The document outlines key topics in human anatomy and physiology, including: 1) Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems like the digestive system. Organelles like the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum perform important functions within cells. 2) The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems transport blood and lymph throughout the body. The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. 3) The nervous system is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons transmit signals via changes in sodium and potassium concentrations and neurotransmitters.

1. Chapter 3 Lecture Outline Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

2. Body Organization Cells form Tissues Tissues form Organs Organs form Systems (e.g., digestive)

4. Cell Processes Constant turnover of substances Require energy, adenosine triphosphate Require nutrients

5. Cell Membrane Double layers of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein Controls passage of substances Distinct identification structures

7. Organelles Cytoplasm Mitochondria — Power plant Major site for energy production Endoplasmic reticulum — Communication network Rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesis Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - fat synthesis

9. Organelles Golgi Complex Packaging site for protein Lysosomes Cell’s digestive system Peroxisomes Detoxify harmful chemicals

10. Nucleus Double membrane Genetic material DNA Directs protein synthesis and cell division

11. Four Types of Tissues Epithelial Lines the outside surfaces and external passages Connective Holds structures together Muscle Contracts to cause movement Nervous Transports nerve impulses

12. Exchange of Nutrients

13. Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Heart and blood vessels Blood Pulmonary circulation Systemic circuit Lymphatic system

14. Cardiovascular System

15. Capillary and Lymph Vessels

16. Portal Circulation Transports nutrients From the small intestine Delivers to the liver

17. Blood Circulation

18. Lymphatic System Contains lymph Immune cells Passage for large particles Empties into veins leading to the heart

19. Nervous System Regulatory system Central Nervous System Brain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Branches out to organs Basic unit is Neuron Responds to electrical and chemical signals

20. Transmission

21. Sending Signals Change in sodium and potassium concentration Neurotransmitter Secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine Dependent on nutrient supply

22. Endocrine System Secretes regulatory substances (hormones) Target cells with receptor proteins Body’s messenger Insulin Thyroid hormones

23. Immune System

24. The Skin Continuous barrier Effects of nutritional deficiencies Lysozyme

25. The Intestinal Cells Barrier to invading microbes Immunoglobulins Muscosal membrane Effects of nutritional deficiency

26. White Blood Cells Attack microorganism Phagocytes Cell-mediated immunity Antibodies Antibody-antigen response Template (memory) made

27. The Digestive System

28. The Mouth Mastication Taste Saliva Solvent Enzymes Mucus

29. The Esophagus Long tube Epiglottis Peristalsis Lower esophageal sphincter Heartburn

30. The Stomach Sphincters Size Gastric juices Holding “tank” Formation of chyme Prevention of autodigestion

31. Physiology of the Stomach

32. Stomach Acid Destroys activity of protein Activates digestive enzymes Partially digests dietary protein Assists in calcium absorption Makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption

33. Peristalsis

34. The Small Intestine Approximately 10 feet long Folded walls Villi Absorptive cells Rapid cell turnover

35. The Small Intestine

36. Nutrient Absorption Passive absorption Facilitated absorption Active absorption Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

37. Nutrient Absorption

38. The Large Intestine Indigestible food stuff No villi or enzymes Mucus-producing cells Absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins Bacteria Elimination

40. Rectum Stool Elimination Muscle contraction Anal sphincters

41. Accessory Organs Pancreas Gallbladder Liver

42. The Liver Bile Enterohepatic circulation

43. The Pancreas Digestive enzymes Hormones Glucagon and insulin Pancreatic juices Bicarbonate

44. The Urinary System Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra Waste products Blood acid-base balance (pH)

45. Storage Capabilities Maintaining reserves Adipose tissue Glucose Amino acids Vitamins and minerals Calcium in bones

46. Genetics Nutrigenomics Nutritional Diseases with a genetic link Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Obesity Diabetes Cancer Osteoporosis

47. Common Problems with Digestion Ulcers Heartburn Constipation Hemorrhoids Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diarrhea Gallstones

48. Ulcers Can occur in esophagus, stomach and small intestine Cause H. Pylori

51. Heartburn Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

52. Constipation Difficult or infrequent evacuation Causes Ignoring normal urges Muscle spasms Certain medications Treatment Dietary fiber Fluids Regular physical activity

53. Laxatives Irritate the intestinal nerve Draw water into the intestine Regular use is harmful

54. Hemorrhoids (piles) Swollen veins of the rectum and anus Intense pressure and straining Dietary recommendation: Fiber and fluid

55. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms Cramps, bloating, increased frequency, diarrhea, constipation Causes Altered intestinal peristalsis Decreased pain threshold Individualized treatment Elimination diet Moderate caffeine Low-fat, small, frequent meals Stress reduction

56. Diarrhea Fluidity and frequency Causes Infections Poorly absorbed substances Treatment: Plenty of fluid

57. Gallstones Symptoms Upper right abdominal pain, gas, bloating, nausea and vomiting Treatment Removal of gallbladder