The Philippines faces various natural hazards like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. It experiences around 20 typhoons annually, making it one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. The country has established various laws and institutions over the years to strengthen its disaster risk reduction and management system at the national and local levels. Key elements of the system include comprehensive risk assessment, early warning systems, knowledge-building, and community preparedness and resilience programs. Climate change is exacerbating the country's disaster risks, emphasizing the need for adaptive measures alongside ongoing risk reduction efforts.

1. DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
Prepared by: Pauline G. Padriñas

2. ■ The Philippines is exposed to both climatic and geological
hazards. It is situated in the Pacific Ring Of Fire where two major
tectonic plates, the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate meet.
■ There are 22volcanoes, 22 of which are classified as active
(NDCC 2008)
■ According to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies, the Philippines was the fourth most accident-prone
country in the world in 2015.

3. INPUT No.1 : Overview of the
Philippines Disaster Management
■ PD 1566 of 1978 has been the basic law that guides the
disaster management programs, projects and strategies
implementation in the country. However it has been observed
and noted from past experiences.

4. President Arroyo signed on May 27 Republic Act
10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010.

5. Philippine Disaster Management
System
■ Good Governance
■ Risk Assessment
■ Early Warning
■ Knowledge Building
■ Awareness Raising
■ Reducing Underlying Risk factors
■ Preparedness

6. R.A No. 10121
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management (PDRRM) act of
2010
■ 21 years in the making
■ 7 congresses
■ 4 administration
■ Signed into law on May 27, 2010

7. The National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management ( NDRRMC )
Leading the collaborative efforts in disaster preparedness planning
and mitigation, as well as disaster response operations and
rehabilitation both in the government and private sectors in
NDRRMC.

8. NDRRMC is also responsible for advising the President of the
Republic of the Philippines on the status of the national disaster
preparedness programs and management plans, disaster operations,
and rehabilitation efforts of all stakeholders.

9. The Office of Civil Defense (OCD)
■ The Office of Civil Defense (OCD), as the implementing arm of
the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council,
shall have the primary mission of administering a
comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction
and management program by providing leadership in the
continuous development of strategic and systematic.

10. ■ Its mission is to provide leadership and administration of a
comprehensive national civic defense and disaster risk
reduction and management program.

11. Organization Network
■ The Philippine Disaster Management System (PMDS) as
embodies in P.D 1566 and R.A 10121, is carried out ay various
political subdivisions and administrative regions of the country.
■ Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) 17 Regional
Disaster Risk

12. Organization Network
■ Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC) 80 Provincial
Disaster
■ Reduction and Management Council (PDRRMC) 113 City
Disaster Risk
■ Reduction and Management Council (CDRRMC) 1,496
Municipal Disaster

13. Organization Network
■ Reduction and Management Council (MDRRMC) and 41, 956
Barangay
■ Reduction and Management Council (BRRMC) Respectively

14. INPUTNo. 2 : Risk Reduction and
Management Concepts
■ The concept of disaster risk reduction and management
(DRRM) accepts that some hazard events may occur but tries
to lessen the impact by improving the community’s ability to
absorb the impact with minimum damage or destruction.
■ Operationally, it includes risk assessment, disaster prevention
and mitigation and disaster preparedness.

15. Disaster Management Terms
Hazard – a situation that poses a level if threat to life, health,
property or environment.

16. Risk – a probability or threat of a damage, injury, liability, loss, or
other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal
vulnerabilities, and that may be neutralized through preemptive
action.
Disaster Management Terms

17. Vulnerability – the level of susceptibility or resiliency of the people
and community against the impact of the prevailing hazards based
on the state of physical, social, and economic condition in a given
area.
Disaster Management Terms

18. Disaster – a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or
a society involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses or impacts.
Disaster Management Terms

19. The Disaster Equation
H x R + V = DISASTER

20. Disaster Risk Management: What
and Who
■ Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) includes
administrative decisions and operational activities that involve:
1. Prevention
2. Mitigation
3. Preparedness
4. Response
5. Recovery
6. Rehabilitation

21. Disaster Risk Management Cycle
The disaster life cycle describes the process through which
emergency managers prepare for emergencies and disaster,
respond to them when they occur, help people and institutions
recover from them.

22. Traditional model – DM cycle. The traditional approach to disaster
management is to regard it as a number of phased sequences of
actions or a continuum.

23. Rationale for Risk Management
1. Comprehensive risk management process has the potential to
break the cycle of damage and reconstruction when a
community is subjected to repeated natural hazards.
2. To be effective, a strategic must be in place and ready for
immediate implementation when necessary.
3. This can only done through advance preparation and planning.

24. Disaster Risk Management Objectives
1. Reduce vulnerabilities in the community.
2. When sustained over a long term, reduce unacceptable risk to
acceptable levels and make the community become disaster
resistant/resilient.

25. Disaster risk management refers to a
range of:
1. Policies
2. Legislative mandates
3. Professional practices
4. Social, structural and non-structural adjustments
5. Risk transfer mechanism to prevent, reduce or minimize the
effects of hazards on a community

26. Range of Risk Management
Measures
1. Keep hazard away from people
2. Keep people away from hazard
3. Modifying the hazard
4. Predicting hazard
5. Prepare in anticipation of a hazard event
6. Reconstruction planning after a disaster with the aim of
reducing the vulnerability
7. Mainstreaming risk management in development practice and
institutionalization

27. Risk Reduction Focuses on
prevention and mitigation. It involves:
■ Development and implementation of policies, regulations and
standards
■ Land Use Planning, Zoning, Building Codes, Structural Best
Practices
■ Preparedness Planning, investment Decisions-making,
Institutional Frameworks and System
■ Education/Training, Public Awareness

28. Components of Risk Identification
■ Understanding the Nature of Hazard
■ Understanding the Nature of Vulnerabilities

29. Disaster Response and Recovery
■ Focused on relatively narrow window post-event
■ Focused on triage, stabilization, bridging back to ”normal” state

30. Comprehensive Disaster Risk
Management Framework
■ 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities
to Disaster with the five (5) Thematic Areas/Priorities for Action,
as follows:
1. Governance
2. Risk Assessment and Early Warning
3. Knowledge Management and Education
4. Risk Management and Vulnerability Reduction
5. Disaster Preparedness

31. Unit 5 : Environmental Awareness and
Protection

32. Input No.1 : Basic Concepts and Laws
Governing Environmental Education
■ Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach
about how natural environments function and, particularly, how
human being can manage their behavior and ecosystems in
order to live sustainably.
■ A learning process that increases people’s knowledge and
awareness about the environment and associated challenges.

33. Importance of Environmental
Education
1. All major natural resources in the country are in grave danger of
irreparable damage.
2. A society cannot survive if its natural resources are rendered unfit
for use by its people.
3. The only hope of salvaging this grave situation is by making the
young aware that they need to proactively begin to protect the
environment they will inherit.
4. Science and technology can help in a limited way but cannot
deliver it.
5. It is a moral and ethical education for changing people’s attitude.

34. 6. To protect children living in polluted regions, environmental
education represents a relevant means of prevention.
7. It is a need if the time to propose environmental education
delivered with moral concepts.
8. It is conceived to sustain participation of the citizens especially
the youth particularly in combating ill effects of climate change.
Importance of Environmental
Education

35. Related Laws and Directives in
Promoting Environment Education
CHED Memorandum Order No. 33
Series of 2009
Subject: integration of Environmental Education in the Tertiary
Education Curriculum particularly the Civic Welfare and Training
Service Component of the National Service Training Program.

36. Republic Act No.9512 or The
National Environment Awareness
and Education Act of 2008
An act to promote environmental awareness through
environmental education and for other purposes

37. Republic Act No. 9275 or Philippine
Clean Water Act of 2004
An act providing for a comprehensive water quality management
and for other purposes

38. Republic Act No. 9175 or Chainsaw
Act of 2002
An act regulating the ownership, possession, sale, importation,
and use of chainsaws, penalizing violations there of and for other
purposes

39. Republic Act No. 9147 or Wildlife
Resources Conservation and
Protection Act of 2001
An act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife
resources and their habitats, appropriating funds there for and for
other purpose

40. Republic Act 9003 or The Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
An act providing for an ecological solid waste management
program creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and
incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing
penalties, appropriating funds there of, and for other purposes

41. Republic Act 8749 or Philippines
Clean Air Act of 1999
“Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999” an act providing for a
comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes

42. Input No. 2
What is climate change?
■ Is any change in climate over time whether due to natural
processes or as a result of human activity.
■ It is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly
to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere.

43. How does it occur?
Climate change is already occurring and that further acceleration
will result in a two (2) degree increase in global temperature and
extreme weather conditions.
Climate Change is caused by the increasing volume of
Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere.

44. What are the effects of climate
change?
■ Climate change is an intolerable subject
■ Climate change is real but are waiting for signals from
government before making long-term investment in measures to
address and threat.
■ The Philippines is ranked 4th in the Global Climate Risk Index

45. What Can Be Done Locally?
1. Mitigation
2. Adaptation
3. Support or join awareness raising of people in your
locality/community about climate change
4. Capacity building
5. Suggest or advocate the integration of climate change
mitigation and adaptation into organization/institutional plans to
mainstream this consciousness
6. Policy development

46. 7. Synergize efforts with other enlightened individual or group
stakeholders
8. Develop a stable resources mobilization mechanism or system
to ensure and facilitate the flow of financial and technical support
to local implementers.
What Can Be Done Locally?