This document provides information on nutrition for pregnant and lactating women. It discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, as well as common complications. The nutritional requirements for pregnant women, such as additional calories, protein, iron and vitamins, are outlined. A balanced diet for pregnant women is presented. The document also covers the hormonal control of lactation and growth of infants through breastfeeding. The increased nutritional needs of lactating women are described.
The intense fetal growth and development during pregnancy requires maternal physiologic adaptation and a change in nutritional needs.
Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes normal embryonic and fetal development.
Importantly, maternal nutritional status is a modifiable risk factor that can be evaluated, monitored, and, when appropriate, improved.
Beginning this process before conception is important since addressing diet during pregnancy can impact some outcomes (eg, gestational weight gain), but may not be sufficiently early to affect others, such as the occurrence of gestational diabetes related to obesity .
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
Nutrition for pregnant and lactating ladiesNadia Qayyum
Nutrients:
A nutrient is a chemical substance in food that helps maintain the body. Some provide energy. All help build cells and tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing. No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The intense fetal growth and development during pregnancy requires maternal physiologic adaptation and a change in nutritional needs.
Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes normal embryonic and fetal development.
Importantly, maternal nutritional status is a modifiable risk factor that can be evaluated, monitored, and, when appropriate, improved.
Beginning this process before conception is important since addressing diet during pregnancy can impact some outcomes (eg, gestational weight gain), but may not be sufficiently early to affect others, such as the occurrence of gestational diabetes related to obesity .
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
Nutrition for pregnant and lactating ladiesNadia Qayyum
Nutrients:
A nutrient is a chemical substance in food that helps maintain the body. Some provide energy. All help build cells and tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing. No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
1. NUTRITION FOR PREGNANT
AND LACTATING WOMAN
Presented by:
Deepak Kumar Mandal
Madan Pandey
B. Sc. Nutrition & Dietetics
Tribhuvan University
Central Campus of Technology
Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal 1
4. Introduction
Pregnancy is a normal physiological phase where
rapid growth of fetus takes place in the mother’s
uterus along changes with in her body.
The physiological and hormonal changes help to
better accommodate the fetus.
The blood sugar level, breathing & cardiac output
are also increased.
4
6. Physiological changes
Energy metabolism
• Basal metabolism increases due to
development of fetus and other physiological
changes.
• The increase in BMR relative to pre-pregnancy
values are about 5.3%, 11.4% and 25.3%
during the first, second and the third trimester
respectively.
6
7. Cont……
Growth of maternal tissues
• Maternal tissues including breasts, uterus and
adipose tissues increase in size.
• Hormones promote growth and changes in
breast tissues.
7
8. Cont……
Alimentary Functions
• Reduced gastric tone, motility and secretion.
• Nausea and constipation are common.
• Efficiency of absorption of calcium, iron,
vitamin B12 and other nutrients increases.
8
9. Cont……
Renal Function
• Glomerular filtration rate increases to clear
substances such as creatinine, urea, uric acid
etc.
• Rate of excretion of water is higher in mid-
pregnancy, very low in advanced stage.
• Mild glycosuria is common.
• Increased loss of free amino acids and iodine
in urine.
• Decreased excretion of calcium & B-vitamins.
9
10. Cont……
Blood Composition
• Increase in plasma volume about 50% and RBC
mass by 20%.
• Increase in total haemoglobin but decrease in its
concentration.
• Fall in total serum protein.
• Decrease in concentration of vitamin A, ascorbic
acid and increase in concentration of carotene,
tocopherols, cholesterol and N-methyl
nicotinamide.
10
11. Cont……
Water Balance and Weight Gain
• Average weight gain is about 12 Kg but it may
range from 6 Kg to 18 Kg.
• Total body water increases by average 7 Kg.
• Kidney may have some difficulty in disposing
surplus water.
11
12. complications
Nausea & vomiting
• Due to nervous disturbance, placental protein
intoxication or derangement of carbohydrate
metabolism.
• Feeling of nausea may be higher if food is
eaten at too much hunger.
• Frequent and small meal should provided.
• Fat rich, fried, spicy foods should be restricted.
12
13. Cont……
Leg cramps
• Due to sudden contraction of muscles.
• Related with decline in serum calcium level.
Fatigue
• Caused by progesterone disturbances.
13
14. Cont……
Heart burn
• Due to increased progesterone levels which
decreases smooth muscle mobility of stomach
and pressure by growing uterus on stomach.
• Can be relieved by providing small & frequent
meals and drinking fluids between meals.
14
15. Cont……
Pre-eclampsia & eclampsia
• Disorder of pregnancy characterized by
hypertension and proteinuria.
• Symptoms may be swelling, convulsion
(shaking of body), nausea, vomiting,
headache, temporary loss of vision, or coma.
• Adequate amount of proteins, vitamins &
minerals should be provided.
15
16. Cont……
Constipation
• Due to pressure of enlarged uterus & effect of
placental hormones on GI tract.
• Increment of fluid intake & fibre in diet,
regular sleeping & exercise habit helps in
elimination.
16
17. Cont……
Anaemia
• According to WHO, a pregnant woman is
anaemic if hemoglobin level is 11mg/dl or
haematocrit percent is below 33%.
• The concentration of haemoglobin in blood is
lowered due to increased plasma volume.
• May be due to iron deficiency, folate
deficiency (megaloblastic), less often due to
vitamin B12 deficiency.
17
18. Cont……
• Supplements of iron and folic acid should
provided.
• Regular consumption green leafy vegetables,
whole cereal grains & pulses, animal meat &
liver and vitamin C rich foods is to be
increased.
18
19. Cont……
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
• Refers to carbohydrate intolerance during
pregnancy.
• Caused due to impaired insulin action.
• Insulin antagonism is probably due to
combined effect of placental hormones.
• Resolves after delivery.
19
20. Factors Affecting Pregnancy
Diet
• Diet is a main factor that influences in health
of mother.
• Consumption of ill-balanced and inadequate
diets leads to deterioration of physical and
mental strength, development of anaemia and
general weakness.
20
21. Cont......
Socio-economic Factor
• Still birth and neonatal death rates are
generally high among the pregnant women
belonging to low socio-economic status.
• The low standard of living, living in insanitary
surrounding and poor quality diets are
reasons for high still birth and neonatal death.
21
22. Cont……
Mother body size
• Generally tall women have babies with greater
body length and weight than those born to short
women.
• It has been found that:
a) Babies born to short women are 8% lighter than
those born to tall women.
b) Babies born to under weight women are 8%
lighter than those born to over weight women.
c) Babies born to tall and heavy women are about
14% heaver than those born to short and light
women.
22
23. Nutritional Requirements
Calories
• Approximately 77,000 Kcal energy is required per
pregnancy if weight gain is supposed to be 12Kg.
• More than 40,000 Kcal is accounted by protein &
fat storage.
• For this, ICMR (2010) has recommended additional
calorie intake as below:
23
Trimester Additional Requirement
First 85Kcal/day
Second 280Kcal/day
Third 470Kcal/day
24. Cont……
• Further allowance has to be made for
spontaneous decrease in physical activity
particularly occurs in third trimester.
24
25. Cont……
Carbohydrate
• It is main source of extra calories during
pregnancy.
• A fiber rich diet is recommended to help
prevention of constipation and hemorrhoids.
25
26. Cont……
Fat
• Dietary fats provide vital fuel for the mother and
development of fetus.
• Need of essential fatty acid is slightly higher than
those of non-pregnant women during pregnancy.
• Very low fat diets (which provide less than 10%
daily calories from fat) do not supply sufficient
essential fatty acid, fat-soluble vitamins or calories.
• Diet should contain at least 30 gm visible fat(ICMR,
2010)
26
27. Cont……
Protein
• About 597 g of protein is deposited during
pregnancy in fetus and maternal tissues.
• To fulfill this requirement, ICMR(2010) has
recommended an extra allowance of dietary
protein as below:
27
Trimester Additional
requirement(gm/day)
First 0.6
Second 8.1
Third 27
28. Cont……
Calcium
• About 30g of calcium is deposited in fetus during
pregnancy.
• Maternal reserves are in positive balance.
• Absorption is not less than 40% of calcium
available in diet during pregnancy.
• ICMR(2010) has recommended an extra 600mg
(total-1200mg) calcium per day.
28
29. Cont……
Iron
• Fetus and placenta contain about 230mg and
100mg of iron respectively.
• Increment of RBC mass increases about
296mg of iron.
• Since menstruation stops iron losses is
minimized to 234mg for period of pregnancy.
• The additional 860mg of iron is required
when above factors are considered.
29
30. Cont……
• This requirement is fulfilled by providing
additional 14mg (total 35mg) iron per day in
diet (recommended by ICMR,2010).
• Here, it is supposed only 8% of iron is
absorbed from diet.
30
31. Cont……
Vitamin A
• The liver of infant at birth contain about 5,400
µg to 7,200 µg of retinol.
• To fulfill this requirement ICMR (2010) has
recommended following additional dietary
allowances:
a. 200µg (800 µg total) as retinol
b. 1600 µg (6400µg total) as β-carotene
31
32. Cont……
Thiamine
• Small amounts of thiamine are stored in
tissue of new born infant.
• Extra calorie allowance requires extra
thiamine.
• Thus, ICMR(2010) has recommended an extra
allowance of 0.2 mg per day of thiamine.
32
33. Cont……
Riboflavin
• Small amounts of riboflavin are found in
tissues of new born infant.
• Extra calorie allowance requires extra
riboflavin.
• Thus, ICMR(2010) has recommended an extra
0.3mg per day of riboflavin.
33
34. Cont……
Niacin
• Nicotinic acid and coenzymes I & II containing
nicotinamide are found in tissues of new born
infants.
• Extra calorie allowance requires extra niacin.
• To fulfill this requirement, ICMR(2010) has
recommended extra allowance of 2mg per
day.
34
35. Cont……
Folic acid
• There is rapid growth of fetus.
• Total number of RBCs also increases.
• Folic acid is required for synthesis of DNAs &
RNAs.
• ICMR(2010) has recommended an extra
allowance of 300 µg (total 500 µg) of folic
acid per day.
35
36. Cont……
Vitamin B6: ICMR(2010) has recommended
additional 0.5 mg (total 2.5 mg) of vitamin B6
per day.
Vitamin B12: Extra 0.2 µg (total 1.2 µg) of this
vitamin has been recommended.
Ascorbic acid: 20mg extra requirement (total
60 mg) during pregnancy.
36
37. Items Quantity
Cereals 475gms
Pulses 55gms
Leafy vegetables 100gms
Other vegetables 40gms
Roots and tubers 50gms
Milk and milk products 250ml
Oils and fats 40gms
Fruits 60gms
Sugar and Jaggery 40gms
Composition of Balanced Diet during
Pregnancy
Source: ICMR- 1984 37
38. Conclusion
Pregnancy is stage of rapid growth of infant in
mother’s body.
Her body itself changes physiologically to help
growth of fetus & for preparation of lactation.
Thus, sufficient nutrients from diet, proper
health care & sanitary conditions should
maintained for safe delivery.
38
40. contents
• Introduction
• Hormonal control of lactation
• Lactation and growth of infant
• Nutritional requirements
• Benefits of breast feeding
• Practices to avoid during lactation
40
41. Introduction
Lactation is a normal physiological process in
which there is production of milk by
mammary glands of mother after delivery of
her child.
Milk is only source of energy and nutrients for
the newly born baby.
It promotes optimal physical and mental
growth of infant.
41
42. Hormonal control of lactation
Sucking infant
Hypothalamus stimulated
causes release of milk
from alveolus
Pituitary stimulated
Prolactin produced by anterior
pituitary
Facilitates uterus to return
in normal size
Stimulates milk production in
alveolus
Oxytocin produced by posterior
pituitary
42
43. Lactation and growth of infant
Milk yield is 500ml in first month, & reaches
up to 1litre in fifth month and declines
steadily later.
Average milk production is about 650ml.
Doubling of weight in first six months indicates
infant is getting sufficient nutrient.
43
44. Cont……
Growth can be monitored by using growth
chart.
Along with age of infant, other factors such as
age, health and nutrition of mother influences
the volume of milk produced.
44
45. Cont……
The composition and output of milk are likely
to be affected by mother’s diet and state of
nutrition.
Studies have shown that:
• High fat diets slightly increase the fat content
of milk and its output.
• High protein diet slightly increase milk output.
45
46. Nutritional requirements
Lactating woman’s nutritional supplies should:
• Meet her own body needs.
• Provide enough nutrients in milk.
• Furnish energy for mechanism of milk
production.
46
47. Cont……
Calorie
• Nursing mother needs more than 1000kcal
extra energy for
a) metabolic work to produce milk and
b) calorie content in milk.
• It is partly fulfilled by mobilization of fat
stores in body and partly by dietary supply.
47
48. Cont…
• Thus, ICMR(2010) has recommended
additional:
a) 600Kcal energy for first 6 months
b) 520Kcal energy for next 6 months
48
49. Cont……
Protein
• Protein requirement of lactating mother is
calculated on the basis of milk output and
protein concentration in it.
• ICMR(2010) has recommended following
allowance of protein:
49
Lactation period Additional
Requirement
0-6 months 22.9g
6-12 months 15.2g
50. Cont……
Fat
• Quantity of fat in mother’s diet does not
influence the fat content of milk
• Composition of milk fat reflects composition
of fat in mother’s diet.
• Sufficient amount of fat should be consumed
in order to get sufficient unsaturated fatty
acids & fat soluble vitamins.
• Diet should contain at least 30 gm visible fat.
50
51. Cont……
Calcium
• Breast feeding is associated with transfer of
approximately 200mg calcium per day.
• Supposing the retention of dietary calcium
about 30% in pregnant mother, ICMR(2010)
has recommended additional 600mg (total-
1200mg) calcium per day.
51
52. Cont……
Iron
• Mother’s milk is not a good source of iron.
• It contains about 0.78 mg/l iron, so loss iron
from milk is about 0.5mg a day.
• Loss of iron from body is 0.77mg/day.
• To compensate these loss, ICMR(2010) has
recommended total 25mg iron per day.
52
53. Cont……
Vitamin A
• The quantity of retinol in milk is about 50μg/dl;
total about 350μg.
• Thus, ICMR(2010) has recommended
additional vitamin A requirement as below:
53
Additional Requirement
Retinol 350μg (total 950μg)
β-carotene 2800μg (total 7600μg)
54. Cont……
B-vitamins
• Breast milk contains all types of B-vitamins.
• Increased energy need also increases need of
these vitamins.
• Content of these vitamins in milk depends
upon content in mother’s diet.
54
55. Cont……
Thiamine
• About 0.2mg thiamine per day is secreted via
milk.
• Additional recommendations are:
a. For 0-6 months of lactation: +0.3mg
b. For 6-12 months of lactation: +0.2mg
55
56. Cont……
Riboflavin
• About 0.3mg riboflavin is secreted in milk per
day.
• ICMR(2010) has recommended:
a. Additional 0.4mg for first six months
b. Additional 0.3mg for next six months
56
57. Cont……
Niacin
• Nicotinic acid secreted in milk per day is about
0.9 to 1.2mg.
• Allowance of niacin is:
a. Additional 4mg for first six months
b. Additional 3mg for next six months
57
58. Cont……
• Vitamin B6: Additional 0.5 mg pyridoxine has
been recommended.
• Vitamin B12 : Additional 0.5µg is recommended.
Ascorbic acid: About 3mg/dl ascorbic acid is
secreted in milk.
• Additional 40mg has been recommended,(with
consideration of cooking loss)
58
59. Benefits of breast feeding
Benefits to infant
• Protects from infections & illness including
diarrhea, pneumonia, asthma.
• Decreases risk of obesity.
• Reduced risk of diabetes & cardiovascular
diseases.
• Decreases health care costs.
59
60. Cont……
Benefits to mother
• Stimulates uterine contraction.
• Convenient because no requirement of
preparing, mixing & heating.
• Less expensive than formula feeding.
• Reduces risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer,
osteoporosis.
60
61. Practices to Avoid
If mother drinks alcohol or use drugs they are
seen in milk.
So illicit drugs, alcohol, smoking should
avoided.
61
62. conclusion
Milk is exclusive source of nutrients and
energy for infant.
Proper nutritional care is required for both
infant and mother.
Breast feeding benefits both mother and
infant.
62
63. REFRENCES
• Essentials of Food and Nutrition(volume 1);Dr. M
swaminthan
• Dietetics; B. Srilakshami; New age International
• Discovering Nutrition; Paul Insel, Don Ross,
Kimberley McMahon, Melissa Bernstein; Jones &
Bartlett Learning
• NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDED
DIETARY ALLOWANCES FOR INDIANS, 2009 ;Indian
Council of Medical Research; Jamai-Osmania PO,
Hyderabad – 500 604
63