The document summarizes findings from two studies on journalism in Nepal conducted a decade apart - an ethnographic study of a newsroom in 2002 and surveys of journalists and the public in 2012. Both studies found that Nepali journalists face significant constraints due to factors like low incomes, lack of resources, and political and organizational pressures. However, they strive to produce quality journalism and overcome limitations through resourcefulness and desire for further training. The studies highlight the challenges but also the resilience of journalists in Nepal.
This document introduces the historical discipline by outlining the types of questions historians ask, the primary and secondary sources they use, and how to analyze sources. It discusses that historians want to understand what happened, why, how, when, and who was involved. Primary sources include written documents, visual artifacts, and oral histories created during the time under study, while secondary sources are later analyses and interpretations of primary sources. When evaluating sources, historians consider the creator's identity and biases, as well as how close they were to the event. This helps provide context to better understand what a source means and its quality as a source of information about the past.
This document discusses ethnographic research methods. It defines ethnography as the observation of groups of people or cultures in natural settings using qualitative research methods like observations and interviews. Ethnographies are long-term studies that allow researchers to experience regular patterns and routines of a community. The document outlines the typical steps of an ethnography, including identifying a research question, gaining access to subjects, collecting data through observations and interviews, analyzing data concurrently with collection, and writing a final report that brings the culture to life.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic methods used in anthropological research. It discusses key concepts like participant observation, field notes, interviewing techniques, life histories, photographs, experience-near and experience-distant concepts. Participant observation involves the researcher immersed in the daily lives of the people they study over an extended period of time. Field notes are critical for systematically recording observations and interviews. Conducting interviews requires linguistic and cultural competence as well as careful probing techniques. Photographs and life histories provide additional context and perspectives when studying a culture. The document also discusses reflexivity and the co-construction of knowledge between the researcher and participants.
A short PowerPoint presentation showcased at the 1st National Communication Research Conference (NCRC)in January 14, 2012 at the University of the Philippines\' Mass Communication Building. This presentation helped me and my fellow authors, Larize G. Lee and Gina Margarita D.L. Cabildo bag the award and bring our alma mater, Miriam College, recognition.
Ethnographic research involves in-depth observation and study of a culture or society. It was originally developed by anthropologists and relies on techniques like participant observation where researchers immerse themselves in the subject community. Mass Observation was a classic example of ethnographic research conducted in Britain starting in 1937 to document daily life. It used methods like diaries from ordinary people to record their lives, observers who watched and documented behavior, and contributions from writers, artists, and photographers. Contemporary reality TV shows now use some participatory methods similar to ethnographic research techniques. Virtual ethnography studying online communities is also possible using the same communication media as participants.
Global Mental Health: the importance of contextual sensitivity and appropriat...RMBorders
White, R. (University of Liverpool), Fay, R. (University of Manchester), Kasujja, R. (Makerere University) and Okalo, P. (2015). Global Mental Health: the importance of contextual sensitivity and appropriate methodologies. Paper presented at MAGic 2015 ‘Anthropology and Global Health: interrogating theory, policy and practice’, 9th-11th September, 2015, Sussex University, UK.
This document introduces the historical discipline by outlining the types of questions historians ask, the primary and secondary sources they use, and how to analyze sources. It discusses that historians want to understand what happened, why, how, when, and who was involved. Primary sources include written documents, visual artifacts, and oral histories created during the time under study, while secondary sources are later analyses and interpretations of primary sources. When evaluating sources, historians consider the creator's identity and biases, as well as how close they were to the event. This helps provide context to better understand what a source means and its quality as a source of information about the past.
This document discusses ethnographic research methods. It defines ethnography as the observation of groups of people or cultures in natural settings using qualitative research methods like observations and interviews. Ethnographies are long-term studies that allow researchers to experience regular patterns and routines of a community. The document outlines the typical steps of an ethnography, including identifying a research question, gaining access to subjects, collecting data through observations and interviews, analyzing data concurrently with collection, and writing a final report that brings the culture to life.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic methods used in anthropological research. It discusses key concepts like participant observation, field notes, interviewing techniques, life histories, photographs, experience-near and experience-distant concepts. Participant observation involves the researcher immersed in the daily lives of the people they study over an extended period of time. Field notes are critical for systematically recording observations and interviews. Conducting interviews requires linguistic and cultural competence as well as careful probing techniques. Photographs and life histories provide additional context and perspectives when studying a culture. The document also discusses reflexivity and the co-construction of knowledge between the researcher and participants.
A short PowerPoint presentation showcased at the 1st National Communication Research Conference (NCRC)in January 14, 2012 at the University of the Philippines\' Mass Communication Building. This presentation helped me and my fellow authors, Larize G. Lee and Gina Margarita D.L. Cabildo bag the award and bring our alma mater, Miriam College, recognition.
Ethnographic research involves in-depth observation and study of a culture or society. It was originally developed by anthropologists and relies on techniques like participant observation where researchers immerse themselves in the subject community. Mass Observation was a classic example of ethnographic research conducted in Britain starting in 1937 to document daily life. It used methods like diaries from ordinary people to record their lives, observers who watched and documented behavior, and contributions from writers, artists, and photographers. Contemporary reality TV shows now use some participatory methods similar to ethnographic research techniques. Virtual ethnography studying online communities is also possible using the same communication media as participants.
Global Mental Health: the importance of contextual sensitivity and appropriat...RMBorders
White, R. (University of Liverpool), Fay, R. (University of Manchester), Kasujja, R. (Makerere University) and Okalo, P. (2015). Global Mental Health: the importance of contextual sensitivity and appropriate methodologies. Paper presented at MAGic 2015 ‘Anthropology and Global Health: interrogating theory, policy and practice’, 9th-11th September, 2015, Sussex University, UK.
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture through participant observation and written accounts. This document outlines the key aspects of ethnography, including that it describes cultures, involves observing participants, and provides detailed descriptions of social settings. It also discusses reflective versus critical ethnography and the steps to conduct an ethnographic research study, which include accessing a field setting, becoming invisible as a researcher, observing and taking field notes, and analyzing the collected data.
The document discusses various concepts related to journalism including the definition of news, sources of news, types of reporting, and techniques for writing news stories. It defines news as selected information from events aimed at disseminating to audiences. The primary sources of news are those directly involved in events while secondary sources help provide context. Different types of reporting include objective, investigative, and interpretative approaches. Effective news writing follows techniques like using an inverted pyramid structure, writing concise leads and headlines, and attributing information to sources.
How To Do Ethnography and Field ResearchSam Ladner
This document discusses various aspects of participant observation and field research methods in ethnography. It covers key topics like what ethnography is, different types of observation methods, interviewing skills, gaining access to research sites, dealing with ethical issues, and examples of famous ethnographic studies. Field research can involve immersive observation and interviews in both open communities or more closed groups over an extended period of time. Obtaining permission and trust is important when accessing closed groups.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to generating story ideas, news values, confidentiality, and the tension between free press and fair trials in criminal cases. It discusses various techniques for coming up with story ideas, the main news values that determine newsworthiness, issues around protecting confidential sources, and remedies courts have used to try ensuring fair trials in highly publicized cases.
TSLB3143 Topic 1e Ethnography ResearchYee Bee Choo
Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves observing and describing a culture-sharing group. The researcher spends extensive time with the group in their natural setting to understand their shared behaviors, beliefs, languages, and other cultural elements. There are different types of ethnography, including realist ethnography which provides an objective account of the group, and critical ethnography which aims to advocate for marginalized groups and address inequities. Key aspects of ethnography include identifying a cultural theme, studying a culture-sharing group over time, and analyzing their shared patterns through fieldwork using techniques like interviews and document collection.
The document discusses various topics related to journalism. It begins by outlining the four types of publications that emerged in school journalism: newspapers, yearbooks, magazines, and handbooks. It then discusses trends in modern school journalism and provides definitions of journalism and campus journalism. The functions of campus newspapers and the modern campus paper are outlined. Sections of the campus paper like news, editorials, and features are also detailed. Finally, the document discusses elements of news like timeliness, proximity, and conflict that make stories newsworthy and qualities of a good journalist like being resourceful, critical, and objective.
NWR: Purpose of journalism: Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaboration in the subject of News Writing and Reporting, Students engaged in the discussion on Purpose of journalism
The document discusses different types of media discourse such as in newspapers, television, and radio. It defines key concepts like critical discourse analysis and different genres like drama, talk shows, news, and music. Some key points made are that media discourse can influence perspectives and be shaped by various micro and macro level factors. Examples from Pakistani media show how discourse addresses social and political issues through language used in dramas, talk shows, news headlines and music.
Investigative journalism involves in-depth reporting on important topics through a journalist's own initiative and work. It typically requires extensive research to uncover information that powerful interests want kept secret. Investigative journalism serves the important role of helping the public understand complex issues and holding those in power accountable. While new technologies have created opportunities for investigative reporting, they have also introduced new challenges around ensuring access to reliable information.
Types of journalism can be categorized based on medium, field, reach, and influence. Journalism is practiced through print, broadcast, and web mediums. It covers diverse fields like politics, crime, entertainment, business, sports, technology, defense, and environment. Based on reach, journalism can be most influential through print and web, second popular moving online, and least popular areas not attracting much attention yet. Journalism informs the public in an unbiased manner through diverse types and specializations.
Striving for Survival An Outlook on the Transgender Community of PakistanMansoor Raza
This study highlights the most segregated and deprived community in Pakistan which is often subjected to abuse, killing, verbal and physical torture by the members of the society, this community is known to be the “Trans-people of Pakistan”.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in journalism, including types of sources, roles in newsrooms, and headline writing. It discusses conventional sources like press conferences and modern sources like social media. The roles covered include reporters, editors, copy editors, and news editors. Guidelines are provided for writing captions and different types of headlines like banner, direct, indirect, news, how-to, question, and command headlines.
The document discusses techniques for cultural learning and relationship building when immersed in a new culture. It recommends using ethnographic methods like participant observation, asking open-ended questions, and taking detailed notes on topics like daily life, social structures, beliefs and customs. The goal is to understand the perspective of cultural insiders and build trust through respectful curiosity and by inviting local people to teach outsiders about their way of life.
This document discusses various types and styles of journalism. It begins by defining journalism as the craft of conveying news, descriptions, and commentary through various media like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. It then discusses different styles of journalism like investigative journalism, sports journalism, science journalism, new journalism, gonzo journalism, and celebrity or "people" journalism. It also covers topics like article writing, professional standards in journalism, and recognition of excellence in the field.
Fiachra Forms LLC provides charting solutions using Nuance\'s OmniForm Software; converting traditional chart documents into inexpensive, easy-to-use electronic forms for behavioral health professionals.
Jose A. Briones Tweets Archive 3-29-2009 to 2-19-2013Jose Briones
This document appears to be a collection of tweets discussing various topics related to innovation including frugal innovation, disruptive innovation, social media, and technology trends. Many of the tweets share links to articles on these topics or promote a presentation about frugal innovation and simple design solutions to improve lives around the world.
De module Postdistributie is gebaseerd
op Document Store voor SharePoint en
distribueert poststukken binnen uw
organisatie. Doordat dit product Document
Store als basis heeft, kan door een enkele
druk op de knop een papieren document in
een digitale postkamer worden geplaatst.
Hierna is het een kwestie van ontvangers
selecteren en op OK klikken om de docu-
menten bij de juiste personen af te leveren.
these slides give an eagle-eye view of the gorkhapatra sansthan as nepal's pioneering media house which prides in publishing one of the oldest surviving newspaper of south asia. japokh presented the slides at an in-house meeting with the managers and editors of the corporation for them to discuss and decide the views to present before a visiting high-level chinese delegation led by the information minister of the state council of the people's republic of china the following day, on Friday, 20 Sept, 2013.
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture through participant observation and written accounts. This document outlines the key aspects of ethnography, including that it describes cultures, involves observing participants, and provides detailed descriptions of social settings. It also discusses reflective versus critical ethnography and the steps to conduct an ethnographic research study, which include accessing a field setting, becoming invisible as a researcher, observing and taking field notes, and analyzing the collected data.
The document discusses various concepts related to journalism including the definition of news, sources of news, types of reporting, and techniques for writing news stories. It defines news as selected information from events aimed at disseminating to audiences. The primary sources of news are those directly involved in events while secondary sources help provide context. Different types of reporting include objective, investigative, and interpretative approaches. Effective news writing follows techniques like using an inverted pyramid structure, writing concise leads and headlines, and attributing information to sources.
How To Do Ethnography and Field ResearchSam Ladner
This document discusses various aspects of participant observation and field research methods in ethnography. It covers key topics like what ethnography is, different types of observation methods, interviewing skills, gaining access to research sites, dealing with ethical issues, and examples of famous ethnographic studies. Field research can involve immersive observation and interviews in both open communities or more closed groups over an extended period of time. Obtaining permission and trust is important when accessing closed groups.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to generating story ideas, news values, confidentiality, and the tension between free press and fair trials in criminal cases. It discusses various techniques for coming up with story ideas, the main news values that determine newsworthiness, issues around protecting confidential sources, and remedies courts have used to try ensuring fair trials in highly publicized cases.
TSLB3143 Topic 1e Ethnography ResearchYee Bee Choo
Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves observing and describing a culture-sharing group. The researcher spends extensive time with the group in their natural setting to understand their shared behaviors, beliefs, languages, and other cultural elements. There are different types of ethnography, including realist ethnography which provides an objective account of the group, and critical ethnography which aims to advocate for marginalized groups and address inequities. Key aspects of ethnography include identifying a cultural theme, studying a culture-sharing group over time, and analyzing their shared patterns through fieldwork using techniques like interviews and document collection.
The document discusses various topics related to journalism. It begins by outlining the four types of publications that emerged in school journalism: newspapers, yearbooks, magazines, and handbooks. It then discusses trends in modern school journalism and provides definitions of journalism and campus journalism. The functions of campus newspapers and the modern campus paper are outlined. Sections of the campus paper like news, editorials, and features are also detailed. Finally, the document discusses elements of news like timeliness, proximity, and conflict that make stories newsworthy and qualities of a good journalist like being resourceful, critical, and objective.
NWR: Purpose of journalism: Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaboration in the subject of News Writing and Reporting, Students engaged in the discussion on Purpose of journalism
The document discusses different types of media discourse such as in newspapers, television, and radio. It defines key concepts like critical discourse analysis and different genres like drama, talk shows, news, and music. Some key points made are that media discourse can influence perspectives and be shaped by various micro and macro level factors. Examples from Pakistani media show how discourse addresses social and political issues through language used in dramas, talk shows, news headlines and music.
Investigative journalism involves in-depth reporting on important topics through a journalist's own initiative and work. It typically requires extensive research to uncover information that powerful interests want kept secret. Investigative journalism serves the important role of helping the public understand complex issues and holding those in power accountable. While new technologies have created opportunities for investigative reporting, they have also introduced new challenges around ensuring access to reliable information.
Types of journalism can be categorized based on medium, field, reach, and influence. Journalism is practiced through print, broadcast, and web mediums. It covers diverse fields like politics, crime, entertainment, business, sports, technology, defense, and environment. Based on reach, journalism can be most influential through print and web, second popular moving online, and least popular areas not attracting much attention yet. Journalism informs the public in an unbiased manner through diverse types and specializations.
Striving for Survival An Outlook on the Transgender Community of PakistanMansoor Raza
This study highlights the most segregated and deprived community in Pakistan which is often subjected to abuse, killing, verbal and physical torture by the members of the society, this community is known to be the “Trans-people of Pakistan”.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in journalism, including types of sources, roles in newsrooms, and headline writing. It discusses conventional sources like press conferences and modern sources like social media. The roles covered include reporters, editors, copy editors, and news editors. Guidelines are provided for writing captions and different types of headlines like banner, direct, indirect, news, how-to, question, and command headlines.
The document discusses techniques for cultural learning and relationship building when immersed in a new culture. It recommends using ethnographic methods like participant observation, asking open-ended questions, and taking detailed notes on topics like daily life, social structures, beliefs and customs. The goal is to understand the perspective of cultural insiders and build trust through respectful curiosity and by inviting local people to teach outsiders about their way of life.
This document discusses various types and styles of journalism. It begins by defining journalism as the craft of conveying news, descriptions, and commentary through various media like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. It then discusses different styles of journalism like investigative journalism, sports journalism, science journalism, new journalism, gonzo journalism, and celebrity or "people" journalism. It also covers topics like article writing, professional standards in journalism, and recognition of excellence in the field.
Fiachra Forms LLC provides charting solutions using Nuance\'s OmniForm Software; converting traditional chart documents into inexpensive, easy-to-use electronic forms for behavioral health professionals.
Jose A. Briones Tweets Archive 3-29-2009 to 2-19-2013Jose Briones
This document appears to be a collection of tweets discussing various topics related to innovation including frugal innovation, disruptive innovation, social media, and technology trends. Many of the tweets share links to articles on these topics or promote a presentation about frugal innovation and simple design solutions to improve lives around the world.
De module Postdistributie is gebaseerd
op Document Store voor SharePoint en
distribueert poststukken binnen uw
organisatie. Doordat dit product Document
Store als basis heeft, kan door een enkele
druk op de knop een papieren document in
een digitale postkamer worden geplaatst.
Hierna is het een kwestie van ontvangers
selecteren en op OK klikken om de docu-
menten bij de juiste personen af te leveren.
these slides give an eagle-eye view of the gorkhapatra sansthan as nepal's pioneering media house which prides in publishing one of the oldest surviving newspaper of south asia. japokh presented the slides at an in-house meeting with the managers and editors of the corporation for them to discuss and decide the views to present before a visiting high-level chinese delegation led by the information minister of the state council of the people's republic of china the following day, on Friday, 20 Sept, 2013.
the complete draft about the CA election time tweets -- awaiting final weedin...japokh
The document summarizes an analysis of over 39,000 tweets from Nepal during their 2013 election period. A few key findings are:
1) A small number of "handles", about 1%, created most of the tweets, while over 82% of handles only tweeted once or twice.
2) Tweets reflected both fears about the election early on, as well as expanding hopes as the process continued.
3) The analysis categorized tweets by topics, descriptions, people and places mentioned to understand what the election narrative was according to social media.
4) While not intended to predict the election outcome, the study provided insights into how Nepalis engaged with politics on Twitter during this important democratic exercise.
This document provides an overview of print news writing and journalism. It defines journalism as the activity of gathering, assessing, creating and presenting news and information. The document outlines the different forms of journalism including news, opinion, and online formats. It discusses the skills required of journalists like interviewing, observation, writing, and ethics. Journalism is described as a responsible profession requiring strong communication abilities and fact-checking skills to objectively report on events and issues.
This document summarizes the methodology used in a study examining the role of community radio in development in rural Uganda. The researcher used ethnographic action research, combining participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and document analysis. This holistic approach allowed the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of the social relationships and community context. Some challenges included maintaining impartiality as an outsider, producing irrelevant information, and issues of subjectivity. The document provides background on the case study radio station and justification for the chosen qualitative methodology.
This document provides an overview of public opinion and how it is formed in the United States. It discusses that public opinion is complex and made up of many different individual opinions. It is influenced by factors like family, education, peer groups, media, and opinion leaders. Several ways of measuring public opinion are discussed, including polls, elections, and interest groups. However, polls have limitations in fully capturing opinions due to issues like intensity and relevance of views. The media and interest groups are also described as influential forces in shaping public opinion and policy issues.
This document provides an overview of audience theory, including key theorists such as Katz & Bulmler, Morley, Hall, and Ang & Katz & Lazersfeld. It discusses key concepts in audience theory, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary media. It also covers debates around active vs passive audiences and the effects of media vs how audiences interact with media. The document provides examples of hypodermic theory, cultivation analysis, and the two-step flow model to illustrate different perspectives on audiences. It encourages students to research uses and gratification theory and reception theory as part of learning about audience theory.
Linguistic ethnography combines ethnographic and linguistic approaches to study language use in everyday social interactions within cultural groups. It allows researchers to observe and analyze natural language use to gain insights into how language shapes identities, culture, and social dynamics. In education, it has helped improve understanding of multilingual classrooms and student experiences. In workplaces, it has provided valuable insights into communication practices, power dynamics, and the role of language in organizational culture.
Negotiating methodological minefields in conducting ethnographic action researchjavken
This document discusses ethnographic action research and its application to studying the role of community radio in rural development in Uganda. It involves long-term immersion and participation in the community being studied to understand the culture while also facilitating action and reflection. The researcher plans to use ethnographic action research methods like interviews, focus groups, and document analysis to study Mama FM community radio and how it facilitates political and social opportunities for rural Ugandans based on Amartya Sen's framework of development as freedom. Challenges include maintaining impartiality as an outsider and producing unbiased data.
ETHNOGRAPHY. presentation for advanced classroom action researchFauziatunNisa1
This document provides an overview of ethnography. It defines ethnography as a qualitative research method that involves observing and understanding the cultural practices of a group in their natural setting. The document outlines the meaning, purpose, characteristics, uses, methodology, skills required, and advantages and shortcomings of ethnographic research. It explains that the goal of ethnography is to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture from their perspective through fieldwork methods like observation and interviews.
COMM5600 Interviews & Focus groups TO SHARE (1).pptRashiRashi21
The document provides an overview of how interviews and focus groups can be used as research methods in media and communications research. It discusses how they can provide personal accounts and interpretations, understand beliefs and behaviors in context, and generate frameworks for further research. It notes the types of interviews, issues of power dynamics and identity, and practical considerations for conducting interviews and focus groups such as developing an interview guide, sampling, logistics, ethics, and analyzing the data.
This document discusses theories of influences on mass media content. It covers different approaches to studying media content, including looking at influences on content and effects of content. It discusses definitions of content and different theoretical perspectives on influences, such as social reality, media workers' influences, organizational routines, external social forces, and ideological positions. It also discusses building a theory of media content and why more research has focused on individual-level analyses rather than macro-level influences on content.
The document discusses the career of journalism. It describes journalism as investigating and reporting news and current events to inform the masses. A journalist's main responsibility is to comprehensively summarize situations by answering who, what, where, when and why. The document outlines the qualifications, skills and personal attributes needed for the career, including education requirements, inquisitiveness, communication skills and interest in current affairs. It also provides examples of career options in print, electronic and new media and the salary ranges for different journalism roles in India.
This document provides guidance for conducting life history interviews of migrants to Finland. Students will interview a migrant to understand their reasons for migrating, experiences upon arrival in Finland, and access to services and support. The interview aims to gather details about the migrant's life story through open-ended questions and by allowing them to do most of the talking. After the interview, students will analyze it in the context of existing literature and legislation regarding migration trends, migrant rights, and produce a 5-8 page report. Conducting life history interviews requires skills like active listening, respecting what information the interviewee chooses to share, and being mindful of potential ethical issues around expectations, interpretation, confidentiality and informed consent.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
This document summarizes several models of media systems and communication flows, including Gieber and Johnson's source-reporter model and White's gatekeeping model.
Gieber and Johnson developed three models of relationships between reporters and their sources - separate roles, partially assimilated roles, and fully assimilated roles. White's gatekeeping model shows how news items pass through different "gates" or decision points, with some items being selected for further dissemination and others being rejected by gatekeepers such as editors. McNelly later expanded on White's model by proposing that there are multiple gatekeepers at different stages rather than just one.
This document provides an overview of audience theory, including key theorists and concepts. It discusses primary, secondary and tertiary media; passive and active audiences; and effects versus uses and gratifications models. Key theorists mentioned include Katz & Bulmer, Morley, Hall, Ang, and Katz & Lazerfield. Central concepts covered include encoding/decoding, cultivation analysis, situated culture, and moral panics. The document also references studies by Morley, Ang, and Buckingham and evaluates whether older audience models still apply given changes in media forms and technologies.
The document summarizes agenda setting theory, which describes how the media can influence the public's perception of what issues are important. It discusses the history and development of the theory, including key researchers like Walter Lippmann and Maxwell McCombs. The theory proposes that the media can set the public agenda by focusing on particular issues and influencing what the public thinks are the major issues. It also discusses how agenda setting can apply to social media and politics. The theory has since been expanded to include factors like how audiences actively engage with media and the influence of different types of media sources.
This document discusses press freedom and challenges facing journalism. It begins by providing background on World Press Freedom Day, noting its origins and purposes of evaluating press freedom nationally and globally and defending media from attacks. It then discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted media through issues like fake news and regulating social media. The document outlines perspectives from Nepal and beyond, including challenges of limited gatekeeping on digital platforms, misinformation, and political influences overwhelming professional values in some countries. It calls for increased transparency from tech companies and legal protections for journalists.
"Blackfish" National 4/5 Media Documentaries Unitccowan73
The documentary "Blackfish" examines the dangers of keeping killer whales in captivity. It follows the controversial death of a SeaWorld trainer, Dawn Brancheau, who was killed by the whale Tilikum in 2010. The filmmaker was initially puzzled by this incident but sought to understand it through research and interviews. Over two years of production, she uncovered shocking facts about the impacts of captivity on whales and trainers. The documentary aims to reveal the realities behind the carefully crafted public image of places like SeaWorld.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to understanding the media environment. It discusses the different types of news (routine, staged, spontaneous), what constitutes newsworthiness, the roles and pressures faced by journalists and media gatekeepers, ethics for both journalists and PR practitioners, and the relationship between the two fields which can range from closed to open. The goal is to help media relations practitioners successfully engage with the media in an ethical manner.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
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1. nuances of news reporting: a
socio-cultural assessment
(WORK IN PROGRESS)
Jagadish Pokhrel
Bipin Acharya
2. background: towards a tale of two studies
• observant participation, 2002-03
• Post-1990 policy changes had ended the
monopoly of The Rising Nepal
• In 2002-03, TRN was struggling for a
foothold in the transforming media
landscape
• Elsewhere, ethnographers immersed
further into the journalistic field
• A TRN journalist, I tangoed with an
anthropologist to study the news
• My observant participation (Bell, 1993)
brought the tacit knowledge and the role
of agency in news making to sharp focus
• The Earthling-Martian collaboration
resulted in a narrative description of the
news craft as practiced at TRN
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• survey assessments, 2012-13
• Media Foundation Nepal, a media thinkand-do-tank, surveyed Nepali journalists
and the public
• Findings more generalizable
• With the benefit of hindsight, I wanted to
see how the findings spoke to my
observation of the TRN newsroom
• I juxtaposed details and depth with numbers
and breadth and tuned in where they resonated
• The purpose was to see how the two studies
told a tale about the hard questions and
constraints of the profession
• One handled these in so many words or another
counted ‘yes’ and ‘no’ or ‘can’t say’– e.g. the
role of journalism in society?
pokhrel, j & acharya, bipin
2
3. objectives of this paper
• Overall aim
•Foreground the nuances of the journalistic craft while revisiting a newsroom
observation and a survey research, a decade and two methods apart, to
explore what it is that resonates in the studies at the level of the profession
• Specific objectives
•Bring a native view to news making and shed light on its practical nuances
while, at the same time, meeting the rigors of a Martian perspective
•Discuss the agency and the tacit knowledge of journalists
•Discuss some hard questions about the profession
•Articulate the desires of the craftspeople
•Highlight what constrains journalistic work – from locating to reporting facts
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3
4. observant participation
• Context of study
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Journalism permeated into many theaters of social experience
Some big names in the private media were ex-TRN journalists
Most criticism of TRN text showed omission of facts, not commission of distortion, errors,
The subtext, the government, was invisible presence in news routines and bureaucracy
The practice of news craft, the setting, practitioners, their hopes and fears were worth studying
Not many journalists handled email
We huddled around the chief reporter as he struggled to use a gifted Sony handheld
• Why ethnography
• Ethnographers had found a timely and fertile topic in journalism (Boyer & Hannerz, 2006)
• Observant participation took us straight to a newsroom in action
• Triangulation of observation, interview and text analysis authenticated interpretation of the W’s, H, and So What of
news making
• Anthropological field dichotomies, universal-particular, subjective-objective, and terms, life-world, habitus, etc,
assured productive engagement
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4
5. survey assessments, 2012
•What they were
•Media Foundation Nepal, a think-and-do-tank, carried out the survey assessments,
they were kind of baseline studies. The report is available
@ http://www.media-foundation.org/uploaded/pdf/Media_and_The_Nepali_Public_2012.pdf
• The report showcases the findings of: Journalists' Survey (N=838), Public Opinion
Survey (N= 2,252), SMS poll (N=739) and Focus group discussions (FGDs)
• Overall goal of the surveys
• Assess the media environment of Nepal
• Immediate objectives
• Identify media capacity development priorities in light of the following: Attributes of Nepali
journalists, their professional challenges, their perceptions of media credibility, and capacity
development needs
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5
6. methods
• A close reading and comparison of two studies
• In self-reports, facts, numbers and interpretations at the level of profession
• Fresh literature review
• Breakdown of the news production process into categories
• locate, elicit, collect, select, plan, write, edit, send for production, etc
• Reading the research reports in light of this production process
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7. findings
• From observant participation, 2002
• Through a week’s newsroom observation, several unstructured interviews, and analyses of
front page news stories over two months, the TRN study asked:
• What can reporters tell us about their professional practices?
• What does a close reading of a sample of news stories reveal?
• The reporters had so much to tell the researchers about their professional
practices (objectives related)
•
•
•
•
•
News is a product of multiple hands
Ownership structure of the newsroom imposes limits to news work
News work is a routinized desire to tell a good story
News re-creates an event
News is understandable because the producers and consumers collaborate
• A close reading of the interviews and news stories revealed lofty craft desires of
journalists, despite severe constraints (to engage, inform, educate, so on.)
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8. findings, contd. 1
HIGHLIGHTS
• The native condition (method related)
• When the excitement of starting into journalism fades, you settle in with a routine (like a clerk, one informant
says)
• “What is news?” I ask a friend. “You know it, come on,” he grins at me. (the difficulty of interviewing
colleagues)
• “Man bites dog is news , another colleague tells me on further probe, “but not always. You know that at TRN,
right?”
• “How do you know you got all the facts for your story?” I ask. “When you run out of questions, stop asking
the sources, or when you think you need to go to office, to meet the deadline!”
• The tango (method related)
• “Man-bites-dog is quite an interesting definition of what is news,” my Martian supervisor tells me. “Now
start triangulation, analyze content, hold focus groups.”
• The Earthling is intimidated. “Triangulation sounds like something really worth doing,” a hard-boiledjournalist, I tell Bipin sir, showing a bit of my awe and skepticism about the scholarly process.
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9. findings, contd. 2
• The tacit knowledge (Process/practice related)
• The way you learn to walk and take walking for granted, many reporters learn their craft through
newsroom socialization. Rather than strictly following professional norms, values and codes, you
learn to follow the unwritten code inside your newsroom walls
• Some hard questions (Profession related)
• Attachment -- detachment (Lenin is dead, he said), the bureaucratic intrigue (e.g. contacts,
sources, spin –normal: reporter calls source), Who to ask what about what, what the world is and
how it gets reported, news is about matters of public interest (ok, but news values prize violence
and conflict – if it bleeds, it leads), creative possibilities (e.g. universal-particular, conventionwastebasket), etc
• Desires of the craft (Process/practice related)
• Tell news stories in a compelling manner, engage the people, help inform, entertain, educate, etc
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10. findings, contd. 3
• The performance ritual (Structure and influence related)
• Roles: Both newsroom actors and news actors performed roles that bore on how the
reporters worked
• Rules: Reporters internalized a set of rules as to how to gather and write news stories. They
were not always explicit and rigid. Journalists invoked conventions to justify their claims
about why they do what they do
• Routines: Reporters go about doing their work as a routine activity
• Resources: How equipped reporters are to do their job, their readily available intellectual and
physical resources affects the news process
• Attributes of informants
• Educated, Brahmin, male, median age 30’s, informed the observant participation
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11. findings, contd. 4
• From MFN surveys
HIGHLIGHTS
• Attributes of Nepali journalists:
• Mostly young, educated male, Brahmin-Chhetri background, urban, semi-urban, and still largely
print-based
• They earned low to moderate income. Most worked full-time, a majority in the private sector media
• Perceptions of media credibility:
• Majority of journalists see the media and their content generally trustworthy but
partisan. Poor language and presentation style (Resource/resourcefulness) hampering
credibility
• Code violation mainly due to lack of awareness about ethics
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12. findings, contd. 5
• The constraints
• External (From literature review and MFN surveys)
• Nature of democracy, state policy, economy, organizational structure, information
needs of society, cultural tastes, etc.
• Social perception of journalists as politically biased, inadequate security to journalists from the
state, political partisanship and institutional bias of media houses, lack of technological
resources and training for individual journalists
• Internal (observant participation, 2002):
• The R’s -- Roles (general, special topic), Rules (one, many or no sources),
Routines/Rituals (finds news or news finds) and Resources (specialist, generalist,
language facility, walks to where events happen or flies to, the money he spends on
news, etc
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13. The needs, example
• Need for capacity development
• 55% indicate lack of professional satisfaction despite some training. Many
prefer in-house training and internships.
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14. Two studies, one typicality
• Typical respondent
• Typical response
• Young (below 35), educated,
Brahmin, male journalist from
urban or semi-urban location,
with low to moderate income
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• Constrained by structures, lack
of environment, incentive and
prospects for growth of
professional journalists and
media houses
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15. Conclusion
• RESOURCEFULNESS: Despite constraints, TRN journalists go about their jobs in a routine
manner, their tacit knowledge guiding what they actually do. Some have enough
resourcefulness, if not enough resources, to set examples of overcoming the constraints
to produce great stories (e.g. Manmohan). (observant participation, 2002)
• RESOURCEFULNESS: Journalists across clusters, sexes, education levels, study areas,
beats, and media ownership types, going beyond basic training, stressed on hands-on
proficiency and advanced/specialized training, time management, ICT skills, critical
thinking skills, and language skills. (Survey assessments, 2012)
• SYNTHESIS: The two studies are about a persistent journalistic condition in which all
professionals show the desire to get equipped with resources or resourcefulness, to be
able to write good stories, be it by way of self-reflection, training, or education, despite
the social, political, organizational, conventional and cultural rules and constraints of
various degrees and intensities
• CAUTION: This cursory synthesis of a work in progress needs further reading and
refinement -- THANKS
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