This document proposes a standard format for digitized antenna pattern data to facilitate software development and ensure consistent usage of antenna pattern data. Key elements include an overall file format with required and optional fields to describe antenna and pattern characteristics, as well as a standard way to present pattern cut data. The format is intended to be flexible enough for different antenna types, account for various pattern geometries and polarizations, and include all necessary data for propagation prediction software.
Multiuser MIMO-OFDM simulation framework in MatlabPavel Loskot
Simulation framework for multiuser MIMO-OFDM over multipath fading channels. Also created a C-like pre-processor in Matlab to add flexibility in configuring the simulation prior its run.
Mimo ofdm wireless communications with matlabntnam113
This document is the preface to a book titled "MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB". The book provides a comprehensive introduction to MIMO-OFDM techniques for wireless communications, including wireless channel modeling, OFDM, and MIMO. It uses MATLAB programs to simulate the underlying techniques. The preface does not contain any content from the book, but rather introduces the book and acknowledges its intended audience of students and researchers in the field of wireless communications.
OFDM is a high-speed wireless transmission technology that divides the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. It is implemented as OFDMA to support multi-user communication. OFDM provides advantages over single carrier transmission by combating inter-symbol interference and frequency selective fading. It works by encoding data over multiple carrier frequencies, with spacing between carriers chosen so that the carriers are orthogonal to each other. This allows high data rates without overlapping signals at a receiver.
This document provides a feasibility study for evolving UTRA and UTRAN, including:
- An introduction to MIMO and its different gains for multiple antenna systems.
- Frame structures, peak rates, and other physical layer parameters for LTE downlink and uplink using OFDMA. Frame structures include FDD and TDD types.
- A comparison of LTE and WiMAX frame structures and spectrum flexibility.
- Details on OFDM concepts like subcarrier allocation, guard intervals, and peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals.
This document summarizes design issues in OFDM systems. It discusses the OFDM modem block diagram and signal description. It then focuses on key receiver design issues like time and frequency synchronization through techniques like frequency offset correction, carrier phase tracking, and channel equalization. It also addresses signal dynamic range issues and how they are handled in standards like IEEE 802.11a/g. The document provides illustrations of effects of different impairments and solutions used in practical OFDM systems.
This document summarizes the key specifications of a universal sub-rack that can be installed in N63B and N66B cabinets to support OSN8800 and OSN6800 network equipment. The sub-rack runs on 63 amps of power supply and has a maximum power consumption of 2400W when fully loaded. It also describes the basic components of a DWDM system, including optical transponders, MUX-DEMUX units, optical amplifiers, and supervisory channels.
The document summarizes the results of an LTE network simulation for different bandwidth configurations and site grid inter-site distances. It provides key simulation parameters including operating band, transmit power, antenna configuration, scheduling details, propagation model, and SNR curves. The main results are spectral efficiency figures in bps/Hz for various channel bandwidths from 1.4 to 20 MHz and site grid inter-site distances from 500m to 9000m. Some values were modified due to questions about simulator accuracy.
The document provides an overview of 3G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and discusses key aspects of the uplink and downlink multiple access schemes for LTE. Some key points:
- LTE aims to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink using wider bandwidths of up to 20 MHz.
- For the uplink, the document compares orthogonal access schemes like OFDMA and SC-FDMA to non-orthogonal CDMA, noting advantages of orthogonal schemes in reducing interference. SC-FDMA is selected for LTE uplink due to its lower peak-to-average power ratio.
- For the downlink, OFDMA is selected due
Multiuser MIMO-OFDM simulation framework in MatlabPavel Loskot
Simulation framework for multiuser MIMO-OFDM over multipath fading channels. Also created a C-like pre-processor in Matlab to add flexibility in configuring the simulation prior its run.
Mimo ofdm wireless communications with matlabntnam113
This document is the preface to a book titled "MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB". The book provides a comprehensive introduction to MIMO-OFDM techniques for wireless communications, including wireless channel modeling, OFDM, and MIMO. It uses MATLAB programs to simulate the underlying techniques. The preface does not contain any content from the book, but rather introduces the book and acknowledges its intended audience of students and researchers in the field of wireless communications.
OFDM is a high-speed wireless transmission technology that divides the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. It is implemented as OFDMA to support multi-user communication. OFDM provides advantages over single carrier transmission by combating inter-symbol interference and frequency selective fading. It works by encoding data over multiple carrier frequencies, with spacing between carriers chosen so that the carriers are orthogonal to each other. This allows high data rates without overlapping signals at a receiver.
This document provides a feasibility study for evolving UTRA and UTRAN, including:
- An introduction to MIMO and its different gains for multiple antenna systems.
- Frame structures, peak rates, and other physical layer parameters for LTE downlink and uplink using OFDMA. Frame structures include FDD and TDD types.
- A comparison of LTE and WiMAX frame structures and spectrum flexibility.
- Details on OFDM concepts like subcarrier allocation, guard intervals, and peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals.
This document summarizes design issues in OFDM systems. It discusses the OFDM modem block diagram and signal description. It then focuses on key receiver design issues like time and frequency synchronization through techniques like frequency offset correction, carrier phase tracking, and channel equalization. It also addresses signal dynamic range issues and how they are handled in standards like IEEE 802.11a/g. The document provides illustrations of effects of different impairments and solutions used in practical OFDM systems.
This document summarizes the key specifications of a universal sub-rack that can be installed in N63B and N66B cabinets to support OSN8800 and OSN6800 network equipment. The sub-rack runs on 63 amps of power supply and has a maximum power consumption of 2400W when fully loaded. It also describes the basic components of a DWDM system, including optical transponders, MUX-DEMUX units, optical amplifiers, and supervisory channels.
The document summarizes the results of an LTE network simulation for different bandwidth configurations and site grid inter-site distances. It provides key simulation parameters including operating band, transmit power, antenna configuration, scheduling details, propagation model, and SNR curves. The main results are spectral efficiency figures in bps/Hz for various channel bandwidths from 1.4 to 20 MHz and site grid inter-site distances from 500m to 9000m. Some values were modified due to questions about simulator accuracy.
The document provides an overview of 3G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and discusses key aspects of the uplink and downlink multiple access schemes for LTE. Some key points:
- LTE aims to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink using wider bandwidths of up to 20 MHz.
- For the uplink, the document compares orthogonal access schemes like OFDMA and SC-FDMA to non-orthogonal CDMA, noting advantages of orthogonal schemes in reducing interference. SC-FDMA is selected for LTE uplink due to its lower peak-to-average power ratio.
- For the downlink, OFDMA is selected due
This document discusses VLSI implementation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It provides background on OFDM, explaining that it consists of multiple closely spaced carriers that can achieve high data transmission rates with wide bandwidths. The document outlines the key components of an OFDM transceiver including scrambling, interleaving, constellation mapping, IFFT/FFT processing, and parallel-to-serial conversion. It describes the hardware implementation of these components and advantages of OFDM such as robustness to interference and insensitivity to timing errors.
The Fiber Driver High Density 10G Metro Optical Transport solution addresses growing bandwidth demands by packing up to 80 channels of 10G transport into 11 rack units, saving significant space. It achieves 50-90% lower power consumption than competitors. Key benefits include reduced space and power costs, simplified inventory management, and pay-as-you-grow scalability. The solution supports Ethernet, SONET, Fibre Channel, and InfiniBand protocols over DWDM optical networks.
The document discusses the key requirements for 4G networks including high bandwidth, long distance, low power consumption, and high speed mobility. It then examines the characteristics of different duplexing techniques used in today's networks, specifically Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). The challenges of TDD including cross-slot interference and outdated channel information are also outlined, along with potential solutions like synchronization and sectorization. In conclusion, TDD allows for asymmetric traffic allocation and higher bit-rates using unpaired spectrum bands compared to FDD.
The CMM4 cluster management module allows network operators to reduce the time and costs of installing and maintaining point-to-multipoint wireless networks. It integrates GPS synchronization, power, and data connectivity to radios through a single cable. Models include an outdoor cabinet with integrated switch, the same cabinet without a switch, or a rack-mounted version. The CMM4 provides reliable broadband connectivity and scales to support large network deployments.
This document summarizes research on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It discusses using a companding technique with Gaussian distribution to compress the signal before transmission and decompress it upon reception. The key aspects covered are: applying a compander and decompander with Gaussian distribution parameters at the transmitter and receiver; how the central limit theorem allows the sum of subcarriers to approximate a Gaussian distribution for large numbers; and how this technique reduces PAPR by increasing average power while keeping peak power the same. Performance is analyzed by simulating PAPR and bit error rate with and without companding under different parameters.
This document discusses single carrier and multicarrier transmission techniques. Multicarrier transmission divides the transmission bandwidth into multiple narrow subchannels transmitted in parallel. This reduces intersymbol interference compared to single carrier as each subchannel experiences flat fading, even if the overall channel is frequency selective. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is described as a multicarrier technique that achieves orthogonality between subcarriers using the discrete Fourier transform. This allows overlapping subcarriers to prevent interference. OFDM is used widely but has drawbacks including sensitivity to synchronization errors and high peak-to-average power ratios.
The development of a system simulation platform for Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) radar working at 77 GHz is presented. The simulation platform allows us to test different radar architectures, modulation formats and detection algorithms as well as to simulate different scenarios, which improves the decision-making before and during the hardware development.
40ch DWDM Mux Demux + Montior Port + 1310nm Port for 40G/100GFS.COM
The 40ch Mux Demux is a high density, low loss and standalone passive optical module that provides excellent solution for infrastructure savings. The 1310nm port can be used for 40G/100G transceivers (40GBASE-LR4/ER4 resp. 100GBASE-LR4/ER4). The 40 DWDM channels are able to transport 400Gbps so that one can run totally 500Gbps over this unit.
The document describes the PASOLINK NEO/a smart radio access system. It is a six-way one-box system that provides both SDH and PDH network interfaces with transmission capacities ranging from 5 to 48 E1 circuits or 63 E1/STM-1 circuits. It features a 1008x1008 E1 digital cross connect switch and supports modulation from QPSK to 128QAM. The system offers scalability, flexible configurations, and reliability for deploying digital access links.
Capacity analysis of gsm systems using slow frequency hoppinShiju Chacko
The document analyzes capacity of GSM systems using slow frequency hopping and multiple beam smart antennas through simulation and analytical modeling. It summarizes key GSM features and describes a wireless simulator developed with 16 macrocells, fractional loading, and switched-beam antennas. An analytical solution is presented to model co-channel interference and total interference without power control using equations that consider path loss, beam patterns, and frequency hopping averaging. The total interference and desired signal power are calculated to analyze system capacity.
The document describes optical transport network (OTN) technology. It discusses OTN architecture, which consists of an optical layer and electrical layer. The document outlines the OTN hierarchy including optical transport unit (OTU), optical channel data unit (ODU), and optical channel payload unit (OPU). It also describes OTN multiplexing and mapping methods, as well as the overhead bytes included in OTN frames for functions like operations, administration, management and provisioning.
This document provides an overview of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) including:
1. The basic principles of OFDM including modulation using IDFT and demodulation using DFT.
2. How a cyclic prefix is used to mitigate multipath interference.
3. A block diagram of a basic OFDM system showing key components like mapping, IFFT/FFT, insertion of cyclic prefix, and demapping.
4. Examples of OFDM parameters used in standards like IEEE 802.11a.
1) DWDM combines multiple optical signals so that they can be amplified and transmitted over a single fiber, increasing network capacity.
2) Basic DWDM system components include terminal multiplexers and demultiplexers, line repeaters, and optical terminals. Optical add-drop multiplexers allow removal or insertion of wavelengths along the span.
3) Proper link budgeting is required to ensure optical power levels remain above minimum thresholds to maintain signal quality as light propagates long distances through fiber. Regular monitoring and troubleshooting helps ensure transmission quality parameters are met.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
GSM is a global standard for mobile communications that has over 500 million subscribers in 168 countries. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The GSM architecture includes the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, AuC and other components. It operates in frequency bands such as 900 MHz and 1800 MHz with channel bandwidth of 200 kHz. GSM supports voice calls and data transmission and uses technologies like encryption, authentication and SIM cards.
This document discusses advanced topics in LTE including MIMO modes, codebook-based precoding, closed loop operation, CQI reporting modes, and using antenna port 5 techniques. It provides details on codebook-based spatial multiplexing, CQI reporting tables, adaptive coding and modulation, MIMO channel estimation, and MIMO transmission modes in LTE. It aims to outline these advanced LTE techniques and their operation.
The document compares MIMO features in WiMAX and LTE mobile communication standards. Both standards use MIMO techniques like spatial multiplexing and beamforming to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency. However, LTE typically has higher uplink spectral efficiency using SC-FDMA, while WiMAX utilizes more advanced receivers and feedback techniques for improved performance. Overall, both WiMAX and LTE are well-suited to meet 4G requirements through the use of similar MIMO channel access methods.
Concept of Flip OFDM and its applicationsDarshan Bhatt
OFDM is the advanced FDM technique used for wireless communication. But for Uni-polar communication and Optical Wireless communication (OWC) its modified version called Flip OFDM is quiet efficient technique.
This document provides a tutorial on multi-access orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDMA) technology. It describes the OFDMA system architecture, including duplexing techniques, multiple access methods, and diversity methods. It also provides an example OFDMA downlink specification and uplink specification, and describes carrier allocation techniques using special permutations. The tutorial aims to provide insight into OFDMA technology for potential use in wireless regional area network systems.
The document discusses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission basics. It describes:
1) Options for increasing bandwidth including SDM, TDM, and WDM.
2) Varieties of WDM including conventional WDM with 2 wavelengths, DWDM with 100GHz spacing in the C-band, and CWDM with 3000GHz spacing.
3) The components of a DWDM network including transmitters, multiplexers, amplifiers, optical fiber, and receivers.
This document summarizes a public presentation about a 79GHz PMCW radar system-on-chip. Key points:
- The research investigates using nanoscale CMOS technology for 79GHz radar systems, which could enable cost-effective high-volume production and integration of large digital processing.
- A new phase-modulated continuous wave radar detection concept is introduced that is well-suited for CMOS integration.
- The presented 79GHz PMCW radar SoC implements all radar functions including phased-array transceivers, ADCs, and a digital correlator on a single 3x2.63mm die using 28nm CMOS technology.
This document presents the design of a phased array antenna system using phase shifters. A group of 4 students designed and simulated a 1x4 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a Wilkinson power divider in ADS software. They first designed a single rectangular patch antenna, then a 1:4 Wilkinson power divider and combined them into an antenna array. Phase shifters using varactor diodes were also designed and simulated for different voltage biases. The phase and insertion loss characteristics of the phase shifters were analyzed to verify their performance in the phased array system.
This document discusses VLSI implementation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It provides background on OFDM, explaining that it consists of multiple closely spaced carriers that can achieve high data transmission rates with wide bandwidths. The document outlines the key components of an OFDM transceiver including scrambling, interleaving, constellation mapping, IFFT/FFT processing, and parallel-to-serial conversion. It describes the hardware implementation of these components and advantages of OFDM such as robustness to interference and insensitivity to timing errors.
The Fiber Driver High Density 10G Metro Optical Transport solution addresses growing bandwidth demands by packing up to 80 channels of 10G transport into 11 rack units, saving significant space. It achieves 50-90% lower power consumption than competitors. Key benefits include reduced space and power costs, simplified inventory management, and pay-as-you-grow scalability. The solution supports Ethernet, SONET, Fibre Channel, and InfiniBand protocols over DWDM optical networks.
The document discusses the key requirements for 4G networks including high bandwidth, long distance, low power consumption, and high speed mobility. It then examines the characteristics of different duplexing techniques used in today's networks, specifically Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). The challenges of TDD including cross-slot interference and outdated channel information are also outlined, along with potential solutions like synchronization and sectorization. In conclusion, TDD allows for asymmetric traffic allocation and higher bit-rates using unpaired spectrum bands compared to FDD.
The CMM4 cluster management module allows network operators to reduce the time and costs of installing and maintaining point-to-multipoint wireless networks. It integrates GPS synchronization, power, and data connectivity to radios through a single cable. Models include an outdoor cabinet with integrated switch, the same cabinet without a switch, or a rack-mounted version. The CMM4 provides reliable broadband connectivity and scales to support large network deployments.
This document summarizes research on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It discusses using a companding technique with Gaussian distribution to compress the signal before transmission and decompress it upon reception. The key aspects covered are: applying a compander and decompander with Gaussian distribution parameters at the transmitter and receiver; how the central limit theorem allows the sum of subcarriers to approximate a Gaussian distribution for large numbers; and how this technique reduces PAPR by increasing average power while keeping peak power the same. Performance is analyzed by simulating PAPR and bit error rate with and without companding under different parameters.
This document discusses single carrier and multicarrier transmission techniques. Multicarrier transmission divides the transmission bandwidth into multiple narrow subchannels transmitted in parallel. This reduces intersymbol interference compared to single carrier as each subchannel experiences flat fading, even if the overall channel is frequency selective. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is described as a multicarrier technique that achieves orthogonality between subcarriers using the discrete Fourier transform. This allows overlapping subcarriers to prevent interference. OFDM is used widely but has drawbacks including sensitivity to synchronization errors and high peak-to-average power ratios.
The development of a system simulation platform for Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) radar working at 77 GHz is presented. The simulation platform allows us to test different radar architectures, modulation formats and detection algorithms as well as to simulate different scenarios, which improves the decision-making before and during the hardware development.
40ch DWDM Mux Demux + Montior Port + 1310nm Port for 40G/100GFS.COM
The 40ch Mux Demux is a high density, low loss and standalone passive optical module that provides excellent solution for infrastructure savings. The 1310nm port can be used for 40G/100G transceivers (40GBASE-LR4/ER4 resp. 100GBASE-LR4/ER4). The 40 DWDM channels are able to transport 400Gbps so that one can run totally 500Gbps over this unit.
The document describes the PASOLINK NEO/a smart radio access system. It is a six-way one-box system that provides both SDH and PDH network interfaces with transmission capacities ranging from 5 to 48 E1 circuits or 63 E1/STM-1 circuits. It features a 1008x1008 E1 digital cross connect switch and supports modulation from QPSK to 128QAM. The system offers scalability, flexible configurations, and reliability for deploying digital access links.
Capacity analysis of gsm systems using slow frequency hoppinShiju Chacko
The document analyzes capacity of GSM systems using slow frequency hopping and multiple beam smart antennas through simulation and analytical modeling. It summarizes key GSM features and describes a wireless simulator developed with 16 macrocells, fractional loading, and switched-beam antennas. An analytical solution is presented to model co-channel interference and total interference without power control using equations that consider path loss, beam patterns, and frequency hopping averaging. The total interference and desired signal power are calculated to analyze system capacity.
The document describes optical transport network (OTN) technology. It discusses OTN architecture, which consists of an optical layer and electrical layer. The document outlines the OTN hierarchy including optical transport unit (OTU), optical channel data unit (ODU), and optical channel payload unit (OPU). It also describes OTN multiplexing and mapping methods, as well as the overhead bytes included in OTN frames for functions like operations, administration, management and provisioning.
This document provides an overview of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) including:
1. The basic principles of OFDM including modulation using IDFT and demodulation using DFT.
2. How a cyclic prefix is used to mitigate multipath interference.
3. A block diagram of a basic OFDM system showing key components like mapping, IFFT/FFT, insertion of cyclic prefix, and demapping.
4. Examples of OFDM parameters used in standards like IEEE 802.11a.
1) DWDM combines multiple optical signals so that they can be amplified and transmitted over a single fiber, increasing network capacity.
2) Basic DWDM system components include terminal multiplexers and demultiplexers, line repeaters, and optical terminals. Optical add-drop multiplexers allow removal or insertion of wavelengths along the span.
3) Proper link budgeting is required to ensure optical power levels remain above minimum thresholds to maintain signal quality as light propagates long distances through fiber. Regular monitoring and troubleshooting helps ensure transmission quality parameters are met.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
GSM is a global standard for mobile communications that has over 500 million subscribers in 168 countries. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The GSM architecture includes the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, AuC and other components. It operates in frequency bands such as 900 MHz and 1800 MHz with channel bandwidth of 200 kHz. GSM supports voice calls and data transmission and uses technologies like encryption, authentication and SIM cards.
This document discusses advanced topics in LTE including MIMO modes, codebook-based precoding, closed loop operation, CQI reporting modes, and using antenna port 5 techniques. It provides details on codebook-based spatial multiplexing, CQI reporting tables, adaptive coding and modulation, MIMO channel estimation, and MIMO transmission modes in LTE. It aims to outline these advanced LTE techniques and their operation.
The document compares MIMO features in WiMAX and LTE mobile communication standards. Both standards use MIMO techniques like spatial multiplexing and beamforming to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency. However, LTE typically has higher uplink spectral efficiency using SC-FDMA, while WiMAX utilizes more advanced receivers and feedback techniques for improved performance. Overall, both WiMAX and LTE are well-suited to meet 4G requirements through the use of similar MIMO channel access methods.
Concept of Flip OFDM and its applicationsDarshan Bhatt
OFDM is the advanced FDM technique used for wireless communication. But for Uni-polar communication and Optical Wireless communication (OWC) its modified version called Flip OFDM is quiet efficient technique.
This document provides a tutorial on multi-access orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDMA) technology. It describes the OFDMA system architecture, including duplexing techniques, multiple access methods, and diversity methods. It also provides an example OFDMA downlink specification and uplink specification, and describes carrier allocation techniques using special permutations. The tutorial aims to provide insight into OFDMA technology for potential use in wireless regional area network systems.
The document discusses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission basics. It describes:
1) Options for increasing bandwidth including SDM, TDM, and WDM.
2) Varieties of WDM including conventional WDM with 2 wavelengths, DWDM with 100GHz spacing in the C-band, and CWDM with 3000GHz spacing.
3) The components of a DWDM network including transmitters, multiplexers, amplifiers, optical fiber, and receivers.
This document summarizes a public presentation about a 79GHz PMCW radar system-on-chip. Key points:
- The research investigates using nanoscale CMOS technology for 79GHz radar systems, which could enable cost-effective high-volume production and integration of large digital processing.
- A new phase-modulated continuous wave radar detection concept is introduced that is well-suited for CMOS integration.
- The presented 79GHz PMCW radar SoC implements all radar functions including phased-array transceivers, ADCs, and a digital correlator on a single 3x2.63mm die using 28nm CMOS technology.
This document presents the design of a phased array antenna system using phase shifters. A group of 4 students designed and simulated a 1x4 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a Wilkinson power divider in ADS software. They first designed a single rectangular patch antenna, then a 1:4 Wilkinson power divider and combined them into an antenna array. Phase shifters using varactor diodes were also designed and simulated for different voltage biases. The phase and insertion loss characteristics of the phase shifters were analyzed to verify their performance in the phased array system.
This document provides an overview of simulating and synthesizing an OFDM transmitter/receiver in VHDL. It discusses:
- Using simulation to verify functionality and synthesis tools to convert the design into components for the target technology.
- The key blocks of an OFDM transceiver including scrambler, convolutional encoder, interleaver, constellation mapper, IFFT, guard interval addition/removal, and equalizer.
- Challenges in implementing the FFT/IFFT algorithms and mapping the full design to an FPGA due to its size.
This document describes M-Cube, a millimeter-wave massive MIMO software radio platform developed by researchers at UC San Diego. The platform features a flexible data path that can interface with software-defined radios or GHz baseband converters. It also has a real-time control path with sub-microsecond latency enabling fast beam sweeping. The beam patterns are reconfigurable. The platform is built by restructuring a commodity 802.11ad radio, making it low cost and suitable for real world testing. It supports massive MIMO with up to 8 RF chains and a total of 256 antenna elements. The platform is open source and available to the research community.
PHYSICAL LAYER for DIGITAL TELEVISION ATSC 3.0 STANDARD based on SC – FDMA .Roman M. Vitenberg
Described a proposition for Physical Layer of Next generation broadcast television (NGBT) and ATSC 3.0 Television standard. The Proposed system is back compatible with existing ATSC standards A/53, A/153 and based on improved version of SC-FDMA modulation.
Ofdm-cpm Ber Performance and FOBP Under IEEE802.16 ScenarioCSCJournals
This document discusses the performance of OFDM-CPM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-continuous phase modulation) under IEEE 802.16 scenarios. It shows that OFDM-CPM can exploit frequency diversity in multipath channels unlike conventional OFDM. Simulation results over multipath Stanford University Interim channel models show that OFDM-CPM with an MMSE equalizer outperforms Rayleigh fading channels by exploiting multipath diversity. The document also compares the spectral properties and bit error rate performance of OFDM-CPM to conventional OFDM.
This document presents the design of a 4th order continuous-time bandpass sigma-delta modulator operating at 280 MHz for digitizing narrowband signals at 70 MHz. A novel transconductance amplifier was developed with high linearity at high frequencies. Simulation results show the modulator achieves a signal-to-noise ratio of 55 dB over a 5 MHz bandwidth while consuming 25 mW of power. The modulator uses a Gm-C loop filter and was implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process.
This document discusses issues related to automotive radar interoperability as the use of radar systems in vehicles increases. It notes that having multiple radars operating in close proximity will create interference challenges. It describes the characteristics of phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) radar and how it compares to frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. It also discusses the susceptibility of PMCW radar to interference from other radar types and the need for standards to ensure radar interoperability on public roads. The document requests clarification on the status and timeline of the FCC rulemaking process regarding the 77-81 GHz band used by automotive radars.
This document provides an overview of important considerations for selecting an antenna for short range wireless applications. It discusses various antenna types (PCB, chip, whip, wire), parameters to consider (radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, size, cost), antenna theory basics, and measurement techniques. The document also describes antenna reference designs from Texas Instruments for different frequency bands and provides additional antenna resources. Selecting the proper antenna is key to optimizing system performance and reducing costs.
passive & active radar target simulatorGeorg Schmidt
See the newst information about our know in Radar Test System for Collision Avoidance Radars from TTE. We are
located in Planegg near Munich, Germany. Our expertise
are State of the Art systems for the microwave
and millimeter wave industry.
TTE is committed to provide the best RF products,
systems and related services – Made in Germany!
1) Multibeam antennas can provide cost-efficient capacity gains but their deployment introduces new planning challenges like coverage gaps and physical cell identity (PCI) conflicts.
2) Coverage gaps may arise after upgrading to multibeam antennas if beam directions are not properly adjusted. Rotating all sectors by 10-20 degrees can eliminate gaps.
3) PCI planning is more complex with multibeam antennas due to limitations of PCI modulo 3 for reference signal allocation. Proper grouping of PCI values within and between sites can help mitigate conflicts.
Technology Manager Andreas Roessler covers 5G basics in this keynote presentation at the RF Lumination 2019 conference in February 2019.
RF Lumination 2019
"Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise at one event. If they can't answer your question, it must be a really good question!"
Watch all the presentations here:
https://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/RFLuminationContent.html
Andreas Roessler is the Rohde & Schwarz Technology Manager focused on UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. With responsibility for the strategic marketing and product portfolio development for LTE/LTE-Advanced, Andreas follows the standardization process in 3GPP very closely, particularly on core specifications as well as protocol conformance, RRM and RF conformance specifications for device and base stations testing. He graduated from Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, and received a Master's Degree in communication engineering.
The Kannad 406 AF-COMPACT is a small, rugged emergency locator transmitter that transmits on both 406 MHz and 121.5 MHz frequencies. It is approved for use in light aircraft and is designed to be easily installed. The unit has a six-year battery life and automatically activates in a crash via an integrated shock sensor. It can also be manually activated. Programming options allow customization with aircraft data.
The document is a datasheet that summarizes several models of 2x2 MIMO base station sector antennas from Ubiquiti Networks. It describes the key features and specifications of the antennas including frequency range, gain, dimensions, weight, polarization, beamwidth, and electrical specifications. The antennas are designed to provide sector-wide coverage when used with Ubiquiti RocketM radios and utilize Ubiquiti's airMAX technology for carrier-class performance and scalability.
PRESTO POWER PLANE is the post-layout simulaton tool of HDT incuding the effects of power distribution planes. The planes are modeled by means of a 2D mesh of lossy Transmission limes (BTM models) according to the very fast algorithm firstly invented by Piero Belforte in 1991.
1) PRESTO_POWER is a software tool that can now simulate noise propagation in copper areas of any shape on a PCB.
2) It models power and ground planes through a grid of lossy transmission lines to simulate effects like noise propagation and ground bounce influence on signals.
3) The user can choose whether to model signal and/or power areas, and set gridding parameters to optimize for the simulation.
Performance Evaluation of IEEE STD 802.16d TransceiverIOSR Journals
WiMAX ("Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access") technology is developed to meet the
growing demand of increased data rate and accessing the internet at high speeds. 802.16 family of standards is
officially called Wireless MAN in IEEE. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is multicarrier
modulation technique used in IEEE 802.16d (fixed WiMAX) communication standard. OFDM is used to
increase data rate of wireless medium with higher spectral efficiency. The proposed work is to evaluate
performance of IEEE Std 802.16d transceiver in MATLAB R2009b simulink environment. System performance
evaluated using BER vs SNR for different modulation technique such as 4 QAM, 16 QAM, 64 QAM under
different channel condition
The document describes a radio network design program with several modules for different design tasks. The main modules are: Network, which provides an interface for designing radio links between sites; Terrain Data, which creates terrain profiles between sites; Antenna Heights, which determines antenna heights to satisfy clearance criteria; Microwave/VHF-UHF Worksheets, which perform transmission analyses and reliability calculations for different frequency ranges; and Area Coverage, which models signal coverage for a network. The program handles tasks like importing site data, analyzing interference, and generating reports. It models aspects like terrain, antennas, and propagation to design radio networks.
1) The document describes the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection system used for geospatial referencing, which divides the globe into zones and uses a grid coordinate system of eastings and northings.
2) It provides instructions for configuring the Pathloss software to read Planet terrain database files using UTM projection, which involves setting the datum, selecting the Odyssey UTM reader, specifying the file directory and index, and testing with sample sites.
3) Issues that could cause problems reading the terrain database correctly include incorrect UTM zone specification, file directory, index details, or byte order settings compared to the actual database format.
The Pathloss installation program before August 1999 did not properly set the Windows registry entry to load Pathloss files with a .pl4 extension when double clicked. The document provides steps to edit the registry and add the missing %1 portion to the "ab" icon entry, which specifies the Pathloss program installation directory so that double clicking .pl4 files will now start the program and load the file.
The document discusses NADCON, which is used to transform coordinates between the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). It provides details on the specific NADCON files used for different regions of the United States and territories. Instructions are given on how to select the appropriate NADCON region and perform coordinate transformations between NAD27 and NAD83 in the Pathloss terrain modeling program.
The document describes how to load and navigate a map grid project file in Pathloss 4.0. It includes instructions on loading the example project and network files, testing clearance between sites by generating path profiles, adding elevation views, and moving sites. It also provides details on how to create a map grid project, including setting the projection and loading backdrop and elevation data sources.
The May 2002 version of the Pathloss program includes:
1) An option to not calculate tropospheric scatter loss when calculating diffraction loss, which avoids discontinuities in coverage plots.
2) Batch printing options for microwave and VHF-UHF worksheets.
3) The ability to use existing file associations when performing section operations to modify equipment parameters for multiple sites.
The document describes a new feature added to the Import link text files operation that allows for a radio and antenna cross reference. External text files cross reference identifiers in imported data to Pathloss code files, allowing interference calculations and filling in missing data. The cross reference files must be named correctly and located in the Pathloss installation directory, with each line mapping an import identifier to a Pathloss code file.
The Gauss Kruger projection is a generalized Transverse Mercator projection used to create coordinate systems for mapping countries. It defines parameters like the ellipsoid, latitude and longitude origins, false eastings and northings, and scale factor. These parameters are set differently for various countries that use the Gauss Kruger projection, such as Germany which uses 5 zones, Sweden, and Slovakia.
The document summarizes file locking and sharing features introduced in the June 2002 version of the Pathloss software. It describes how pathloss data and network files located on a shared network drive will be locked and able to be shared across multiple users. Specific details are provided around how locking and sharing of these files is implemented, including the use of additional "lck" and "glk" files to manage concurrent access and notify users of changes.
This document outlines several updates and additions to the Pathloss software. Key points include:
- New features for displaying network maps including customizable backgrounds, terrain data from various sources, and zoom functions.
- Enhancements to terrain database performance and the ability to generate elevation profiles and visibility tests between sites.
- Options to export site and link list reports in CSV format with configurable fields and formatting.
- Methods for modeling interference and correlation between desired and interfering signal fades.
- Support for ITU-R G.826 error performance objectives to estimate availability and quality of digital radio links.
- Updates to radio data files and forms to include additional parameters for modeling radio performance.
This document describes the rapid deployment feature of Pathloss 4.0 software for designing high frequency networks. It allows for automated transmission design, interference analysis under clear and rain conditions, and generation of pathloss data files. The process involves setting a high/low frequency plan, polarizations, running transmission design and interference calculations, and outputting individual pathloss files. It supports both standard and adaptive ATPC radios and can test for network stability under rain interference scenarios.
1. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
NSMA ---
Antenna Systems ---
Standard Format for Digitized Antenna Patterns
RECOMMENDATION WG16.99.050
5/20/99
2. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
Table of Contents
FOREWORD..................................................................................................ii
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... iii
1.0 Scope ......................................................................................................1
2.0 References ..............................................................................................1
3.0 Requirements..........................................................................................1
3.1 Overall Format ....................................................................................1
3.2 Fields..................................................................................................1
3.2.1 Field Characteristics ....................................................................1
3.2.2 Field parameters described..........................................................3
4.0 Bibliography..........................................................................................14
Annex A (Normative)...................................................................................15
A.1 General Definitions and Practices ........................................................15
A.2 Horizontal/Vertical Pattern Geometry....................................................16
A.3 Azimuth/Elevation Pattern Geometry ....................................................17
A.4 Spherical Pattern Geometry.................................................................18
A.5 Pattern Cut Designators (XXX).............................................................18
Annex B (Normative)...................................................................................19
Annex C (Informative) .................................................................................20
i
3. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
FOREWORD
(This foreword is not part of this Recommendation)
This Recommendation was prepared by Working Group 16 (Antenna Systems) of
the NSMA. Members of TIA Task Group TG-8.11.3 have contributed to the
preparation of this document. Many of the requirements contained in this
document are compatible with those of the TIA Antenna Pattern Standard Data
Format generated by TIA Subcommittee TR 8.11. However, caution is advised
because differences may exist between the two documents.
Note: This format is Y2K compatible.
Annexes A and B are normative. Annex C is for information only.
ii
4. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
INTRODUCTION
This purpose of this Recommendation is to provide an extended NSMA pattern
data format for manufacturers of commercial antennas to adhere to. It was
motivated by the observation by propagation software providers (i.e. users of
such patterns) that every manufacturer of base station antennas has its own
proprietary format and that a single standardized format would make software
development simpler, assure consistent usage of antenna pattern data, and
facilitate data accuracy though a robust, common data format.
The intent of this new NSMA Standard Format for Digitized Antenna Patterns is:
1. To be consistent with the current NSMA format but be flexible enough to
able to be applied to a variety of commercial antenna types, including
terrestrial microwave antennas, base station antennas, and earth station
antennas.
2. To be broad in scope so as to be able to handle a variety of pattern cut
geometries and polarization cases.
3. To have the basic pattern data format consistent with antenna test range
pattern formats and conventions.
4. To incorporate descriptive fields along with the antenna pattern data that
would contain information and specifications pertinent to system design
and coordination.
5. To include all the data required by existing propagation prediction
software file formats.
6. To be able to be loaded into a simple spreadsheet program.
iii
5. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
NSMA---
Antenna Systems ---
Standard Format for Digitized Antenna Patterns
1.0 Scope
This document is intended to standardize the presentation of digitized antenna patterns
for commercial antenna systems.
2.0 References
The following documents should be consulted when applying this Standard:
[1] ANSI/IEEE Std 149, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas
[2] EIA/TIA-329-B, Minimum Standards for Communication Antennas, Part 1: Base
Station Antennas
3.0 Requirements
3.1 Overall Format
Each file consists of data for one antenna at one or more frequencies. Each frequency
consists of one or more pattern cuts. Each pattern cut consists of a number of data
points. Only those fields marked with an “x” are required to be compliant to this
standard; however, manufacturers are strongly encouraged to include all fields in their
data files. Data shall be entered into the file in the order given in this standard. It is not
necessary, however, to include “empty fields” including only the field name.
3.2 Fields
3.2.1 Field Characteristics
The fields to be used in digitized antenna patterns are defined in Table 1. They are
described in detail in subclause 3.2.2.
Per-line comments may be added to any record. In any record, all data after a “!”
character will be ignored.
1
6. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
Table 1
Field Characteristics
Req’d? Field Name Length Abbreviated
(Char) Name
x Revision Number 42 REVNUM
x Revision Date 16 REVDAT
Comment1 80 COMNT1
Comment2 80 COMNT2
x Antenna Manufacturer 42 ANTMAN
x Model Number 42 MODNUM
Pattern ID Number 42 PATNUM
Pattern File Number 13 FILNUM
Feed Orientation 13 FEDORN
Description1 80 DESCR1
Description2 80 DESCR2
Description3 80 DESCR3
Description4 80 DESCR4
Description5 80 DESCR5
Date of data 16 DTDATA
x Low Frequency (MHz) 21 LOWFRQ
x High Frequency (MHz) 21 HGHFRQ
x Gain Units 15 GUNITS
Low-band gain 12 LWGAIN
x Mid-band gain 16 MDGAIN
High-band gain 12 HGGAIN
Mid-band Az Bmwdth 16 AZWIDT
Mid-band El Bmwdth 16 ELWIDT
Connector Type 80 CONTYP
VSWR 13 ATVSWR
Front-to-back Ratio(dB) 10 FRTOBA
x Electrical Downtilt (deg) 16 ELTILT
Radiation Center (m) 13 RADCTR
Port-to-Port Iso (dB) 12 POTOPO
Max Input Power (W) 17 MAXPOW
Antenna Length (m) 14 ANTLEN
Antenna Width (m) 14 ANTWID
Antenna Depth (m) 14 ANTDEP
Antenna Weight (kg) 16 ANTWGT
Future Field 80 FIELD1
Future Field 80 FIELD2
Future Field 80 FIELD3
Future Field 80 FIELD4
Future Field 80 FIELD5
2
7. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
Table 1 (continued)
Req’d? Field Name Length Abbreviated
(Char) Name
x Pattern Type 16 PATTYP
x # Freq this file 10 NOFREQ
x Pattern Freq (Mhz) 21 PATFRE
x # Pattern cuts 11 NUMCUT
x Pattern Cut 11 PATCUT
x Polarization 15 POLARI
x # Data Points 13 NUPOIN
x First & Last Angle 25 FSTLST
X-axis Orientation 53 XORIEN
Y-axis Orientation 53 YORIEN
Z-axis Orientation 53 ZORIEN
x Pattern cut data 28/point
x End of file 11 ENDFIL
3.2.2 Field parameters described
The following are detailed explanations of each of the data lines. The amount of data
specified includes all characters except CRLF.
3.2.2.1 Revision Number
This is the version of this standard to which the pattern conforms. It should include the
complete standard number. e.g. “NSMA WG16.99.050”.
(data)
REVNUM:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.2 Revision Date
This is the date of the current revision of the standard.
(16 data)
REVDAT:,YYYYMMDDCRLF
3.2.2.3 Comments1
This is a field for comments on the current revision.
3
8. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
(80 data)
COMNT1:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.4 Comments2
This is a field for comments on the current revision.
(80 data)
COMNT2:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.5 Antenna Manufacturer
(42 data)
ANTMAN:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is the name of the antenna manufacturer. There will be no abbreviations.
3.2.2.6 Full model number
(42 data)
MODNUM:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is the full model number as used when the data was taken. Modifiers to the model
number such as dashes or exceptions are to be included.
3.2.2.7 Pattern File Number
(13 data)
FILNUM:,XX/XXCRLF
For cases where more than one file is associated with a specific antenna model number
this field will contain the particular file number and the total number of files associated
with that model number. An example of such a case would be a dual band antenna with
two pattern files associated with it. In that case the field for the first file would be “01/02”
and the second “02/02”.
3.2.2.8 Pattern ID Number
(42 data)
PATNUM:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
4
9. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
This is the manufacturer assigned pattern ID number that may optionally be assigned to
the pattern data. For terrestrial microwave this is the NSMA ID number.
3.2.2.9 Feed Orientation
(13 data)
FEDORN:,XXXXXCRLF
For a terrestrial microwave antenna this is the orientation of the feed hook when looking
from the back of the antenna in the direction of the mechanical boresite. The standard
orientations are “right” and “left”.
3.2.2.10 Description1
(80 data)
DESCR1:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is used to describe the antenna and its characteristics.
3.2.2.11 Description2
(80 data)
DESCR2:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is used to describe the antenna and its characteristics
3.2.2.12 Description3
(80 data)
DESCR3:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is used to describe the antenna and its characteristics
3.2.2.13 Description4
(80 data)
DESCR4:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is used to describe the antenna and its characteristics
5
10. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
3.2.2.14 Description 5
(80 data)
DESCR5:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is used to describe the antenna and its characteristics.
3.2.2.15 Date of data
(16 data)
DTDATA:,YYYYMMDDCRLF
This is the date the pattern data was taken.
3.2.2.16 Low frequency
(21 data)
LOWFRQ:,999999.999999CRLF
This is to identify the lower frequency of the operating bandwidth of the antenna. The
frequency is in Megahertz. If the antenna can be operated in two distinct frequency
bands, then the performance of the antenna in each band shall be described in separate
files.
3.2.2.17 High frequency
(21 data)
HGHFRQ:,999999.999999CRLF
This is to identify the upper frequency of the operating bandwidth of the antenna. The
frequency is in Megahertz. If the antenna can be operated in two distinct frequency
bands, then the performance of the antenna in each band shall be described in separate
files.
3.2.2.18 Gain Units
(15 data)
GUNITS:,XXX/YYYCRLF
The units that gain figures are to be expressed in. The characters before the slash
represent the units for the “Low-Band Gain”, “Mid-Band Gain”, and “High-Band Gain”.
The characters after the slash represent the units used in the pattern data. The
characters used shall be the following:
6
11. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
Table 2
Gain Units
Characters Explanation MaxG Pattern
DBI Decibels relative to an isotropic radiator x x
DBD Decibels relative to a half-wave dipole x x
DBR Decibels relative to maximum gain x
(dB Off-Peak)
LIN Ratio relative to maximum gain x
(Relative Field)
3.2.2.19 Low-Band gain
(12 data)
LWGAIN:,99.9CRLF
This is the gain of the antenna at the low frequency of the frequency band. The gain is in
units described in GUNITS.
3.2.2.20 Mid-Band gain
(16 data)
MDGAIN:,99.9,9.9CRLF
This is the gain of the antenna at the mid frequency of the frequency band and may
include a full bandwidth tolerance. The gain is in units described in GUNITS.
3.2.2.21 High-Band gain
(12 data)
HGGAIN:,99.9CRLF
This is the gain of the antenna at high frequency of the frequency band. The gain is in
units described in GUNITS.
3.2.2.22 Azimuth beamwidth
(16 data)
AZWIDT:,99.9,9.9CRLF
7
12. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
This is the nominal total width of the main beam at the -3 dB points in the azimuth plane.
This is a mid-band measurement expressed in degrees and may include a full bandwidth
tolerance.
3.2.2.23 Elevation beamwidth
(16 data)
ELWIDT:,99.9,9.9CRLF
This is the nominal total width of the main beam at the -3 dB points in the elevation
plane. This is a mid-band measurement expressed in degrees and may include a full
bandwidth tolerance.
3.2.2.24 Connector type
(80 data)
CONTYP:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
This is a description of the antenna connector type.
3.2.2.25 VSWR
(13 data)
ATVSWR:,99.99CRLF
This is the worst case limit of the antennas VSWR over the operating bandwidth.
3.2.2.26 Front to back ratio
(10 data)
FRTOBA:,99CRLF
Over the antennas operating bandwidth, this is the worst case power level in dB between
the main lobe peak and the peak of the antenna’s back lobe. The back lobe peak does
not necessarily point 180 degrees behind the main lobe.
3.2.2.27 Electrical downtilt
(16 data)
ELTILT:,99.9,9.9CRLF
8
13. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
This is the amount that the main beam peak of the antenna (electrical boresite) is
dowtilted below the mechanical boresite of the antenna. This is a midband
measurement and may include a tolerance. This measurement is expressed in degrees.
3.2.2.28 Radiation center
(13 data)
RADCTR:,999.9CRLF
This is the height of the center of the radiating aperture above the mechanical bottom of
the antenna. It is not necessarily the phase center of the antenna. It is expressed in
meters.
3.2.2.29 Port to port isolation
(12 data)
POTOPO:,99.9CRLF
This is a measurement made on dual polarization antennas. It is the maximum amount
of power over the antennas operating bandwidth that is coupled between ports. It is the
power ratio expressed in dB’s between a reference signal injected into one port and the
amount of coupled power returned back out of the other port.
3.2.2.30 Maximum input power
(17 data)
MAXPOW:,9999999.9CRLF
This is the maximum amount of average RF input power which can be applied to each of
the antennas input ports in the antennas operating frequency range. The power is to be
expressed in watts.
3.2.2.31 Antenna length
(14 data)
ANTLEN:,999.99CRLF
This is the mechanical length of the antenna in meters. This does not include the
antenna mount. For a circularly symmetric parabolic antenna this would be the diameter.
3.2.2.32 Antenna width
9
14. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
(14 data)
ANTWID:,999.99CRLF
This is the mechanical width of the antenna in meters. This does not include the antenna
mount. For a circularly symmetric parabolic antenna this would be the diameter.
3.2.2.33 Antenna depth
(14 data)
ANTDEP:,999.99CRLF
This is the mechanical depth antenna in meters. This does not include the antenna
mount.
3.2.2.34 Antenna weight
(16 data)
ANTWGT:,999999.9CRLF
This is the weight of the antenna in kg. This includes the antenna mount.
3.2.2.35 Future field
(80 data)
FIELD1:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.36 Future field
(80 data)
FIELD2:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.37 Future field
(80 data)
FIELD3:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.38 Future field
10
15. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
(80 data)
FIELD4:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.39 Future field
(80 data)
FIELD5:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.40 Pattern Type
(16 data)
PATTYP:,XXXXXXXXCRLF
This is the pattern type, either “typical” or “envelope”.
A “typical” pattern being defined as an actual measured radiation pattern representing a
typical pattern for an antenna model. A “typical” pattern will normally have a frequency
associated with it.
A pattern “envelope” being defined as a composite representation of an antenna
model’s full frequency band radiation pattern. The envelope is a linear piecewise
representation of the worst–case maximum sidelobe level as a function of angle for all
frequencies of specified operation.
3.2.2.41 Number of Frequencies this File
(10 data)
NOFREQ:,99CRLF
The number of pattern frequencies which comprise the full data set. All data below this
subclause (3.2.2.44 through 3.2.2.51, however not 3.2.2.52– “end of file”) will be
repeated for each frequency. Thus if there were three radiation patterns of different
frequencies in a file, NOCUT would have a value of 3, and the information below would
be repeated 3 times, once for each frequency.
3.2.2.42 Pattern frequency
(21 data)
PATFRE:,999999.999999CRLF
The frequency of the pattern data for a typical pattern. The frequency is in MHz.
11
16. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
3.2.2.43 Number of pattern cuts
(11 data)
NUMCUT:,999CRLF
The number of pattern cuts which comprise the full data set. All data below this
subclause (3.2.2.44 through 3.2.2.51, however not 3.2.2.52– “end of file”) will be
repeated for each pattern cut. Thus if there is a horizontal and vertical antenna cuts,
NUMCUT would have a value of 2, and the information below would be repeated for
each cut
3.2.2.44 Pattern cut
(11 data)
PATCUT:,XXXCRLF
The geometry of a particular pattern cut. Each pattern cut is preceded by an indication of
the type pattern cut. Pattern cut geometries and designators are defined in Annex A.
3.2.2.45 Polarization
(15 data)
POLARI:,XXX/XXXCRLF
The particular polarization of a pattern cut. The first polarization is the polarization of the
antenna-under-test and the second the polarization of the illuminating source. The two
polarizations are separated by a /.
Each pattern cut is preceded by an indication of the polarization of the data. Polarization
designators are defined in Annex A.
3.2.2.46 Number of data points
(13 data)
NUPOIN:,99999CRLF
The number of data points in a particular pattern cut data set.
3.2.2.47 First and Last Angle of Pattern Data
(25 data)
12
17. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
FSTLST:,S999.999,S999.999CRLF
The first and last angle (in degrees) of the antenna pattern data. NOTE: Pattern data
shall be expressed monotonically, with respect to angle. Azimuths shall be stated as
either –180 to +180 or 0 to 360 degrees.
3.2.2.48 X- Axis Orientation
A verbal description of the physical orientation of the x-axis on the antenna.
(53 data)
XORIEN:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.49 Y- Axis Orientation
A verbal description of the physical orientation of the y-axis on the antenna.
(53 data)
YORIEN:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.50 Z- Axis Orientation
A verbal description of the physical orientation of the z-axis on the antenna.
(53 data)
ZORIEN:,XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCRLF
3.2.2.51 Pattern Cut Data
Angle(8 data/space),Magnitude(8data/space),Phase(8data/space)
S999.999,S999.999,S999.999CRLF
The data is presented in three columns. The angle of observation is listed first followed
by the antenna magnitude response and phase response. In most cases the phase
response will not be included in the data set. “S” designates the sign of the number.
The antenna power magnitude is listed in the units specified in the antenna units field
(GUNITS).
13
18. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
The angle and phase data are expressed in units of degrees.
Although pattern data is allowed values that have up to three digits to the right of the
decimal point this does not imply that the pattern data is to or can be measured to that
accuracy. Typical accuracy for an antenna pattern measurement is 0.1 dB and 0.1
degree.
For all patterns, azimuths values should not be repeated. For example, values should not
be provided for both a "0.0" degree azimuth and a "360.0" azimuth, nor should 2 different
discrimination values be provided for a "20.0" degree azimuth twice.
3.2.2.52 End of File
(11 data)
ENDFIL:,EOFCRLF
This field designates the end of the file with the characters EOF.
4.0 Bibliography
[1] ANSI/IEEE Std 149, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas
[2] J.S. Hollis, T.J. Lyon, L. Clayton, Microwave Antenna Measurements, Scientific-
Atlanta Georgia, 1985.
14
19. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
_____________________________________________________________________
Annex A (Normative)
_____________________________________________________________________
Definition of Pattern Cut Geometries
A.1 General Definitions and Practices
The mechanical boresite of the antenna shall determine the 0 degree reference for all
pattern cuts (except cuts defined by a spherical coordinate system). For most
antennas, the mechanical boresite is the direction perpendicular to the plane or line
defined by the radiating aperture. If the mechanical boresite is ambiguous, as in the
case of an omni-directional antenna, the mechanical boresite needs to be defined on
the antenna structure.
The electrical boresite of the antenna is the direction of maximum gain and
consequently will be the direction of maximum received signal level when measuring a
radiation pattern. This maximum level is to be assigned the reference value of 0dB(1
linear), or a value equivalent to the antenna maximum gain relative to an isotropic
radiator or a half-wave dipole. See section 3.2.2.18 for allowable radiation pattern units.
For a non-steerable antenna, unless a mechanical tilt is specified it is assumed that in
an operational situation an antenna’s mechanical boresite is pointed in a direction
parallel to the earths horizon. In this case horizontal and vertical pattern cuts can be
defined, which are referenced to the earth’s horizon. The vertical cut being
perpendicular to the horizon.
For an electrically or mechanically steerable antenna or an antenna which has a fixed
electrical or mechanical tilt, azimuth and elevation pattern cuts are defined. These are
pattern cuts which are orthogonal through the peak of the antennas main beam
(electrical boresite). The azimuth cut is the cut which would be closest to the horizon in
an operational situation. If the direction that the antenna is pointing is known, a
horizontal cut can still be defined.
General pattern cuts can be defined by a spherical coordinate system with the electrical
boresite of the antenna oriented in the direction of the Z-axis. At different values of phi,
pattern cuts can be taken with theta as the dependent variable. These will be great-
circle cuts through the main-beam peak. An additional measurement relating the
mechanical and electrical boresite must be made to fully characterize the antenna. Also
the orientation of the antenna to the spherical coordinate system must be
defined.(example: top of the antenna oriented in the +x direction).
15
22. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
A.4 Spherical Pattern Geometry
A.5 Pattern Cut Designators (XXX)
Horizontal Cut H
Vertical Cut V
Azimuth Cut AZ
Elevation Cut EL
Phi Cut XXX Phi angle Example: 180
18
23. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
______________________________________________________________________
4.0 Annex B (Normative)
______________________________________________________________________
Definition of Polarization Designators
The polarization designators for horizontal and vertical polarization cases are:
Horizontal: H
Vertical: V
The possible polarization cases for these designators are:
H/H Horizontal polarized port response to a horizontally
polarized signal.
(Co-polarized pattern)
H/V Horizontal polarized port response to a vertically
polarized signal.
(Cross-polarized pattern)
V/V Vertical polarized port response to a vertically
polarized signal.
(Co-polarized pattern)
V/H Vertical polarized port response to a horizontally
polarized signal.
(Cross-polarized pattern)
Polarization designators for other orthogonal polarization cases are:
Linear Slant 45
Slant right: SLR1
Slant left: SLL1
Circular
right hand: RCP1
left hand: LCP1
Spherical geometry
E theta ETH
E phi EPH
1
Polarization is defined as viewed from behind the antenna under test, looking in the
direction of the electrical boresight (i.e. main beam axis).
19
24. NSMA Recommendation WG16.99.050
______________________________________________________________________
5.0 Annex C (Informative)
______________________________________________________________________
Example File
REVNUM:, NSMA WG16.99.050
REVDAT:,19990520
COMNT1:,This is a sample file for 1 frequency and 2 cuts
ANTMAN:,ABC Antenna Company
MODNUM:,800A-065-25-4N
DESCR1:,800 Mhz 65 deg AZ BW 2.5meter 4 deg E-tilt base station antenna
DTDATA:,19971216
LOWFRQ:,806
HGHFRQ:,896
GUNITS:,DBI/DBR
MDGAIN:,16.8,0.5
AZWIDT:,65.0
ELWIDT:,7.1
CONTYP:,n connector
ATVSWR:,1.40
FRTOBA:,30
ELTILT:,4.0,0.5
MAXPOW:,500
ANTLEN:,2.367
ANTWID:,0.366
ANTDEP:,0.178
ANTWGT:,19.0
PATTYP:,typical
NOFREQ:,1
PATFRE:,851
NUMCUT:,2
PATCUT:,EL
POLARI:,V/V
NUPOIN:,180
FSTLST:,-180.000,+178.000
-180.000,-29.799,
-178.000,-28.912,
-176.000,-28.777,
-174.000,-29.738,
-172.000,-32.718,
-170.000,-38.453,
-168.000,-39.742,
20