits to
both mother and infant, exclusive breast-
feeding for the first 4 - 6 months of age is
recommended for most full-term infants.
• Breast-feeding with weaning to foods is
recommended for at least the first 12
months of age.
62. Benefits of breast feeding
For the mother:
• Promotes optimal maternal-infant bonding.
• Can mobilize fat stores to help women lose
weight.
• Early breast-feeding stimulates uterine
contractions to help control blood loss and
regain pre pregnant size.
• Breast milk is readily available and requires
no mixing or dilution.
63. Benefits of breast feeding
For the mother:
• Is less expensive than purchasing bottles,
nipples, sterilizing equipment and formula.
• May decrease the risk of thromboembolism,
especially after operative deliveries.
• Childbirth and breast-feeding may be
protective against breast cancer.
64. Benefits of breast feeding
For the infant:
• “Breast is best” – breast milk is unique in
its types and concentrations of
macronutrients, micronutrients, enzymes,
hormones, growth factors,
inducers/modulators of the immune
system and anti-inflammatory agents.
65. Benefits of breast feeding
For the infant:
• The infant can easily tolerate and digest
and it changes to match the needs of a
growing infant.
• Is a “natural” food.
• Sterile, is at the proper temperature and is
readily available.
66. Benefits of breast feeding
For the infant:
• Breast-feeding promotes better tooth and
jaw development than bottle-feeding
because the infant has to suck harder.
• Breast-feeding avoids nursing-bottle caries.
• Breast-feeding is protective against food
allergies.
67. Benefits of breast feeding
For the infant:
• Overfeeding is not likely with breast-
feeding.
• Breast-feeding is associated with
decreased frequency of certain chronic
diseases later in life, such as non-insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus & lymphoma.
68. Variables affecting breast milk
composition
• Stage of lactation.
• The mother’s diet.
• The duration of the feeding.
69. Variables affecting breast milk
composition
Stage of lactation:
• Colostrum, which is secreted during the first
few post-partum days, is a thick, yellowish
fluid that is higher in protein, minerals and
sodium than mature milk, but lower in
sugar, fat and calories.
• Colostrum is rich in antibodies and anti-
infective factors.
70. Variables affecting breast milk
composition
Stage of lactation:
• Colostrum begins to change to transitional
milk about 3 to 6 days after delivery as the
protein content decreases and the
carbohydrate and fat contents increase.
• Major changes in the milk take place by the
tenth day and mature milk is stable by the
end of the first month.
71. Variables affecting breast milk
composition
The mother’s diet:
• The vitamin content of breast milk declines
as a result of inadequate maternal intake,
especially B6, B12, A and D.
72. Variables affecting breast milk
composition
The duration of the feeding:
• The milk secreted as each feeding begins
is significantly lower in fat than the milk
secreted at the end of each feeding.
73. Nutritional needs for lactation
Calories:
• The average woman uses approximately
640 cal/day for the first 6 months and 510
cal/day during the second 6 months to
produce a normal amount of milk.
74. Nutritional needs for lactation
Protein
• Women need an additional 20 g of
protein while breast-feeding. Extra 2 cups
of milk provide 16 g of protein.
75. Nutritional needs for lactation
Fluid
• It is suggested that nursing mothers drink
2 to 3 liters of fluid daily, preferably in
the form of water, milk and fruit juices.
76. Nutritional needs for lactation
Vitamins and minerals:
• Foods, rather than supplements, are the
preferred source of these nutrients,
• women are encouraged to choose a varied
diet that includes enriched and fortified
grains and cereals, fresh fruits and
vegetables and lean meats and dairy
products.
77. Nutritional needs for lactation
Vitamins and minerals:
• Multivitamin and mineral supplements are not
recommended for routine use. However,
specific supplements may be indicated when
maternal intake is inadequate.
78. Nutritional needs for lactation
Foods to avoid:
• Caffeine: consumption of one to two cups of
coffee daily does not pose any problems.
Intakes higher than this may cause the infant
to become irritable and restless.
• It usually is not necessary to eliminate any
other foods while breast-feeding unless the
infant shows intolerance.
79. Factors that impair lactation
Impaired letdown, related to
Embarrassment or stress
Fatigue
Negative attitude, lack of desire, lack of family support
Excessive intake of caffeine or alcohol
Smoking
Drugs
Failure to establish lactation, related to
Delayed or infrequent feedings
Weak infant sucking because of anesthesia during labor and delivery
Nipple discomfort or engorgement
Lack of support, especially from baby’s father
Decreased demand, related to
Supplemental bottles of formula or water
Introduction of solid food
The infant’s lack of interest
80. Lactation in the diabetic mother
• Breast-feeding complicates blood glucose
control in women with type 1 diabetes by
inducing hypoglycemia and lowering insulin
requirements.
• 35 cal/kg is usually recommended to
achieve optimal glucose and lipid levels
and promote moderate weight loss (4.5
pounds/month).
81. Lactation in the diabetic mother
Other points to consider include:
• Careful and frequent monitoring of blood
glucose level is essential.
• Frequent snacks are recommended.
• Unless breast-feeding occurs within 1 to 2
hours after eating, women should eat a
light snack before or during breast-feeding.
82. Lactation in the diabetic mother
Other points to consider include:
• Breast care takes on greater importance.
• Diabetic women face a higher risk of mastitis.
Measures to prevent mastitis include
alternating breasts when feeding, cleaning
breasts with water and letting them air dry,
making sure the baby’s mouth is positioned
correctly over the nipple, drinking adequate
fluids.
83. Lactation in the diabetic mother
Other points to consider include:
• Support groups may be especially helpful.
• Encourage participation in appropriate
programs that provide support and education.