This set of notes are for Sec One History Students on the History of Singapore. Focusing on Singapore in 1400 to the early 19th century. It looks at Singapore when it was part of the Malaccan Sultanate to the period when Portugal and later the Netherlands establsiehd themslves as early colonial rulers in Southeast Asia. It also takes a look at Singapura when it was part of the Johor-Riau Sultanate and the Malay Kingdoms if the period.
How Raffles Set Up A Trading Settlement In Singapore - A Long VersionLLoyd Yeo
Slides for Students on the Founding of Modern Singapore in 1819. It covers the period from the Fall of the Malaccan Sultanate to the Treaties of 1824 which established and consolidated British rule over Singapore
How Raffles Set Up A Trading Settlement In Singapore - A Long VersionLLoyd Yeo
Slides for Students on the Founding of Modern Singapore in 1819. It covers the period from the Fall of the Malaccan Sultanate to the Treaties of 1824 which established and consolidated British rule over Singapore
Chapter 8 Part 1 - Towards Self-GovernmentGoh Bang Rui
Subscribe to my education channel.
bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides are used to explain Chapter 8 Part 1 of the Secondary 2 History which is on 'How did Singapore progress towards internal self-governance?'
The main objectives of these slides focus on
1. Compare and Contrast David Marshall and Lim Yew Hock
2. Reasons for British granting self-governance to Singapore in 1957
During which, two riots will be included in these slides, namely Hock Lee Bus Riots in 1955 and Students' Riots, also known as the Chinese Middle School Riots, in 1956.
For Part 2, please click on the below link.
http://bit.ly/historychapter8part2
History Chapter 5 - Effects of External Events on Singapore before World War WWIGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used in lower secondary History lessons to illustrate the effects of external events on Singapore before World War I. It aims to explain the start of world war 1 and how it affects Singapore.
Any feedback is welcome.
History Chapter 7 Part 1- Life after the World War IIGoh Bang Rui
Subscribe to my education channel.
bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides introduce the first part of Lower Secondary History Chapter 7: Life after World War II to the Secondary 2 students who are studying for the Singapore syllabus.
These slides are the first of the series of slides for Chapter 7: Life after World War II.
1. Post-war Living Conditions after World War II
2. Maria Hertogh and Anti-National Service Riots
3. The Rendel Constitution and 1955 Elections
Any feedback is welcome.
History - Chapter 6- How Did World War II affect Singapore?Goh Bang Rui
These are the slides used to teach the new syllabus for Secondary 2 History for both Express and Normal Academic Stream on how World War 2 (WWII) affect Singapore.
These are slides for Sec One students learning the history of Singapore. The focus is on 14th century maritime trade routes in Southeast Asia. Who travelled on them? What were the religious, trade and cultural ideas which influenced Southeast Asia. It also focused on the concept of exports. What is the historical evidence and archaeological evidence of the kind of goods that Singapore exported?
Chapter 8 Part 1 - Towards Self-GovernmentGoh Bang Rui
Subscribe to my education channel.
bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides are used to explain Chapter 8 Part 1 of the Secondary 2 History which is on 'How did Singapore progress towards internal self-governance?'
The main objectives of these slides focus on
1. Compare and Contrast David Marshall and Lim Yew Hock
2. Reasons for British granting self-governance to Singapore in 1957
During which, two riots will be included in these slides, namely Hock Lee Bus Riots in 1955 and Students' Riots, also known as the Chinese Middle School Riots, in 1956.
For Part 2, please click on the below link.
http://bit.ly/historychapter8part2
History Chapter 5 - Effects of External Events on Singapore before World War WWIGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used in lower secondary History lessons to illustrate the effects of external events on Singapore before World War I. It aims to explain the start of world war 1 and how it affects Singapore.
Any feedback is welcome.
History Chapter 7 Part 1- Life after the World War IIGoh Bang Rui
Subscribe to my education channel.
bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides introduce the first part of Lower Secondary History Chapter 7: Life after World War II to the Secondary 2 students who are studying for the Singapore syllabus.
These slides are the first of the series of slides for Chapter 7: Life after World War II.
1. Post-war Living Conditions after World War II
2. Maria Hertogh and Anti-National Service Riots
3. The Rendel Constitution and 1955 Elections
Any feedback is welcome.
History - Chapter 6- How Did World War II affect Singapore?Goh Bang Rui
These are the slides used to teach the new syllabus for Secondary 2 History for both Express and Normal Academic Stream on how World War 2 (WWII) affect Singapore.
These are slides for Sec One students learning the history of Singapore. The focus is on 14th century maritime trade routes in Southeast Asia. Who travelled on them? What were the religious, trade and cultural ideas which influenced Southeast Asia. It also focused on the concept of exports. What is the historical evidence and archaeological evidence of the kind of goods that Singapore exported?
To cover over 2 millennium of maritime trade, in the Middle East, India, SE Asia and China under 50 slides, can only give us the briefest gleam into the course of history. To get the benefit of the slides, you will need to set aside some time to read through the contents (This is a very wordy document. It takes time to read). Our perceptions on the maritime contacts are changing too. The discovery in particular of dozens of ancient shipwrecks in Southeast Asia has built up a picture of the historic trade and the technology.I hope in these few slides, would help to understanding an aspect of human civilization on Earth.
Too often our own ego-centric interest becomes a source of our own ignorance.
FTAs in South-east Asia: Towards the next generation is the second in a series of reports sponsored by HSBC that examines Asian businesses’ attitude towards free trade agreements (FTAs) and usage of their provisions. The report is based in part on the findings of a survey conducted in the first quarter of 2014 that included 400 exporters from four countries in the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)—Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam—representing a range of industries.
Among its key findings, the report examines how the low usage rate of FTAs among ASEAN exporters is connected to the issue that many existing FTAs are “unambitious”—that is, they rarely go beyond simple tariff cutting to address issues such as trade in services, e-commerce, intellectual property rights, customs cooperation and other regulations that hinder trade—which means companies see limited upside in using them.
Consequently many ASEAN businesses have high hopes for the next generation of “mega-regional” pacts now under negotiation, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), and the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015.
The report also finds that the liberalisation of trade in services is crucial to economic growth in the region. As supply chain fragmentation across ASEAN increases, trade becomes increasingly dependent on logistical, legal, financial and other services, which account for an increasingly large proportion of the value of goods shipped across borders. Better access to quality services would also help businesses expand into other markets.
List posts: Why people love and hate Lists. Curation Tips for List MakersNick Kellet
This is a work in progress. I've curated a lot of posts and research in Lists Posts.
I want to add to it, but figured it's better to share than not
My active research is here
http://list.ly/list/Vx-list-of-why-people-love-lists-why-people-hate-lists?feature=search
The Reasons for British Hegemony 1. This relatively sudden rush of land grab and the rise of the East India Company could not have happened without the a great deal of Indian (and Sinhalese) support
Factional divisions fatally weakened what efforts there were at Indian resistance. Most people accepted Company control either because they benefited from it as merchants, bankers, collaborators, agents or employees or because they saw it as preferable to control by the Mughals, the Marathas or any of the local rulers, whose records were not attractive. 4. Most contemporary Indian states were oppressive, taxing merchants and peasants unmercifully and often arbitrarily while at the same time failing to keep order, suppress banditry, maintain roads and basic services or administer justice acceptably
5. Revenues went disproportionately to support court extravagances and armies, which spent their energy more in interregional conflict than in genuine defense.
That was enough to win Indian support.
This is a tribute to Bro Denis who taught at St Gabriel's Secondary School from 1970 to 2004. He went on the the Lord on 29 September 2015 on the Feast of the Archangels. The school flag was flown at half mast and a tribute book and mini-exhibit was set up at the School.
Singapore as an entrepot in the 14th century (India and China trade links)LLoyd Yeo
These are lesson slides for Secondary One Students studying the history of Singapore in the 14th Century AD. The focus is on Chinese , Indian and Sri Lankan goods that Singapore probably imported as an entrepot. It also includes archaeological evidence of Signapore's links with ports of Quanzhou, Calicut and Galle (Sri Lanka).
Montfortian Education Charter (Singapore) LLoyd Yeo
This is a copy of the Montfortian Education Charter launched on Jan 18, 2014. It is based on the Montfortian Brothers of St Gabriel's Education Charter in Rome.
This is a pdf version of the Gabrielite School Heritage Booklet. It was published for the Montfortian Symposium held on 18 Jan 2014 and is a hertage of all 7 Gabrielite institutions.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Notes on the Decline and Changing Fortunes of Singapura (1400-the early 19thC)
1. THE DECLINE OF SINGAPURA
1. The Decline and Fall of SIngapura (1400)
1, After achieving success as a port city for almost 100 years, Singapura’s fell to Majapahit forces in
1400.
2. The last king of Singapurawas Iskandar Shah and there are several accounts about how Singapura fell.
SejarahMelayu: According to the SejarahMelayu, Iskandar Shah was the last ruler of Singapura.
He shamed one of his wives by blaming her for being unfaithful. To avenge this humiliation, her
father, Sang Rajuna Tapa opened the city gates to let in Majapahit forces who destroyed
Singapura.
Javanese Nagarakrtgama: According to Majpahit writings, the Prime Minister of Majapahit,
Gajah Madah, promised that he would conquer Tumasik.
Wang Da Yuan: According to the Chinese writer Wang Dayuan, the Siamese sent more than 80
ships and raided Dan-ma-xi. They laid siege to the city for a month in the 1300s but did not dare
attack it. The Siamese retreated when a Chinese envoy from China sailed by the area.
Chinese Ming Court records: According to the Ming Dynasty court records, the new ruler of the
Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, wanted to discourage foreign trade. He was concerned that this
ould lead to a decline in morality in China. According to Confucian society, traders were at the
bottom of Confucian society. All government officials who engaged in trading were punished
severely. All overseasa Chinese were ordered to return or face harsh penalties.
Portuguese writer, Tomes Pires: According to a Portuguese pharmacist who lived in Melaka
from 1512 to 1515, local Javanese people told him about how , a prince from Palembang called
Parameswara rebelled against Majapahit rule. His revolt failed and he fled to Singapura where
he killed the local Sang Ajior Prince of the Island. He ruled with the help of his people, the
Celatesbut he had no trade links. The murder angered the King of Sukhohai.
Parameswara title: Paraneswara is actually a royal title which means “supreme lord”. It was first
used in fifth century India and the title became very popular in Southeast Asia. Even the kings of
Angkor (Cambodia), the queen of Majapahit (Java) and the Prince of Dai Viet (Vietnam) used the
title. This probably confused Ming court officials who recorded the visits of several foreign
diplomats with the name of Parameswara who visited their courts.
Archaeological findings: There were fewer items found in this period than the 14th
century.
Most of the earthernware and stoneware ceramic shards were made in the region (local, Thai
and Vietnamese) and items for everyday use. This shows that the quality and volume of trade in
Singapore declined when it was part of the Malaccan Sultanate. Singapore however continued
to be a feeder port and collecting centre for Melaka.
2. The Fall of Singapore: A historical interpretation
2. 3. Singapore’s success as a port city was caused by its central geographical location, wise policies and it’s
close trading networks with China.
4. Singapore grew in size and power but it had to compete with powerful neighboring powers:
Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai (1238-1438) and Ayutthaya (1351-1767) in Thailand
The Majapahitempire (1293-1500) in Java.
5. Raids from Majapahit and Siam occurred frequently but Singapura was able to defend itself because
of its diplomacy and strong defences. It is possible that the rulers of Singapura even made marriage
alliances with kingdoms in southern Thailand.
6. SIngapura benefited from trade with China but when the Ming dynasty was set up in 1368, trade for
SIngapura slowed down because China discouraged overseas trade through private merchants.
7. In 1391, a Prince from Palembang who called himself Parameswara revolted against Majapahit rulers.
The revolt failed and he fled to Singapore. He tried to seek refuge from the Sang Aji (local prince) of
Singapura but in a quarrel, Parameswar murdered the Sang Aji.
8. It is possible that Majapahit and Siamese forces attacked SIngapura to seek revenge on Parameswara.
Parameswara fled to Melaka with his loyal followers, the Orang Laut, and settled down in Malacca in
1401 where he founded the Kingdom of Malacca.
3. Singapore as part of the Malaccan Sultanate (1400-1511)
1. Parameswara was able to establish strong relations with the new Ming dynasty in China. This saved
Melaka from Majapahit and Siamese attacks.
2. In China, Zhu Di was uncle to the Ming emperor and seized the Ming throne for himself in 1402 . He
proclaimed himself as the Yongle Emperor and reopened maritime trade links with Southeast Asia.
3. Large Chinese ‘treasure’ fleets were built and captained by such famous admirals as Admiral Zheng He
manned by almost 30,000 troops. These large ships travelled Southeast Asia to gather tributes from
neighboring kingdoms and reached as far west as the coasts of Africa.
4. Parameswara (Iskander Shah) realized that this was a chance to get Chinese protection and
recognition. Admiral Zheng He visited Melaka at least five times between 1405 and 1433 and
established strong ties with Melaka.
5. According to Ming Dynasty records, envoys from the Malaccan Sultanate arrived to pay tribute to the
Ming emperor between 1405 to 1435. In 1409, Parameswara’s royal family, together with 540 officials
paid homage to the Yongle Emperor and stayed in China for two months
6. This relationship protected the Malaccan Sultanate from Siamese and Majapahit attacks. It also re-
established trade links with China and helped Melaka trade grow.
3. 7. Singapore continued to serve as a feeder port and collection centre but did not play as important a
role in regional trade like the 14th
century (1300-1400)
8. Singapore was also stilll important to Melaka because it was a naval base for Parameswarand the
rulers of Melaka to get naval support from the Orang Laut who lived in the Riau-Lingga islands. This can
be seen from the importance of the Laksamana (Admiral) based in Singapore.
Bendahara: Prime Minister or elder stateman of Melaka who saw to the day-to-day running of the
government.
Temenggong: Chief of public security who maintained law and order within the Malaacan Sultanate.
Seri BijaDiraja: Captain-in-chief or HulubalangBesar of the military commanders. HE was responsible for
military defence of the Melaka Sultanate
Laksamana: Admiral of the Malaccan fleet who mobilized the Orang Laut from the area. He was
stationed in Singapore
9. Laksamana and the Orang Laut: Several chiefs of the Orang Laut people were loyal to Parameswara
(who renamed himself Iskandar Shah) and his successors because they rewarded the Orang Laut by
making them his court officials. They served as his personal staff delivering royal messages, transporting
the sultan on his diplomatic trips and also served as his loyal companions.. They also manned his royal
kitchens. They were also his naval force which sailed to do battle for the sultan and patrolled the seas to
carry out his royal decrees and to enforce trade regulations. The Orang Laut lived in Singapore and the
Riau Lingga islands and also gathered sea and jungle produce to be traded in Melaka.
10. The base in Singapura was run by a Shahbandar or our harbor master.
11. It was during the Malacca sultanate that Islam became popular in Southeast Asia. It arrived through
Arab and Indian traders and missionaries who were Muslim. According to the Malay Annals,
Parameswara married a daughter of the Sultan of Pasai (Aceh) which brought Islam to Malacca. This
brought many Muslim Arab and Indian traders to Melaka and led to an increase in trade. In 1435,
Parameswara’s grandson, Sri Maharaja, converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muhammad
Shah.
12. After 1430, trade with China declined because the Ming dynasty was concerned about nomadic
invasions from North China and the eunuch’s control of foreign relations in the Ming Courts. Many
records of the Ming naval expeditions were destroyed and the shipyards broken up. The tributary trade
system became less important to China. Trade and foreign culture were again looked down upon by the
Chinese imperial courts for the next 400 years.
13. Many of the overseas Chinese communities living in Melaka, Sumatra and Java in this time chose to
remain behind and intermarried with local women and absorbed local culture because they had been in
Southeast Asia for such a long time. Some groups include the Peranakan Chinese who developed from
Chinese communities living in Melaka.
4. 14. In this period, Islam spread to other parts of Southeast Asia. Such places as Melaka and Aceh also
became important centers of Islamic learning with Jawi (Arabic alphabet for writing Malay language)
become a common written language.
4. The growth of the Spice Trade and the Age of Exploration (1453-1511)
1. The spice trade was established for almost 3000 years but in the 15th
century, it became very precious
because such spices as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves were in high demand in Europe.
2. Spices were in demand because of its cooking and medicinal qualities. It could also be used to
preserve surplus food.
3. European nations and empires fought with each other for the control of the spice trade and brought
the Europeans to Asia in search of it.
4. This led to the colonization of many parts of Southeast Asia and was also responsible for the rise and
fall of empires.
Cloves and nutmegs
5. Cloves and nutmeg in particular were in high demand but could only be found in the Moluccas and
Celebes islands in eastern Indonesia.
The clove is valued throughout history as a food preservative. Intense in aroma and flavor, this
spice is hot and slightly sweet. Ground cloves are used for baked goods or with beef and pork
dishes in the Middle East, China, India and Africa
Nutmeg has a characteristic, pleasant fragrance and slightly warm taste; it is used to flavor many
kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and such
beverages as eggnog.
6. Other items in high demand from the east included silk, porcelain and tea from China. Also, spices and
Indian textiles (like muslin) from India.
5. Singapore in the Johore-Riau Sultanate
The Age of Exploration
7. The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) refers to a period between the early 15th
century and 17th
century when Europeans explored Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania.
8. European trade links with the east were cut off when the Roman Byzantine Empire fell to the
Ottoman Turks in 1453. This made European states like Portugal, Spain and later Holland Britain and
France to seek out new sea routes to the east by sea which encourage sea exploration.
9. Scientific discoveries in this period like methods of shipbuilding which allowed them to build
oceangoing sailing ships like caravels and galleons which allowed them to face strong winds and ocean
currents in different parts of the world.
10. The age of exploration also led to a way of mapping out wind patterns, currents and weather
patterns in a more systematic and mathematical way which helped them develop detailed charts and
maps which allowed them to sail further.
11. Navigational instruments like the astrolabe and quadrant were also developed which made it easier
to navigate across the ocean.
12 New routes were soon discovered to the East and the Americas.
Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Vasco Da Gama
Main achievement: First person to
discover the New World or the
Americas. Originally wanted to
search for a new route to Asia
Main achievement:
First person to travel around
the world and mapped out his
route
Main achievement: Discovered
a new route to Asia around the
Cape of Good Hope.
4. The End of Melaka and disunity among Malay Kingdoms (1511 to 19th
century)
1. In 1511, Melaka fell to Portugal. Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque, the new viceroy of Goa, travelled
to Melaka with 19 warships, 800 Portuguese soldiers and 600 Indian mercenaries. On their way, they
raided Pasir and Pedir. Then after a bitter and hard fought battle, the Portuguese occupied Melaka.
Thousands were killed in the fighting, including civilians.
2. Several former vassal states of Melaka like Aceh broke away and created their own powerful
kingdoms. In 1514, Sultan Ali Mughayar Shah (1514-1530) declared Acehnese independence and the
creation of the Sultanate of Aceh Darrusalam.
3. The last ruler of Melaka, Sultan Mahmund, fled from the Portuguese and shifted his istana(palace)
several times. He was helped by his loyal Orang Laut followers who knew the river systems in the
Singapore-Johore and Riau-Lingga area well and soon a whole chain of Johore forts were built along the
Johore River.
6. 4. The Johore-Riau sultanate was founded in 1530 when Sultan Mahmud’s son, AlauddinRiayat Shah,
set up the Johor Sultanate along the Johor River at Sayong Pinang. He continued to use Singapore as a
naval outpost until 1600 to continue trade opportunities and the naval fight to establish a new Malay
empire.
5. The rulers of the Johore-Riau sultanate were able to trace their lineage back to Sri Tri Buana of
Singapura. However, this ended on 3 Sept 1699 when Sultan Mahmud was assassinated by his own
nobles. Sultan Mahmud was childless and because of this, Bendahara Abdul Jalil has made himself the
new Sultan.
6. Bugis settlers from south Sulawesi became important allies of the Johore sultanate. They were so
influential that they controlled many royal positions in the royal court.
7. The Orang Laut who had once been faithful messengers and naval warriors of the Johore-Riau
sultanate were side-lined and lost the important role they play in the royal court.
5. Singapore’s connections with the Johor-Riau Sultanate
1. The Portuguese were the first western settlers in this region. Their accounts give a new western
eyewitness account of events in Singapore from 1511 to the 17th
century.
2. Singapore was probably a naval outpost to warn the Sultan of enemy Portugueseships attacking the
Johore River where the his istana(palace) was sometimes located. It also continued to serve as an
important economic link to the Riau-Lingga islands which provided soldiers and followers for the
Johore-Riau Sultan.
3. Singapore in this period was also a minor trading port which even had a Shahbandar
(Harbourmaster) living on the banks of the Singapore River or Kallang River. The Shahbandar governed
in the name of the Sultan and collected trade taxes on his behalf.
4. We know this because after conquering Melaka in 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque wrote about his
conquests. He wrote about meeting theLaksamana of Melaka who was about 80 years old who lived in
Singapore. Some historians believe that he might even have been Hang Tuah, the legendary Malay
warrior who lived in the Malaccan Sultanate in the 15th
century.
5. Detailed Portuguese maps (Eg. 1604 Map of Godino de Eredia) also tell us about many places known
to us today in the Johore-Riau Sultanate – BlakangMati, TanjongRhu, SungeiBedok, New Strait, Old
Strait, TanjungRusa, Terusan. These places were probably settled by the Orang Laut and Malays.
6. Archaeological finds from the Kallang River also show that there were settlements that traded in
some local Malay pottery.
7. Arcaheolgoical evidence of the Singapore settlement in the Singapore River however vanished after
the 1600s. In the wars between the Portuguese, Acehese and Johore-Riau sultanate, the settlements
were probably raided and destroyed. The settlement might also have moved to safer Malay bases in the
area such as the Kallang River Basin rather than at the mouth of the Singapore River.
7. 6. The Portuguese and Dutch rivalry (16th
to early 19th
century)
1. In Europe, Portugal and Holland competed for naval control of the maritime trade in Southeast Asia.
2. The Dutch created the Dutch East India Company (VeereenigdeOost-IndischeCompagnie, VOC) as a
private chartered company which had the right to carry out colonial trade and activities in Asia to
compete with Portugal in the early 17th
century.
3. The VOC can be considered to be the first international corporation in the world and was the first
company to issue stock. It had it’s own governors, administrators, army and navy which could wage war,
negotiate treaties, mint money and establish colonies. For the Netherlands government, it was a
profitable and effective way to finance war and set up colonies abroad
4. The VOC made alliances with Johor-Riau Sultanate and other kingdoms. They worked together to
attack and seize Portuguese shipping
5. In the waters around Singapore, Dutch ships together with Johore-Riau forces attacked Portuguese
shipping . In 1603, the Portuguese ship Santa Catarina was seized in the waters off Singapore which
fetched 3.5 million florins, a large sum in it’s time. More naval battles between Portugal and the Dutch
East Indies were fought off the Straits of Singapore and the coast of Changi.
6. In 1641, the Dutch even captured Melaka with help from the Johor-Riau Sultanate. The Dutch built
the Stadhuy in modern day Malacca. They controlled Malacca till 1825. In return, the Dutch agreed not
to seek territories with Malay kingdoms.
7. By 1611, The Dutch had established trading posts in Banten in West Java and Batavia (Jakarta) in
Northwest Java. This allowed them to shift the main trade routes to the Sunda Straits. Melaka became
less important to the Dutch.
8. The Dutch policy of shifting the East-West trade fromthe Straits of Melaka to the Sunda Straits led to a
decline in trading acitivy in Singapore.
9. In Singapore, there was however still trade going on as archaeology reveals. Underglze blue-and-
white porcelain from the late Ming period were found in the Kallng River area. Dutch VOC coins were
also found in arcaheolgocial excavations at Empress Place in 1998.
10. In 1695, a Dutch report gave information that there was a just a cluster of 10 pile-dwellings in Keppel
Harbour and a “a custom-house for fish in the middle of the channel”. The ruler of Johor collected duties
on the catch.
11. In 1703, the ruler of Johor even offered to give Singapore island to a British captain, Alexander
Hamilton who was an independent British trader. The Sultan did not have any population on the island
and it is possible that he made this offer because he wanted to encourage commercial activity there but
did not have enough people to exploit Singapore’s position himself. Hamilton had no money, political
support and authority to take advantage of the offer and he turned it down. Hamilton however see
potential on the island becoming a prosperous port.
8. CHAPTER 3 (GLOSSARY)
Desawarnana A Javanese poem called "Description of the Country" which is a
eulogy to HayamWuruk, the Javanese King. It was written by a
Buddhist monk, Prapanca in 1365 who describes the Majaphit
Empire in its largest extent. It also refers to Singapura as a
place which needed to be subdued and turned into a vassal
state.
Aceh Sultanate An Islamic kingdom (1496-1874) founded by Sultan
MughayatSyah based on the northern province of Aceh in
Sumatra which became a major regional power in the 16th and
17th century.
Age of Exploration A period in history between the early 15th century and 17th
century whih refers to a time when Europeans began to explort
the world by sea in serach of trading partners, new goods,
trade routes and later colonies.
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Portuguese general (1453-1515) who conquered Goa (1510)
and of Melaka (1511). His conquests led to Portuguese
domination of maritime trade in Southeast Asia in the 16th
century.
Ayutthaya A Thai kingdom based named after it's capity city in the Chao
Phraya basin which existed from 1351 to 1767.
Bendahara A Malay royal title which refers to the head of the nobility and
chief advisor to the Sultan. The position is hereditory and he
serves as Prime Minister to the sultan placed in charge of the
day-to-day runings of the kingdom.
Bugis An ethnic and linguistic group of people from southwest
Sulawesi (Celebes) who were skilled fighters and traders and
settled in different parts of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula
when their main port in Macassar came under Dutch influence
in 1667. They became influential in the Johore-Riau sultanate
and occupied many royal positions in from the 17th to early
19th century.
Godinho de Eredia Malay-Portuguese naval commander and writer (1563-1623)
who surveyed, mapped and wrote about Malacca and the
region . He also created a map of the region in 1602.
Johor River Main river of Johor which is 120 km long which empties into
the Straits of Johor in the south. Parts of it are as deep as 16
meters.
Johore-Riau Sultanate An Islamic kingdom founded by Sultan AlauddinRiayat Shah in
1528 after the Portuguese conquered Melaka. At it's height it
occupied the Riau-Lingga islands, Johor, Pahang and
southeastern Sumatra.
9. Laksamana A title of Sanskrit origin which came to refer to the Admiral of
the Malacca Sultanate who was in charge of the sea security of
the Sultanate and trade routes.
Majapahit A Buddhist-Hindu Javanese kingdom founded in 1294- based in
Trowulan which grew to become a large empire in the late 14th
century under King HayamWuruk and Prime Minister Gajah
Mada. It declined and ceased to exist by the 16th century.
Malacca Sultanate Malay kingdom on the west coast of peninsular Malaysia
founded by Parameswara, a native of Palembang, Sumtra.
Based in Melaka, his empire lasted from 1400 to 1511 when it
was occcupied by the Portuguese.
Ming Dynasty Ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 after the collapse of
the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. Except for the reign of the
Yongle Emperor (1360-1424) and the late Ming period, foreign
trade was discouraged in this period.
Parameswara A royal title which means "supreme lord". The title was first
used in 5th century India and popularized in Southeast Asia.
The term also refers to the last ruler of Singapura and founder
of the Melaka Sultanate, SyahIskander Shah.
Peranakan A native-born person of mixed local and foreign ancestry in
Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore of which the Peranakan
Chinese form the largest group. There are also Peranakan
Arabs, Dutch and Indians.
Riau-Lingga islands
An island group off the southern coast of Singapore and
eastern Sumatra comprised of the Riau (Eg. Batam, Batam,
Karimun) and Lingga islands (Eg. Lingga ,Singep) where the
Orang Laut might have originated from.
Sang Aji A Sanskrit title which means 'Revered Chief'. This was one of
the titles given to the ruler of Singapore.
Sang Rajuna Tapa High ranking court official in 14th century Singapore. According
to the Malay Annals, he opened the gates of Singapura to
Majapahit forces to avenge the humiliation of his daughter by
Parameswara.
Shahbandar Persian title adopted by Malay rulers of port states which refers
to the postion of harbour master. They ruled on behalf of the
Sultan and collected taxes with jurisiction over foreign traders
calling or residing at the ports.
Spice Trade A term used to refer to the historicai trade between Asia, the
Middle East, North Africa and Europe in aromatic plant
substances like cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg and cloves.
10. Sukhothai A land-based Thai Kingdom in north-central Thailand named
after its capital city which existed between 1292 and 1438
when it was absorbed in the the kingdom of Ayutthaya.
Sultan Mahmud The last sultan of the Malaccan Sultanate who ruled Malacca
from 1488 to 1511.
Temenggong A Malay royal title which refers to the chief placed in charge of
law and order.
Tome Pires A Portuguese apothecary (pharmacist) from Lisbon who spent
time in Malcca and wrote about his travel experiences in
Southeast Asia in the book Suma Oriental.
V.O.C. (VeereenigdeOost-
IndischeCompagnie)
Also called the Dutch East India Company (1602-1798), the VOC
was a company chartered by the States-General of the
Netherlands aimed at exploring, trading and colonizing
territories east of the Cape of Good Hope. The Company later
controlled Banten(1610) and Batavia (1619) in Java, Malacca
(1641) and expanded into Sumatra.
Vasco Da Gama Portuguese naval commander and explorer (1469-1524) who
led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 to
discovered a route to the Indian Ocean.
Zheng He A eunuch of Central Asian ancestry who commanded seven
voyages from 1405 to 1433 to Southeast Asia, India, the Middle
East and the coasts of Africa during the Ming Dynasty.
FURTHER READING
Books
Kwa, Chong Guan, Heng, Derek, & Tan, Tai Yong.Singapore, a 700 year history: from early emporium to
world city. Singapore: National Archives of Singapore, 2009.
Miksic, J.N. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800. Singapore: NUS Press and National
Museum of Singapore, 2013)
Websites
Spice Trade: Slides for Maritime trade: http://www.slideshare.net/JerryDaperro/h003-
asianmaritimetradebefore1500hi-r
River Forts of Johor and the Fall of Melaka: http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/johor1.htm