Nuclear Science
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Nuclear waste is the radioactive remains of nuclear fission and decay. It is mostly produced from radioactive decay, which occurs as radioactive isotopes release particles and gamma rays. There are three types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma. Nuclear waste can negatively affect human health by damaging DNA through ionization or preventing cell reproduction, as it is a carcinogen that causes cancer. Scientists handle nuclear waste safely by wearing protective suits that reflect harmful gamma radiation.
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This document provides an overview of properties of radiation and radioisotopes. It discusses electromagnetic radiation and the spectrum. There are two broad categories of radiation: ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays and x-rays have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and cause chemical changes, while non-ionizing radiation like ultraviolet, visible light, infrared and microwaves only have enough energy to move or vibrate atoms. The document also examines radioactivity, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and applications of nuclear technology like nuclear power plants.
Discovery of radioactivity
Radioactivity occurs when some atom nuclei spontaneously transform by emitting radiation and releasing energy. There are three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha radiation emits a helium nucleus, beta radiation occurs when a neutron transforms into a proton or vice versa, and gamma radiation results from electromagnetic radiation emitted by the nucleus. Different materials are needed to stop each type of radiation - alpha can be stopped by paper, beta requires a few millimeters of metal, and gamma requires thick barriers like lead or concrete. Carbon dating uses the known decay rate of carbon-14 to determine the age of formerly living materials.
Radiobiology
This document discusses principles of radiobiology including types of radiation, how radiation causes biological effects, and factors that affect radiobiological outcomes. It covers topics like linear energy transfer, relative biological effectiveness, oxygen enhancement ratio, and how tissue factors like the cell cycle, chromatin structure, and regeneration influence radiation responses in normal and tumor tissues. The key aims are to understand how radiation damages cells and tissues at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels and how these principles apply clinically in areas like radiation therapy fractionation schedules and the risks of reirradiation.
Biological effects of radiation
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
The effect of nuclear radiation on the human
This document discusses the effects of nuclear radiation on the human body. It defines nuclear radiation and the different types, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. It explains how radiation is produced through nuclear decay, fission, or fusion and discusses the health impacts of different types of radiation depending on their size and energy. The document provides context on natural sources of radiation and appropriate safety standards to limit health risks from radiation exposure.
Methods of protection from radiation 1
This document discusses various topics related to nuclear radiation, including:
- Types of nuclear radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons.
- How nuclear radiation is produced through nuclear decay, fission, or fusion.
- Units used to measure radiation exposure, dose, and radioactivity such as sieverts, grays, becquerels, and curies.
- Natural and artificial sources of routine radiation exposure such as radon gas, rocks, medical procedures, and electricity generation.
Nuclear pollution
Nuclear pollution occurs when radioactive substances or radiation contaminate the environment. Major sources include nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons testing. Nuclear pollution can affect all life forms and potentially cause mutations, cancer, and death depending on radiation exposure levels. While nuclear power has benefits, it also produces hazardous nuclear waste and accidents can release radiation. Proper handling, storage, and containment of radioactive materials and waste is needed to control nuclear pollution and its severe health impacts.
Radiation Basics
Radiation comes in different forms, including ionizing radiation which can damage DNA and cause cell mutations. Ionizing radiation is emitted during radioactive decay and comes from both natural and man-made sources. Exposure to ionizing radiation, even at low doses, increases cancer risks as it can cause unpredictable damage at the cellular level. Radioactive materials also bioaccumulate up food chains, increasing exposure risks for humans. Protecting against radiation exposure and limiting contamination of the environment are therefore important public health issues.
Health effect of nuclear crisis
Ionizing radiation can be harmful by breaking molecules like DNA and causing cancer. The effects of radiation exposure include initial nausea and fatigue, then potential hair loss, diarrhea, organ damage, and eventually death at high levels. While nuclear power plants operate at lower uranium concentrations than nuclear bombs, radiation from the Fukushima crisis included dangerous iodine-131 and cesium-137 isotopes. Exposure levels over 500,000 microsieverts can cause short-term sickness, and doses over 1 million microsieverts lead to further health issues.
Tambahan Pertemuan 9.pptx
Radiation can come from radioactive decay or machines and takes different forms. There are two types of radiation: non-ionizing and ionizing. Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move or vibrate atoms but not remove electrons, while ionizing radiation can remove electrons through ionization. Ionizing radiation is a health risk as it can damage tissue and DNA. There are different types of ionizing radiation - alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays - which have different properties and penetration abilities. Elements can exist in stable or unstable, radioactive forms known as radionuclides.
Radiation ppt
Radiation and radioactive waste can have biological effects on animals, plants, and humans. Radioactive waste is material contaminated by radio nuclides, which are unstable atoms that decay and emit radiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation depends on the type and amount of radiation, dose received, and exposure conditions. While low doses may cause no immediate harm, high doses can cause radiation sickness, cancer, and genetic effects in the short and long term. Radiation can damage plants' growth, development, and genetic makeup. In humans, high radiation exposure can cause initial symptoms like nausea and vomiting and higher doses may cause hair loss, organ damage, and death in some cases. Long term effects include increased risk of cancers and diseases. Proper
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Biological effects of ionizing radiations..what every physician must know
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