Food intake and the environment are the two major factors that affect the health or illness of an individual. Studies in nutritional area have increased the understanding of how to maintain healthy groups of individuals that live in different dietary conditions. After the conclusion and assessment of the Human Genome Project (HGP), new insights about the influence of nutrients into people’s diet were postulated, which included, Some examples of this gene-nutrient interaction are their capacity on binding to the main transcription factors(Cahill et al.,2003). This binding enhances or interferes with the ability of transcription factors on interacting with elements that will pave to the binding control of RNA polymerase. Interactome also have a major role to play in nutrigenomics (Sreeremya, 2018)

1. Nutrigenomics
BY
Dr. S.SREEREMYA
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

2. • Food intake and the environment are the two major factors that
affect the health or illness of an individual. Studies in nutritional
area have increased the understanding of how to maintain healthy
groups of individuals that live in different dietary conditions. After
the conclusion and assessment of the Human Genome Project
(HGP), new insights about the influence of nutrients into people’s
diet were postulated, which included, Some examples of this gene-
nutrient interaction are their capacity on binding to the main
transcription factors(Cahill et al.,2003). This binding enhances or
interferes with the ability of transcription factors on interacting
with elements that will pave to the binding control of RNA
polymerase. Interactome also have a major role to play in
nutrigenomics (Sreeremya, 2018)

3. • So, the several patterns of gene expression, protein expression and
metabolite production in response to particular nutrients or
nutritional regimes can be viewed as ‘dietary signatures’.
Nutrigenomic seeks to examine and asses these dietary signatures
in specific cells, tissues and organisms, and to understand how
nutrition influences homeostasis (Mendes, 2002). Moreover,
nutrigenomics aims to identify the genes that influence the risk of
diet-related diseases on a genome-wide scale, and to understand
the mechanisms that underlie these genetic pre dispositions (Griffin
et al., 2004).Genomics tools can be availed in two different, but
complementary, strategies in molecular nutrition research. The first
strategy implied is the traditional hypothesis-driven approach:
specific genes and proteins, the expression of which is influenced
by nutrients (Rabilloud, 2002).

4. • SUPER FOODS AND GENETIC FACTORS
• Earlier studies performed with vitamins A, D and fatty
acids have shown that they can trigger direct actions in
typically activating nuclear receptors and induce gene
transcription (Gleizes et al., 2004). Compounds like
resveratrol present in wine and soy geniste in may
indirectly influence the molecular signaling pathways,
such as the factor kappa B(Van der et al.,2005). The
involvement of the factors in the activation and
regulation of key molecules is allied with diseases
ranging from inflammation to cancer (Rose et al.,
2004).

5. • Nutrigenomics is new, it is not yet well defined and there are still
relatively few convincing studies in the area. Moreover, high
expectations are already being placed on nutrigenomics (Roberts et
al., 2001). One believes that now is the right time for a ‘reality
check’: a pragmatic consideration of what realistically can be
achieved within the limits of available budgets. One will argue that
the major goal for the application of genomics in nutrition science
should be the prevention of diet-related diseases (Zeisel et al.,
2001).
• Nutrigenomics: Concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics
and clinical medicine Nutrigenomic concepts, research strategies
and clinical implementation are similar to an overlap those of the
pharmacogenomics, and both are fundamental to the treatment of
disease and maintenance of optimal health

6. • Almost about 10 decades of epidemiological research results have
demonstrated statistically pivotal associations between diet and
lifestyle, and the increased incidence and severity of chronic
diseases (Lampe et al., 2009). These association studies provide
conceptual evidence that food provides nutrients and bioactives
that mainly alter the expression of an individual’s genetic makeup.
The study of nutrient–gene interactions has been christened
nutrigenomics and the name and the concepts are often modeled
on those developed for understanding the molecular genetic basis
of an individual’s response to drugs, the field of pharmacogenomics
(Lampe et al., 2001). Both fields examine and assess how chemicals,
whether naturally occurring or manufactured, alter and regulate
biological processes and how individual genetic variation influences
the responses to those chemicals (Lampe et al., 2000).

7. • A delineation of the challenges facing
nutrigenomic research and implementation
specifically as related to discovering the gene–
nutrient interactions that causes the initiation
and development of chronic disease. Based on
the similarity in underlying mechanisms that
affect an individual’s response to typically
naturally-occurring chemicals in food and to
drugs, we suggest that nutrigenomics and
pharmacogenomics may best be viewed not only
as a continuum but also as inseparable in clinical
applications (Potter, 2000).

8. • Indeed, the emerging and advance in knowledge of nutrient–gene
interactions shows that certain chemicals in food directly alter the same
molecular pathways targeted by drugs, or alter interacting pathways that
may influence drug efficacy (Lindi et al.,2003).The challenges in
understanding how the diet or drug effects are the same: humans are
genetically diverse, food is a complex melange of nutrients and
components that are bioactive and may change expression of genetic
information, and genes and nutrients interact differently in
individuals(McCabe et al.,2008). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a
disease known to be quiet initiated by unbalanced diet, is used to
illustrate the challenges facing nutrigenomics research and applications:
genetic diversity, complexity of gene–nutrient interactions and the clinical
heterogeneity of chronic disease. The concoction of these factors
complicates the diagnosis and drug treatment (pharmacogenomics) of
disease. It also potential interactions between rosiglita zone, a drug
availed to treat T2DM, and 15-deoxy-prostaglandin J2 (15-dOH-PGJ2), a
metabolite derived from dietary lipids:

9. • Journal of Midwifery, Women's Health and
Nutrition, Nutrigenomics, S.
Sreeremya,2018.Vol(1):1,1-11.